One, honorifics
Honorable appellations, also known as honorifics, is to talk to each other to show respect for the name, the words used to express honorifics are called honorifics.
By the word of honor in three cases:
(a) is directly with the pronouns, generally monosyllabic words, commonly used "you, er, son, and, public, gentleman," etc., these can be translated as "you.
(2) is the use of nouns instead of pronouns to address each other, such words are two-syllable words, this address and there are three forms: general honorifics with "Mr., my son", etc.; can also be used to represent each other's premises or under the other person, commonly used "foot, His Majesty, Your Excellency, deacon, left and right", the other person's premises or under the other person. The commonly used terms are "足下", "陛下", "阁下", "执事", "左右", and so on. These nouns can also be translated as "you", His Majesty is the monarch of the emperor, can not be translated, the official status can not be translated.
(3) is the use of adjectives to address the behavior of the characters related to each other, this word is generally two-syllable words, the first one is an adjective, the latter for the characters related to the noun. The common ones are:
Zun: Zunfu, Zunzhi, Zunjiu, Zunwife;
Xian: Xianbi, Xianwife
Ren: Renbian, Rendi
Gui: Guitian (with greeting meaning), Guixia, Gui Geng;
Gao: Gaobian, Gaoqin, Gaoqi, Gaoqi, Gaoqi;
Da: Daolai, Dazuo, Daijiu.
These words generally do not need to be translated.
These honorifics have changed with the development of society, the above one or two two cases to now basically do not use; and the third is still commonly used, these addresses are very respectful of each other, but also have a sense of cordiality, the language atmosphere is very harmonious.
Two, modesty
Modesty, modesty of self-proclaimed. The word used to express modesty is called modesty. It can be recognized and mastered in two ways.
One is to use certain nouns to replace the pronoun "I". It can be divided into the following four categories:
One is to use one's own surname or first name to express humility. "Su Zi and his guest rafted under the Red Cliff." ("Red Cliff Fugue") using the surname; "Ji father more heard of your mourning seven days ." (《祭十二郎文》)Using the first name.
The second type is to use "minister, servant, a, small man" to call themselves, to apologize. "My servant has suffered from this misfortune with the spoken word." ("Reporting Ren'an Book") "I have been familiar with the book of war since I was a child." (Lost Street Pavilion)
Three types of women often use the terms "concubine, servant girl, slave, slave girl" to apologize. "The same is forced, and so is the concubine." ("Southeast Flight of the Peacock")
The fourth category is that the monarch often uses "寡人(寡得之人),不毂(不善之人),孤(孤独之人)" to express humility. I'm in the country, I'm doing my best." (Mengzi - Liang Hui Wang Shang)
These modest titles can be translated as "I".
The other kind is to use certain words to address characters related to oneself. These words are two-syllable composite words and the former word modifies the latter, which can be categorized into three kinds of cases from the point of view of the lexical nature of the modifying word.
One is to use adjectives to modify, in order to show humility, common:
Yu: Yu brother, Yu brother (these two words are expressed in the "I"), stupid opinion, stupid (these two "stupid" can be translated as " I").
My: my country, my town ("my" is equivalent to "my").
Base: base body, base body, base interest (calling one's son in front of the emperor), base inner (calling one's wife). ["Bitch" is equivalent to "my"]
Small: small daughter, small child, small size.
Weak:Weak minister
Beast:Lowly.
The second is to use the verb to modify, in order to behavior to show humility, common are:
Theft: theft of thought, theft of thought, theft of hearing. ("Stealing" can be translated as privately and privately)
Volts: Volts (lying on the ground and thinking). It is used when stating one's thoughts from the bottom to the top or from the younger generation to the elder generation), Vowei. ("I have heard that the holy dynasty rules the world with filial piety." The Table of Chen Emotions)
Thirdly, it is modified by nouns to show humility. In front of other people to humbly call their elder brother with "family", "family father, family ruler, family honors, family strict" can be used to call their own father; "family mother, family charity" to call their own mother; "family brother" to call their own mother. The term "family brother" is used to refer to one's older brother. In front of others to address than their own younger or lower relatives with "she", "she brother" is their younger brother, "she nephew" is their nephews. The words "home" and "house" can be translated as "my".
These modesty with the development of society has changed greatly. In the first case, they are not used, but in the second case, some of them are still used.
Three, other titles
Self-proclaimed is in front of others on their own name. The emperor called himself "widow", the old man called himself "old man", the younger in front of the older one called himself "little brother", the monk called himself "poor road, poor monks The monk calls himself "poor Taoist, poor monk", and the average person calls himself "my humble self". All of them are self-referential.
He called is to address others. Such as accompanying the bride of the woman as "bridesmaids", called the noble women as "ladies", "Mrs." in ancient times called the wife of the vassal, and later used to honor the wife of the general public, called the elderly man The title of honor is "old man", and the title of honor is "young man". The honorifics are all other names.
Despicable is to call others with contempt, such as "vertical son, boy, female flow."
Specialized terms are certain conventions. For example, the woodcutter is called "woodcutter", the boatman is called "boatman", and the outstanding person of the country is called "national scholar".
Substitute is to borrow other titles instead of the original title. Such as "women" instead of women, with "pear" instead of theater, with "haiku" instead of comedians. The pronouns belong to the rhetorical technique of substitution.
The customary name is to address someone with a customary title. For example, "LaoZhuang" refers to LaoZi (LiEr) and ZhuangZi (ZhuangZhou) and their doctrines, and "Cold and Thin" refers to MengJiao and JiaDao.
The names of people of different ages
A person is called a baby when he is first born, or swaddling clothes when he is less than a year old.
Two to three years old is called a child.
Girls are called tweens when they are 7 years old. Boys at 7 years of age are called Shaoyi (韶年).
Up to 10 years of age is called the yellow mouth.
Thirteen to fifteen years old is called the year of the dancing spoon.
Fifteen to twenty years old is called the year of the dancing elephant.
Girls 12 years old are called the year of the golden hairpin.
The age of 13 for girls is called the year of the cardamom.
A girl aged 15 is called the year of maturity.
16 years old is called the year of Jasper;
20 years old is called the year of Peach and Plum.
The age of 24 is called the Year of Flower Letter; a woman getting married is called the Year of Ticket? The Year of the Plum.
Men at 20 are called the Weak Crown.
Thirty years old is called the year of the man.
40 years old is called the year of confusion.
50 years of age is called the year of knowledge.
60 years of age is called the age of the flower or the age of the ear.
70 years old is called the age of old age.
80 years old is called the year of the staff.
80 to 90 years of age is called the year of the joint? s age, the age of the eighties and nineties.
100 years of age is called the year of joy.
Additionally, they call childhood the "total angle" or "tufts of hair", adolescence the "bundle of hair", a woman waiting to get married the "waiting year" or the "waiting character", old age the "white head" or "white head", and a long-lived old man the "yellow hair", and so on.
Social Terms and Terms of Endearment
When meeting someone for the first time, one says, "I've heard a lot about you"; when waiting for a guest, one says, "I'm looking forward to seeing you";
When receiving a letter from someone, one says, "I'd like to write to you. "
To ask for a favor, say "劳驾";
托人办事用 "请"; 请人指点用 "赐教";
To praise someone's opinion, use "高见"; to ask for forgiveness, say "包涵";
老老人年龄问 "高寿";客人来到用 "光临 "
To part with someone, use "farewell"; to visit someone, use "visit";
Please don't send someone with "stay";
Please give convenience to say "borrow the light"; ask for guidance to say "please teach";
Welcome to buy called "
We are not sure if we are going to be able to get the best out of the world, but we have to make sure that we are able to get the best out of the world, so we have to make sure that we are able to get the best out of the world. "
This is the first time I've seen you in a long time.
Polite address between family and friends
Parents are called "Gao Tang", "Chun Xuan", "Double Parents" and "Knees".
Parents singularly called family father, family strict; family mother, family mercy.
Father's death is called: late father, late Yan, late Kao.
The death of the mother is called: late mother, late mother, late mother.
Siblings are called: family brother, family brother, house sister, house sister.
Brothers are called Kunzhong, hand and foot.
Husband and wife are called husband and wife, spouse and partner.
The death of a peer is called: deceased brother, deceased brother, deceased sister, deceased wife.
Other people's parents are called: your father, your mother.
Though people's siblings are called: your brother, your sister.
Though people's children are called: your son, your daughter.
Wives and fathers are called: father-in-law, father-in-law, Tarzan.
Other people's families are called: Mansion, Honorable Mansion.
Our own family is called: humble abode, abode, grassy hall.
Men and women are collectively called: men are called whiskers, women are called towels.
The death of a husband and wife in five ways is called: widowed.
Teachers are called: Enshu, Fuzi.
Students are called: disciples, recipients.
The school is called: cold window, chicken window.
Classmates are called: fellow students.
Small set of ancient age designations
Swaddling clothes: less than a week old.
Childhood: two to three years old.
Beginning to replace the milk teeth and tufts of hair: a girl is seven years old.
Beginning of the replacement of the milk teeth and the milky year: the boy is eight years old.
Description: According to the physiological condition, when a boy is eight years old and a girl is seven years old, the replacement of teeth, the removal of milk teeth, and the growth of permanent teeth, is called "milking teeth", "milking year" or "tufts of hair".
The general term for young children.
The Year of the Bun: refers to children. (Anciently, a child's hair was hanging down, and by extension, it refers to a person who has not yet reached the age of majority.)
Huangkou: under ten years old.
Young Learning: ten years old. (Li Ji - Qu Li Shang: "Ten years of life is said to be young and learned." Because the ancient text has no punctuation, people intercepted the word "幼学" as a substitute for ten years old.)
The year of the golden hairpin: the girl is twelve years old.
Cardamom age: a girl is thirteen years old.
ZhiXue: fifteen years old. (The Analects of Confucius: Zi said: "I am ten years old and I aspire to learn ......")
Maturity: a girl is fifteen years old. (Li Ji - Nei Zi: "A woman is ten and five years old when she reaches maturity.")
Jasper years, the year of breaking the melon: a woman is sixteen years old. (In the olden days, the literati used the character "melon" for the year of twenty-eight, which means sixteen years old, and it was mostly used for women.)
Weak crown: twenty years old. ("Li Ji - Qu Li on": "twenty is said to be weak crown.")
Peach and Li Nianhua (桃李年华): a woman is twenty years old.
Floral letter age: a woman is twenty-four years old.
And standing: thirty years old.
Unconfused: forty years old.
The Mandate of Heaven: fifty years old. (The Analects of Confucius: Zi said, "I am ten years old and determined to learn; I am thirty years old and established; I am forty years old and not confused; I am fifty years old and know the Mandate of Heaven; I am sixty years old and obedient to the ear; I am seventy years old and follow my heart's desires without overstepping the bounds of the rules. ")
The Year of Knowing Right and Wrong: fifty years old. (Huai Nan Zi - Original Tao Training: "Bo Yu was fifty years old, but had forty-nine years of non-compliance." It is said that there was a man named Bo Yu in the state of Wei in the Spring and Autumn, who kept reflecting on himself, and when he reached the age of fifty, he realized the mistakes he had made in the previous forty-nine years, and later generations used the expression "to know what is wrong" to refer to his fiftieth year of age.)
The year of the smooth ear and the age of armor: sixty years old. (Since ancient times, China has been using the heavenly stems and earthly branches to make up sixty pairs of stems and branches, and thus called "sixty stems and branches" or "sixty flowers and jiazi", so the age of sixty is also called "the year of the flower and armor").
This is why sixty years of age is also known as "the year of the flower and the armor".)
Ancient and rare: seventy years old. (Du Fu's "Two Songs of Qujiang": "Wine debts are common everywhere, and life is seventy years old.")
Oldest old: eighty or ninety years old. (Li Ji - Qu Li: "Eighty-nine and ninety is said to be eighty or ninety years old." People based on this explanation, the word eighty-nine years old is used in succession as a substitute for eighty or ninety years old.)
Period Yi: a person who is a hundred years old. (Li Ji - Qu Li: "A hundred years is said to be a period of time." It means that life lasts for a hundred years, so it is said that a hundred years old is "the year of the period of Yi." Yuan Chen Hao explains: "people live for a hundred years, so it is said to period; food and living and moving people are not to be raised, so it is said that Yi.")
The collective name for men and women: men are called whiskers and women are called towels.
The husband and wife are called by their five deaths: widowed.
Teachers are called: benefactors, husband and wife.
Students are called: disciples, recipients.