In 1841, Hugo was elected as a member of the Académie fran?aise, and became a member of the House of Representatives in 1845. After the February Revolution in 1848, he became a representative of the Parliament of the **** and the State, and was forced to go into exile in 1851, when Napoleon III was declared emperor, Hugo rose up in opposition to the Emperor, and was forced to go into exile, during which time he wrote a political satire, "The Collection of Punishments", in which each chapter is accompanied by an article of Napoleon III's program of government, which is satirized, and which uses the achievements of Napoleon I. Napoleon I's achievements and Napoleon III's shame contrast.
Hugo returned to Paris after the overthrow of Napoleon III in the bloodless French revolution of 1870. Hugo wrote extensively on all areas of literature, and critics believe that his creative ideas were the closest to modern thought. After his death, France mourned his death, and he was buried in the Pantheon, which is a collection of commemorative plaques honoring French celebrities.
Hugo's most talked about by the French romantic deeds is: he was 30 years old when he met the 26-year-old actress Juliette Drouet, and fell in love, and later, no matter whether they are together or apart, Hugo every day to write her a love letter, until she died at the age of 75, nearly 50 years without interruption, wrote nearly 20,000 letters. Throughout Hugo's life activities and creation of the dominant idea is humanitarianism - against violence, love system "evil".
Hugo experienced almost all the major events of the 19th century in France. He wrote many poems, novels, plays, various essays and literary criticism and political essays, and was an influential figure in France.
Hugo's creative process of more than 60 years, his works, including 26 volumes of poetry, 20 volumes of novels, 12 volumes of plays, 21 volumes of philosophical treatises, a total of 79 volumes, to the French literature and human cultural treasures added a very brilliant cultural heritage. His masterpieces are the novels Notre Dame de Paris, Les Misérables, Laborers at Sea, The Laughing Man, and Ninety-Three Years, and the collections of poems Light and Shadow. The collection of poems "Light and Shadow" and "Letter to Captain Butler on the Expedition of the British and French Allied Forces to China", short stories: "The Shipwreck of the Normandy" and so on.
[edit]Biography
Hugo was born in 1802 in the city of Béchancon in eastern France. His grandfather was a carpenter, and his father was an officer in the army of the **** and State, who had been awarded the rank of general by Napoleon's brother, King Joseph of Spain? Bonaparte, and was a close and important advisor to this king.
Hugo talented, 9 years old began to write poetry at the age of 10 back to school in Paris, graduated from secondary school into the Faculty of Law, but his interest lies in writing, 15 years old in the College of France to write the "reading music" by the French Baccalaureate awards, the age of 17 in the "Hundred Flowers Poetry Competition" won the first place, the age of 20 years old, published a collection of poetry "Ode to the Poetry", for singing the praises of the Bourbons. At the age of 20, he published a collection of poems called "Ode", which was rewarded by Louis XVIII for his glorification of the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty, and he wrote a large number of exotic poems later on. Later, he was disappointed with both the Bourbons and the July dynasty, and became a ****harmonist. He also wrote many poetic dramas and plays. He wrote a large number of novels with a distinctive character and carried out his ideas.
In 1827, Hugo published the play Cromwell and its preface. Although the play was not performed, the preface is considered the manifesto of French Romanticism, and became an epoch-making document in the history of literature. It played a great role in promoting the development of French Romantic literature.
In 1830, Hugo's play Ernani was performed at the Grand Théatre de la Cour de France, which had a great impact and established the dominant position of Romanticism in the French literary scene.
"Ouenani" is written in the 16th century Spain, a nobleman born of the bandit Ouenani rebel against the king's story, Hugo praised the bandit's chivalry and nobility, showing a strong anti-feudal tendency.
In July 1830, France had a "July Revolution", the feudal restoration dynasty was overturned. Hugo enthusiastically praised the revolution, glorified those revolutionaries, and wrote poems to mourn those heroes who died in the street battles.
Notre Dame de Paris, published in 1831, is Hugo's most romantic novel. The plot of the novel is twisted, tense, vivid, unpredictable, dramatic and legendary.
The story takes place in the Middle Ages. "On April Fool's Day, wandering gypsies performed songs and dances in the square, and a gypsy girl named Esmeralda attracted the pedestrians, and she looked beautiful and danced very beautifully.
At that moment, the vice bishop of Notre Dame, Claude Frollo, was instantly attracted to the beautiful girl. Frollo was instantly enamored of the beautiful Melada, and with the fire of lust burning inside him, he fell madly in love with her. So he ordered Quasimodo, the church bell-ringer, who was strangely ugly, to snatch Esmeralda. As a result, Phoebus, the captain of the French king's arrows, saved Esmeralda and captured Quasimodo. He takes the bell-ringer to the square to be flogged. The kind Gypsy girl does not care about the former revenge, but instead brings water for Quasimodo to drink.
The bell-ringer, who was ugly on the outside but pure and noble on the inside, was very grateful to Esmeralda and fell in love with her. Naive Esmeralda falls in love with Phoebus at first sight, and when the two go out on a date, Frollo quietly follows behind, and out of jealousy, he stabs Phoebe with a knife and escapes. Esmeralda, however, is sentenced to death for murder. Quasimodo snatched Esmeralda from under the gallows and hid her in Notre Dame de Paris. Frollo took the opportunity to threaten the Gypsy girl to fulfill his lust, and when he was refused, he handed her over to the king's army and the innocent girl was hanged. Enraged, Quasimodo pushes Frollo off the church and falls to his death, and he embraces Esmeralda's body and dies as well.
The novel shows Hugo's strong hatred for the feudal government and the church, but also reflects his deep sympathy for the lower classes.
After the July Revolution, France established a great bourgeoisie led by the financier Louis Philippe. After the July Revolution, France established the "July Dynasty" ruled by the big bourgeoisie led by the financier Louis Philippe. The July dynasty continued to Hugo, Hugo was elected to the French Baccalaureate in 1841, and in 1845, Louis Philippe made him a member of the French Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1845, Louis Philippe made him the Secretary of the French Nobility and a member of the House of Peers. Hugo's passion for struggle in his writing diminished, and in 1843 he wrote a mystical play, The Garrison Officer, which was a failure when it was performed and applauded by the audience. Hugo was silent about this and did not write for almost 10 years.
In June 1848, the people of Paris held a revolution, overthrew the July dynasty, and established the **** and the country. At first Hugo did not understand the revolution, but when the big bourgeoisie conspired to eliminate the **** and the State, Hugo became a staunch **** andist. in December 1851, Louis? Bonaparte staged a coup d'état and Hugo took part in the uprising against the coup organized by the ****heists. After Louis Bonaparte came to power, he established a new government. Louis Bonaparte came to power and established the Second French Empire. He practiced a policy of terror and ruthlessly suppressed those who resisted. Hugo was also persecuted and had to go into exile.
During the period of exile, Hugo always insisted on the struggle against Napoleon III, he wrote political satirical pamphlets and political satirical poems, attacked the dictatorship of Napoleon III. During this period, he published long novels Les Misérables, The Sea Laborer and The Laughing Man.
Les Miserables is Hugo's masterpiece. The plot of the novel is roughly like this: the peasant born poor worker Jean Valjean once saw his sister's several children crying with hunger, so he went to steal bread, unfortunately was caught and sentenced to five years in prison. He escaped from prison several times, and when he was caught, he was sentenced to an additional ****14 years in prison, resulting in 19 years in prison for a loaf of bread. After his release from prison, Jean Valjean was looked down upon everywhere, had no job, no food, and vowed to take revenge on society. At this time, a bishop named Bian Fou Rou touched him, and he resolved to do good deeds and be a good man.
Under the name of Madeleine, he set up a factory in a city and became a rich man. He provided employment for the poor, fed them, gave them houses, and he was so helpful in every way that he was elected mayor by the citizens. At this time, there came to the city a girl named Fantine, who was originally a girl from the countryside, came to the city to work as a laborer, and was lured into giving birth to a daughter. She fostered her daughter Cosette in the home of an innkeeper, who was a villain and took advantage of the opportunity to blackmail her. Fantine was forced to sell her beautiful hair, her beautiful teeth, and sold herself as a prostitute, and finally became so poor that she was sick and dying; Jean Valjean heard of this and went to take care of her at once, promising to bring up her daughter Cosette after her death. At this time, the police Javert is hunting for Valjean, a hard laborer who has been missing for many years, in the city of Madeleine, he captures a poor worker, believing him to be Valjean, and prepares to send him to prison, in order to save this innocent worker, Valjean steps forward and voluntarily admits his identity. He falls back into the hands of the police and on his way to prison, he manages to escape.
Valjean immediately finds Cosette and takes her into hiding in a secluded convent. As the years pass, Cosette grows into a beautiful young woman who falls in love with Marius, a **** and party man. 1832 sees the outbreak of a **** and party-led uprising in Paris, which is bloodily suppressed by the July dynasty, and when Marius is gravely wounded, Jean Valjean risks his life to get him out through the sewers. At this point, Javert blends into the ranks of the insurgents to reconnoiter, is captured and sentenced to death, and it is up to Valjean to carry out the order to shoot Javert, but Valjean sets Javert free. Javert, ashamed before the noble character of Valjean, throws himself into the river.
Cosette and Marius are married and the young people are very happy. Valjean lives a lonely life alone and finally he dies in Cosette's arms.
Les Misérables exposes the sharp contradictions of capitalist society and the disparity between rich and poor, depicts the painful fate of the lower class people, and puts forward the three urgent problems of the society at that time: "Poverty makes the men downtrodden, hunger corrupts the women, and darkness makes the children frail," fiercely attacking the hypocrisy of the bourgeoisie law. It comprehensively reflects the social and political life of France in the first half of the 19th century. Therefore, the novel was welcomed by people all over the world. In the 20th century, it has been adapted into a movie many times, which also attracted countless audiences.
In 1870, the Franco-Prussian War broke out, and after France's defeat at Sedan, the Prussian army pushed straight into Paris. At this critical moment of national crisis, Hugo returned to his country after 19 years of exile. He gave speeches everywhere, calling on the French people to rise up against the German invaders and to defend their motherland. He also used his writings and recitation of poetry to get paid to buy 2 cannons, showing the noble patriotic spirit.
When the Paris Commune rose, Hugo did not understand the revolution. But when the failure of the Commune, the reactionary government frantically suppressed the members of the Commune, Hugo and angrily condemned the reactionaries of the beast, he called for amnesty for all the members of the Commune, and announced in the newspaper that his own home in the Belgian capital of Brussels, Belgium, to provide members of the community in exile as a refuge. In response, his home was attacked by a reactionary mob, and he himself narrowly escaped death, but he still stood his ground.
In 1885, Hugo died. The people of France gave the great poet a state funeral. His body was laid to rest in the Pantheon, which is dedicated to the burial of great men.
The first Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded in 1901, but Hugo died in 1885, so in spite of his high literary achievements, he was not awarded the Nobel.
Quotations
The widest thing in the world is the ocean, wider than the ocean is the sky, and wider than the sky is the human heart.
The future will belong to two kinds of people: those who think and those who labor; in fact, these two kinds of people are one kind of people, because thinking is also labor.
Above the absolutely right revolution there is an absolutely right humanism.
The intelligence of man holds three keys, one unlocking numbers, one unlocking letters, and one unlocking notes. Knowledge, thought, and fantasy are in them.
What the world lacks is perseverance, not stamina.
Boldness is the price to pay for progress.
One should believe that one is strong in life.
It is a good thing that the path of art is so thorny that people are afraid of it, except for the strong-willed.
Who wasted years, youth will fade, life will abandon them.
Laughter is like sunshine, which drives away the winter from people's faces.
It is better to refuse than to agree.
It is the human heart that releases infinite light, and it is the human heart that creates infinite darkness.
Books are the tools of the soul.
People can only survive with material; people can only live with ideals.
Where footsteps cannot reach, vision can reach; where vision cannot reach, spirit can fly to.
One more school, one less prison.
Life is to face the smile.
People have two ears, one to hear the voice of God and the other to hear the voice of the devil.
I would rather open my future by my own strength than to seek the favor of the powerful.
History
Born on February 26, 1802, in Besancon, eastern France.
1819 Founded the "Fortnightly Conservative Literary Journal" with the romantic poet Vigny and others***. He publishes his first poems in the journal.
1822 He publishes his first book of poems, Ode and Miscellaneous Poems. Married Edna at St. Sulpice Cathedral.
1825 Awarded the Order of Merit for the coronation of Charles X. He was also a member of the Order of Merit.
1827 Became a leader of the Romantic movement with the publication of the rhymed play Cromwell and the famous Romantic Manifesto.
In 1831, he completed Notre Dame de Paris, a masterpiece of Romantic literature.
In 1841, he was elected to the French Academy and publicly expressed his support for the constitutional monarchy.
1843 After the failure of his play Les Burgraves and the accidental death of his daughter Leopoldine, he stopped writing and turned to politics.
1845 He is made a member of the aristocracy and named Count Hugo.
1848 Founding of the newspaper Le Chronique.
1850 Arrested and imprisoned, Hugo fled Paris under the name Langevin.
1851 Louis Bonaparte declares an empire in a coup d'état and Hugo is forced into exile.
1853 A collection of poems full of political satire, The Book of Punishments, is published.
1862 The monumental social novel Les Miserables is published.
1868 Hugo's wife Edna dies.
1870 The Third **** and government is established, ending nineteen years of exile and returning to Paris.
1871 Elected deputy to the National Assembly.
1876 Hugo was elected Senator.
1883 Completes the third volume of Legends of the Century.
1885 On May 22, he died in Paris. On June 1, Hugo's coffin was placed under the Arc de Triomphe for the people to see the main works
1827: Cromwell (play)
1829: les Orientales (poems)
1830: Hernani (play)
les Contemplations (poems)
1862:les Miserables (novel)
1869:L'Homme qui Rit (novel)
1859-1883:la Legende des siecles ( la Legende des siecles) (poem)
1874:Quatre-Vingt-Treize (novel)