Victor? Victor Hugo (l82 ~ 1885) is one of the greatest writers in the history of French literature, and the leader of the French Romantic Movement.
His life spanned almost the whole 19th century, and his literary career lasted for 6 years, with enduring creativity. His romantic novels are wonderful and moving, vigorous and powerful, and have permanent charm for readers.
Hugo was born in 182 in Beauchampson, southern France. Grandfather was a carpenter, and his father was an officer in the army of the United States. He was once killed by Napoleon's brother Joseph, king of Spain. Bonaparte was awarded the rank of general and was the king's trusted minister.
Hugo was gifted and intelligent. At the age of 9, he began to write poems. At the age of 1, he went back to Paris to study. After graduating from high school, he entered law school. However, his interest was writing. At the age of 15, he wrote Reading Music in the French Academy, won the first prize in the Hundred Flowers Poetry Competition at the age of 17, and published a collection of poems "Ode to Poetry" at the age of 2. He was awarded by Louis Stanislas Xavier for praising the restoration of Bourbon Dynasty, and later wrote a lot. Later, he was disappointed with the Bourbon Dynasty and the July Dynasty and became a * * * pacifist. He also wrote many poems, plays and plays.
He wrote a large number of novels with distinctive features and carried out his ideas. In 1827, Hugo published Cromwell and its preface.
Although the script was not performed, the preface was regarded as a declaration of French romanticism and became an epoch-making document in the history of literature. It has greatly promoted the development of French romantic literature.
In 183, Hugo's play "Onani" was staged in the Grand Theatre of the French Academy, which had a great influence and established the leading position of romanticism in French literature. "Onani" is a story about a robber from Spain who was born in the 16th century, Onani rebelled against the king. Hugo praised the robber's chivalry and nobility and showed a strong anti-feudal tendency.
In July 183, the "July Revolution" took place in France, and the feudal restoration dynasty was overthrown. Hugo warmly praised the revolution, praised the revolutionaries and wrote poems to mourn the heroes who died in the street fighting.
Notre Dame de Paris, published in 1831, is Hugo's most romantic novel. The plot of the novel is bizarre, tense, vivid, unpredictable, dramatic and legendary.
The story happened in the Middle Ages. On April Fool's Day, wandering gypsy artists performed songs and dances in the square. A gypsy girl named Esmeralda attracted passers-by. She was beautiful and graceful in dancing.
at this time, Claude, the vice bishop of Notre Dame de Paris? Frollo suddenly fell in love with the beautiful Melada, and he was madly in love with her. So he ordered the church bell ringer, the ugly Quasimodo, to snatch Esmeralda.
As a result, Fabi, the captain of the French king's bow and arrow, saved Esmeralda and captured Quasimodo. He took the bell ringer to the square and flogged him. The kind gypsy girl gave Quasimodo water instead of revenge.
Although the bell ringer is ugly in appearance, his heart is pure and noble. He is very grateful to Esmeralda and falls in love with her. Naive Esmeralda fell in love with Fabi at first sight. When they were dating, frollo quietly followed. Out of jealousy, he stabbed Fabi with a knife and ran away.
Hermes Rada was sentenced to death for murder. Quasimodo snatched Esmeralda from the gallows and hid it in Notre Dame. frollo took the opportunity to threaten the gypsy girl to satisfy his lust. After being rejected, he handed her over to the king's army, and the innocent girl was hanged.
Quasimodo angrily pushed frollo down the church and died. He hugged Esmeralda's body and died. The novel shows Hugo's strong hatred of feudalism and the church, and also reflects his deep sympathy for the lower classes.
after the "July Revolution", France established the financier Louis? The July dynasty ruled by the big bourgeoisie headed by Philip. The July dynasty kept wooing Hugo, and Hugo was elected to the French Academy in 1841. In 1845, Louis? Philip made him a nobleman of France and became a member of the House of Lords.
Hugo's enthusiasm for struggle in his creation waned. In 1843, he wrote a mysterious play "The Garrison Officer", which was booed by the audience and failed. Hugo was silent for nearly 1 years without writing.
in June 1848, the people of Paris held a revolution, overthrew the July dynasty and established the Republic of China. Hugo didn't understand the revolution at first, but when the big bourgeoisie plotted to dissolve the country, Hugo became a firm pacifist.
in December 1851, Louis? Bonaparte staged a coup, and Hugo took part in the anti-coup uprising organized by * * * and Party members. Louis? After Bonaparte came to power, the Second Empire of France was established.
he pursued a policy of terror and ruthlessly suppressed the rebels. Hugo was persecuted and had to go into exile.
During his exile, Hugo persisted in his struggle against Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte. He wrote political satirical pamphlets and satirical poems and lashed out at Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte's dictatorship. During this period, he published the novels Les Miserables, Marine Laborers and The Smiling Man.
Les Miserables is Hugo's masterpiece. The plot of the novel is roughly like this: Jean Valjean, a poor worker from a peasant background, once saw his sister's children crying with hunger, so he went to steal bread. Unfortunately, he was caught and sentenced to five years in prison.
He escaped from prison several times, and was arrested and sentenced to 14 years' imprisonment. As a result, he spent 19 years in prison for a piece of bread. After he was released from prison, Jean Valjean was looked down upon everywhere, with no job and no food. He vowed to take revenge on the society.
At this time, a bishop named Miriam influenced him, and he was determined to do good deeds and be a good person. He changed his name to Madeleine, set up a factory in a city and became a rich man.
He provides employment opportunities for the poor, gives them food and houses. He is always ready to help others and is elected as the mayor by the citizens. At this time, a girl named Mountain Ting came to the city. She was a rural girl who went to work in the city and was tricked into giving birth to a daughter.
She put her daughter Cosette in foster care at a hotel owner's house. The boss was a villain and took the opportunity to blackmail her. Muntin was forced to sell her beautiful hair and teeth and became a prostitute. Finally, she was poor and dying. When Jean Valjean heard about it, he immediately took care of her and promised to raise her daughter Cosette after her death. At this time, the police Javert was chasing Jean Valjean, a convict who had been missing for many years.
2. Seeking: the literary common sense of Notre Dame de Paris, the main plot and characters, and the main ideological writing characteristics
The full name of Notre Dame de Paris is Notre Dame de Paris-1482, which was published in 1831. This is a Scott-style historical novel and a representative work of French romantic novels. The novel is set in France under the rule of louis xi in the 15th century, with Notre Dame as the main scene, and describes the complicated and bizarre story among the three main characters, namely, the gypsy girl Esmeralda, Notre Dame and the vice bishop Claude. At the beginning of the novel, the concept of "fate" or "days" was put forward, so that the three characters, beautiful and pure Esmeralda, ugly and kind Quasimodo and evil and complicated Claude, performed a very tragic story under the arrangement of fate, reflecting the author's pessimism. Hugo has made a long-term and serious study on the historical background of the novel, but the plot of the novel is the product of the author's imagination. Notre Dame de Paris embodies the principle of "contrast between beauty and ugliness" advocated by Hugo everywhere. The characters and events in the book, even if they originated from real life, have been greatly exaggerated and strengthened. Under the writer's rich colors, they have formed a gorgeous and strange picture, forming a sharp and even incredible contrast between good and evil, beauty and ugliness, and practicing the principle of combining sublimity and absurdity.
In the novel, besides Quasimodo, the bell ringer, and Claude, the bishop, there are also the poet Gan Guo Wa and the captain of the cavalry, who respectively represent a typical example. Among the four men, Claude is the one who really has depth. On the surface, this figure belongs to the sinner who should be condemned. As an archdeacon, he lives a austere and ascetic practice life, but his heart yearns for lewdness and is full of envy for worldly enjoyment. The more he realized that he had lost people's joy, the more he hated the world and everything. He incited religious fanaticism, created superstition, spread prejudice against Bohemians, and collaborated with the royal prosecutor to harm the people. This figure is a representative of religious hypocrisy and the evil forces of the church. However, from a deeper perspective, when the author portrays this character, he regards him as a sinner, but also as a victim of medieval asceticism. Esmeralda was destroyed only by the body, and Claude was first destroyed by the soul and then by the body. But in the face of beautiful Esmeralda, who loves him more deeply and strongly? He can't get this love, he doesn't know how to love! Does the author want to sue the religious asceticism doctrine that violates human nature through this character?
In Notre Dame de Paris, the author describes the lower class people, vagrants and beggars in Paris with great sympathy. They are ragged and rude, but in their "society", they can find the spirit of mutual help, honesty, courage and self-sacrifice that is rare in the upper class, which is in sharp contrast with the upper class ruled by louis xi. The scene of Paris vagrants attacking Notre Dame de Paris to save Esmeralda in the novel is generous, tragic and thrilling. Hugo predicted that the people would rise up and destroy the Bastille through the mouth of the characters in the book, implying the outbreak of the Great Revolution in 1789. The description here is actually the echo of the July Revolution, showing Hugo's great talent in describing historical scenes.
3. Literary common sense about funeral lyrics
1. Excellent dialectical thinking of funeral lyrics, its content is nothing more than telling the life of the deceased, evaluating the merits of the deceased, and pinning people's grief, even Engels' "Speech at Marx's Tomb" is the same.
Of course, Hugo did the same in this speech. He spoke highly of Balzac's great contribution to the field of human spirit, which has gone beyond the scope of literature and entered the fields of thought, history and politics. In the high evaluation of Balzac, readers can clearly feel that the burial words contain the author's deep mourning for Balzac.
After reading this essay, it seems that we are standing in front of the cemetery of Lachez, listening to Hugo's deep and passionate speech, and even unaware of the drizzle. However, after seeing the general characteristics of this funeral, we also clearly feel the existence of another kind of power besides sadness and disappointment, that is, sublimity and excitement.
This other power is felt from the author Hugo after we read this funeral speech. The great speaker's gorgeous and rich literary talent, profound and broad thoughts, lofty and brilliant personality were presented to others in this speech.
The purpose of Hugo's speech, we guess, is just to praise Balzac's works, thoughts and personality, and to express his sincere admiration and admiration. However, his speech left the audience with the noble personality of the author himself.
In this way, it was originally an expression of respect for others, but as a result, it inadvertently won more people's respect for themselves. The first nine paragraphs of the text mainly evaluate the dead and express their condolences. From these sad and deep sentences, we vaguely feel the author's writing style, thoughts and personality.
After the tenth paragraph, it is very different from the general funeral words. Although Balzac is still evaluated and mourned, the author has a strong and very independent ideology. The author is not so much evaluating Balzac, but rather expressing his view on life and death through Balzac's death. "Death is great equality and great freedom", "Anyone who is a genius before his death cannot fail to become a soul". Mainly the last three paragraphs, which embodies the author's noble personality; Mainly these three paragraphs, the author's sincerity, sincerity and true feelings have given readers great appeal.
2. Poetic and Philosophical Language This funeral poem is gorgeous in literary style, full of philosophy, highly concentrated in language, both poetic and philosophical, which fully embodies Hugo's literary language talent and ideological depth. There are profound and profound sentences in the works, which have great capacity.
It's worth savoring and reading again and again. This is also a difficult work. When teaching, teachers should make great efforts to help students feel and understand the ideological content.
Select several key sentences in the text and try to interpret them. (1) For us, all fiction has disappeared.
focus on the word "fiction". There may be two meanings here. First, Balzac's death shows that his creative life is over, and he can no longer create a "fictional" world for people; Second, Balzac's death is a real thing, not that he is making up a novel.
In this sentence, Hugo sadly announced the death of the literary master, reminding people to face this great death. (2) Just as in the development of civilization, there is a law that leads to the emergence of spiritual rulers after military rulers.
On the surface, this sentence reveals a law in social development, that is, in every era of great changes, military rulers appear first, and then spiritual rulers appear. In fact, the author praises Balzac here and regards him as a greater spiritual ruler than the military ruler.
This confirms the meaning of the first sentence in this paragraph. As a spiritual ruler, Balzac belongs not only to this era, but also to generations to come. (3) A great book, which is titled "Comedy", is actually titled "History" ... Hugo regards Balzac's "Human Comedy" as a book and compares it to a historical work.
Hugo spoke highly of the realistic spirit of Human Comedy here, and regarded it as a condensed history, from which people could see the "trend of the whole modern civilization" and the "reality" revealed by the author. This is the first original opinion put forward in Balzac's research, which inspired Engels' comments on Balzac.
Engels wrote in To Ma? Hakenas's letter said: "Balzac ... provided us with an outstanding realistic history of French society, especially Parisian upper class ... around this central picture, he gathered all the history of French society ..." It can be seen that Hugo spoke highly of the realistic spirit of Balzac's works. (4) A book that is both observation and imagination, with a lot of truth, kindness, homeliness, triviality and vulgarity.
But sometimes by tearing the surface suddenly and fully revealing the reality of the shape, people can immediately see the most gloomy and tragic ideal. Balzac used his genius observation and imagination to tear the reality to show people.