History of Nature Conservation In the 18th century, the development of agriculture and animal husbandry in Europe reduced the virgin forests, while the destruction of nature accelerated as a result of the industrial revolution. This prompted people to take the form of protected territories to protect nature. 1872 the United States established the Yellowstone National Park, the vast pristine territory of Yellowstone set aside for permanent preservation of the national park. Subsequently, countries around the world have established various forms of nature reserves. 1900, the "European Conference on the Protection of African Animals" was held. 1913, the first international nature conservation organization was established in Bern, Switzerland. 1928, the International Office for the Conservation of Nature was established in Brussels. 1948, UNESCO and the French government ****. In 1948, UNESCO and the French government*** took the initiative to convene a conference to discuss global environmental protection issues, and established the "International Union of Protection of Nature" (International Union of Protection of Nature), which was renamed in 1956 as the "International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources". "In 1956, the organization was renamed the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and in 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held in Stockholm, attended by representatives of 114 countries. Representatives from 114 countries attended, and adopted the Declaration and Plan of Action on the Human Environment.
Necessity of Nature Conservation The survival and development of human beings require a favorable natural environment and abundant natural resources. The natural environment is the sum of various natural factors that interact with human beings and human society in the objectively existing material world, mainly the atmosphere, water, soil, organisms, minerals and sunlight. Natural resources are substances in the natural environment that can be used by human beings for living and production, and can be divided into three categories: one is inexhaustible, such as solar energy and wind power; the second is renewable, such as living organisms, water and soil; and the third is non-renewable, such as various minerals. As human productivity develops and improves, the portion of natural resources that can be utilized by humans continues to expand. For example, a mineral is often *** born with other minerals, the development of mineral processing and smelting technology, so that *** born minerals are no longer discharged into the environment of the waste residue, but is recycled into the social production process, becoming a new natural resource. These resources, especially renewable resources, such as the development and utilization of unreasonable, will not only make the atmosphere, water bodies, soil and so on polluted, the ecological balance and the natural environment has been damaged, and natural resources itself will be increasingly depleted, seriously affecting the survival of mankind and the development of society. Therefore, while developing and utilizing natural resources, mankind must protect and manage nature.
Establishment of nature reserves That is, for a certain range of land or water, to take effective measures to protect the natural complex or natural resources, as well as the protection of other specific single species, a variety of or the whole of the object, is an important element of nature conservation work.
Water Resources Protection Rivers, lakes, swamps, reservoirs, glaciers, oceans and other "surface water storage bodies", due to the sun, water evaporation, condensation in the air into rain to the ground, part of the seepage into the ground, most of the flow into the river into the ocean. The total amount of water on earth is about 1.4 billion cubic kilometers, but only a small part of the water resources can really be used. Most of China is a monsoon climate zone, rainfall is concentrated in the summer, and the flow of many rivers decreases rapidly after the rainy season; North China and Northwest China are in arid and semi-arid climatic zones, and the lack of water is particularly serious. Therefore, it is very important to protect water resources and prevent water pollution.
Protection of water resources must effectively control water pollution, so we must vigorously reduce the amount of wastewater discharged by the source and reduce the concentration of harmful substances in wastewater. Effective measures are: ① reform of production processes and equipment, less or no water; less or no pollution-prone raw materials, reduce the burden of treatment. ② proper treatment of industrial wastewater and sewage, to prevent arbitrary discharge. ③ Recycle urban wastewater for agriculture, fishery and urban construction, etc., to save fresh water and ease the contradiction between agriculture and industry and urban water competition. ④ Strengthen the monitoring and management of water bodies and their sources of pollution, so that water pollution can be gradually reduced and controlled.
Land resource protection Land is the place of human life and production, and is a highly integrated natural economic system composed of the interaction of many factors such as geology, geomorphology, climate, vegetation, soil, hydrology and human activities. Two thirds of China's land is mountainous and one third is flat, while arable land accounts for only 10.4% of the land area, or more than 1 million square kilometers, and industry, transportation, towns and cities account for 6.9% of the land area, or about 670,000 square kilometers. Therefore, from the point of view of ecological balance, the control of population growth and strictly limit the encroachment on the arable land area, is closely related to nature conservation.
The fundamental measure for the protection of land resources is to plant trees and forests, and the land resources that have been exploited and utilized should be reasonably irrigated and cultivated. Mudflats are shallow beaches in the coastal silt plains, which can provide arable land for agriculture, breeding grounds for aquaculture, salt production, and the use of tidal energy for power generation. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive survey and research on the resources of the mudflat, and make comprehensive arrangements and integrated planning, so that the mudflat can be reasonably developed and utilized.
Biological resources protection The forest is composed of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, green plant groups, according to the natural growth of the forest, planned and rational development, sustainable use, but also pay attention to the prevention of forest fires and the prevention and control of pests and diseases. Grassland is herbaceous vegetation, and the amount of livestock should be reasonably determined according to the productivity of the grassland, so as to prevent overloading and grazing. For sandy areas, they should be sealed and combined with artificial replanting. Comprehensive technical measures such as fencing, irrigation, fertilization, chemical herbicides, rodent extermination and zoning rotational grazing should be taken for large areas of natural grassland, so as to improve the yield and quality of grassland forage. Certain primitive grasslands, or grasslands with special vegetation types, as well as grasslands inhabited by rare animals, can be designated as grassland nature reserves. As for the protection of wild animals and plant resources, it is necessary to carry out a census of the resources, establish nature reserves and no-hunting zones, stipulate a no-hunting period, set up a species bank, preserve and propagate species, and carry out scientific research on the artificial introduction and domestication of species.
Law and Economics of Nature Conservation Human efforts for nature conservation are inseparable from the realization of the value of nature. When human awareness of the value of nature is low, or when nature is less polluted or damaged, the scale of nature conservation activities is also small. As mankind's awareness of the value of nature has increased, and as natural resources have become increasingly depleted, it has been recognized that it is necessary to set up administrative bodies for nature conservation, to make correct predictions in a timely manner on the basis of reliable and systematic information, and to propose effective preventive measures. At the same time, in order to effectively protect and manage nature, it is necessary to formulate corresponding laws. For example, Germany enacted a law to preserve beautiful landscapes in 1902 and a nature protection law in 1935. Japan enacted the Law for the Preservation of Natural Monuments of Monuments and Sites in 1919 (Japan also includes artificial structures, bred animals and cultivated plants in the concept of monuments and natural monuments); the National Park Law was enacted in 1931, and the Hunting Law was also enacted regarding bird and animal sanctuaries and no-hunting zones, the Law for the Preservation of the Natural Environment regarding the protection of the territorial environment, the Forest Law regarding the protection of forests, and the Academic Reference Protected Forest System.
The Forestry Act was enacted for the protection of forests.
The development and utilization of natural resources should also be studied in environmental economics, in addition to some aspects of economic development, such as the need for social production, the possibility of process technology, the cost of factors such as high and low, but also to study the form, scale and speed of development and utilization of the most advantageous to nature conservation and environmental protection.
History and current situation of nature conservation in China The Chinese people have long paid attention to the interrelationship between the utilization of natural resources and the protection of nature. In the Book of the Zhou Dynasty (逸周書-大聚篇), the legendary Dayu stated: "In the third month of spring, the mountains and forests were not axed, so that the grass and trees could grow. In the third month of summer, no netting is used in the rivers and swamps, so that fish and turtles can grow." Xunzi pointed out the importance of protecting natural resources, must be "all things in their proper place, six animals in their growth, and all living beings in their lives", and put forward protective measures: "grass and trees in glory and fruitfulness, then the axe catty not into the forest, not prematurely its growth, not to stop its growth. When soft-shelled turtles, fish and alligators are pregnant, nets and poisons should not be introduced into the water, so as not to abort their lives and not to cut off their growth." On the book of "Rituals - King System", it is written: "Forests, rivers and swamps are not forbidden to enter at the right time." "Five grains from time to time, the fruit is not ripe, not congee in the city; wood in the not cut, not congee in the city; birds and animals, fish and turtles are not in the kill, not congee in the city." In order to "mountains and swamps more birds and animals", "fish and turtles excellent more", there are officials to manage, Chuan Heng master Chuanze ban, management of aquatic products; signs of people to master the court garden field hunting decree. The late Ming and early Qing dynasty Wang Fuzhi "nightmare" recorded: "the land is wide and sparse, such as Liu'an, Yinghuo, the territory of Ruhuang, and west of Nanzhang, south of the White River, east of Kui Fu, north of Xichuan, Neixiang's boundaries, there is the so-called 'forbidden mountain'." This means that in the 17th century, the eastern end of the Qinling Mountains, Mount Wushan, Mount Jing, Mount Wudang, Mount Tongbai, Mount Dabie, Mount Huoshan, and other mountainous areas were all listed as "forbidden mountains". In addition, many places have "fengshui mountain", "fengshui forest", "God forest", etc., although the color of feudal superstition, but play a role in the protection of natural resources, to maintain the role of forest vegetation.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Seventh National Forestry Conference in 1956 adopted the "Hunting Management Measures (Draft)". In the same year, both nature conservation and nature reserves were listed as basic research in the national science and technology plan. 1957 saw the formulation of the Provisional Outline of Water and Soil Conservation of the People's Republic of China*** and the State Council. 1962 saw the State Council issue the Instruction on the Active Conservation and Rational Utilization of Wildlife Resources. 1963 saw the promulgation of the Regulations for the Protection of Forests. 1979 saw the publication of the People's Republic of China*** and the State Forest Law (Trial Law). and State Forest Law (for trial implementation), Regulations on the Protection of Aquatic Resources Breeding, and the Chinese People's *** and State Environmental Protection Law (for trial implementation), etc. On March 5, 1980, the Central Committee of the Chinese *** Producers' Party and the State Council issued yet another Instruction on Vigorously Carrying Out Tree Planting and Reforestation, and the whole country carried out large-scale, nationwide tree planting and reforestation activities.
Since 1979, the State Council and other relevant departments, as well as some provinces and municipalities, have set up management organizations for nature conservation, and from 1979 to 1980, China participated in the World Wildlife Fund, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, and the International Federation for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. "On March 5, 1980, the World Outline for the Conservation of Natural Resources was published in Beijing at the same time as in some other capitals of the world, and in 1979, China signed the Cooperation Agreement on the Conservation of Wildlife with the WWF. In 1979, China and the World Wildlife Fund signed a cooperation agreement on the protection of wildlife. .com/huanjing/014.htm
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