The topic of this paper involves both material and immaterial aspects.
Therefore, before discussing the regional culture of Shaoxing carried by the Wuwenboat, it is necessary to first explore the material form of the Wuwenboat.
To understand the boat, it is necessary to understand the Shaoxing boat system.
Shaoxing boat, the volume of the theory, there are large boats, small boats; the theory of the canopy, there are canopies, bare boat (no canopy boat) of the difference; the theory of the color of the canopy, there is a boat and the white canopy of the difference in the boat; to the use of the theory, there is a passenger boat, the difference between the cargo ship; to the boat on the theory of the time of the day, there are daytime open port boat (day boat) and the evening open the difference between the night boat.
Of course, there can be some other classifications.
From the above classification, we know that there is a class of Shaoxing boats, "the boat of the canopy".
So, is this type of "black boat" a black boat? In the eyes of many people, the crow's nest boat is the crow's nest boat, "Zhejiang Daily" published in the synthesis of most of the netizens of the idea that belongs to this category.
In fact, not only outsiders, Shaoxing people also have this idea; not only is the general Shaoxing people, even some Shaoxing celebrities also this understanding.
We might as well take a look at Zhou Zuoren's essay "black boat":
You are usually in the hometown rickshaw, tram, or car, but in my hometown there are none of these, in addition to the city or the mountains is to use the sedan chair, the ordinary transportation is to use the boat.
There are two kinds of boats, the ordinary ride is the "black boat", white-topped, mostly for the sailing ship, the night boat to the mausoleum also has a special interest, but you always inconvenient to sit, so I can not say.
The big boat for the "four bright tile", the small for the foot rowing boat also known as small boat.
But the most applicable is still in the middle of the "three ways", that is, Sanmingwa.
Canopy is semicircular, made of bamboo, bamboo Ruo in the folder, coated with black oil; in the two "fixed tents" put between a sunshade, also semicircular, wood lattice, embedded with a piece of small fish scales, diameter of about an inch, quite a bit transparent, slightly like glass and tough, which is known as the Mingwa.
Three Ming tile, said its cabin has two, the rear cabin has a Ming tile.
The stern with a scull, roughly two, the bow has a Penny, used to set the boat.
The bow with eyebrows, like a tiger, but seems to be smiling, quite funny and not scary, only the white boat is not.
The three canopies are so high that you can stand upright, and the cabin is so wide that you can put down a square table, and four people can sit and play mah-jongg, which I am afraid you have already learned.
In this kind of boat as if sitting on the water, close to the field bank to go when the soil and your eyes and nose close, and in case of wind and waves, or sit less careful, will be the bottom of the boat to the sky, the danger, but also quite interesting, is a feature of the water township.
Zhou Zuoren in the text of the black boat is divided into two kinds: large for the "four bright tile", small for the foot rowing boat also known as small boats.
Strictly speaking, this is not accurate.
Because in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, if you mention the black boat, it must mean "Ming tile boat", and will not refer to the foot rowing boat (small rowing boat).
It is inaccurate to say that it is also because the "four Ming tile" is only one of the boat, not all.
Zhou Zuoren's article mentioned "Ming tile boat", then, what is "Ming tile"? This is the first thing we need to figure out.
"Ming tile", one refers to the "Ming tile canopy", the second refers to the "Ming tile boat".
In Shaoxing, both can be referred to as "Mingwa", the latter because of the former name.
First of all, let's analyze the "Mingwafang".
To analyze the "Mingwapeng", we have to start from the "Wuwang".
The word "wu" means "black", and the word "wubing" means "black tent".
Shaoxing people love to black called Wu, such as Shaoxing people like to wear the Wu felt hat, Shaoxing people like to eat Wu Gan Cai, etc., the naming of the boat and the Wu Boat belongs to the same kind of situation.
And these are related to the Shaoxing black custom, which will be discussed below.
In Shaoxing, the boat has two meanings: general and specific, general means the boat of the canopy, specific means the relatively luxurious boat represented by the "Ming tile boat".
Among them, there are many specialized references.
Shaoxing boat canopy practice and other places do not differ much, the main material for bamboo and bamboo Ruo.
Generally use thin bamboo poles bent into an arch, made of canopy.
The two sides of the canopy are made of bamboo gabions, sandwiched by bamboo Ruo in the center, surrounded by flat bamboo pieces fixed with bamboo gabions or wire tie.
The size of the canopy corresponds to the size of the boat; the number of canopies depends on the length of the boat, three, five, seven, nine and so on.
The canopies were made with cooked tung oil, anthracite and other mixed "black oil", coated on the outer layer of the canopies, which is the canopy.
Ming tile boat, foot rowing boat, etc., mostly used canopy.
If the light with cooked tung oil coated in the canopy, the color of its color for the color of the gabions, and the canopy is different, Shaoxing people called "white canopy".
In the old days, Shaoxing night boat, opera boat and some agricultural boats, such as the white boat.
Canopy of the boat is divided into "fixed canopy" (commonly known as "fixed canopy") and "activities canopy" two kinds.
Most of the canopies on the boat is fixed, there are some activities, mainly to move the canopy, easy to passengers up and down, enjoy the scenery along the river, or to facilitate the loading and unloading of goods.
Because the general canopy is composed of bamboo gimlets, bamboo Ruo, so when the canopy is all pulled together, the boat will be dark.
And "Ming tile canopy" can be to a certain extent through the light.
"Ming tile canopy" in the cabin between the two "fixed canopy", the lower part near the edge of the boat, there is a foot high "woodwork grid", which is separated by wooden strips into a one-inch square grid, between which there are embedded wood and wood. It is partitioned into one-inch squares with wooden strips, between which are embedded oyster shell flakes (Zhou Zuoren's text called "a piece of small fish scales.
The flakes were processed to be about one inch square and translucent, which provided shelter from the sun and rain, as well as light inside the boat, so it was called "Mingwa" ("Mingwa Canopy").
"Ming tile canopy" fixed between the two "fixed canopy", and "Ming tile" is still above the movable canopy, and the usual "movable canopy" is different, because the "movable canopy" is different, because the "movable canopy" is different.
The term "mingwa-boat" refers to an outrigger boat with a "mingwa canopy", in other words, the canopy of a "mingwa-boat" must be black.
According to the size of the boat and the number of "Ming tile", "Ming tile boat" can be divided into "two Ming tile" (commonly known as "shuttle fly"), "shuttle fly", "shuttle fly", "shuttle fly", "shuttle fly", "shuttle fly", "shuttle fly", "shuttle fly", "shuttle fly", "shuttle fly" and "shuttle fly".
The more "mingwa", the longer the boat.
Ordinary "Ming tile boat" has a front cabin, in the cabin, the back cabin of three cabins, the cabin has three fixed canopy, fixed canopy between the two "Ming tile canopy" of the crow's nest called "two Ming tile" (i.e., "two Ming tile"). "(i.e. "shuttle fly" boat, because the hull is relatively small, traveling faster, as if the shuttle on the loom is flying through, so it is figuratively called "shuttle fly"); if the rear cabin has another
Some larger crow boat, there are four cabins, the middle two cabins have four "Ming tile canopy" is "four Ming tile"; in the rear cabin and then add a "Ming tile canopy", is "five Ming tile".
In general, the largest of the boat for the "six Mingwa", but in the late 1930s, Shaoxing Yanjiatan Wang's boat company had made a "seven Mingwa", can be said to be the boat in the "big one".
In the late 1930s, Wang's boat company in Yanjiatan, Shaoxing, made a "seven-mingwa", which could be called the "giant" of the oubliette boats.
In those days, the "Ming tile boat" was the most expensive boat in Shaoxing.
The bow of the "Ming tile boat" is often painted with an ancient legendary bird - "鷁鷁".
It is said that the bird lives in the sea, and the dragon is afraid of it.
Therefore, the ancients often painted or carved in the bow of the head, in order to travel safely.
The painting of the head on the bow of the boat also originated from this legend.
The outer sides of the hull of the boat are usually painted green, and some have patterns.
Often there are poems and songs written on the boat, or painted with patterns of plum, orchids, bamboo and chrysanthemums.
Although the crow's nest boat has such and such pictures, but it is never a "painted boat".
Ancient Shaoxing also had a boat, as late as the Song Dynasty.
"The boat is open on all sides of the window, and the gold kettle, peach and apricot between the earthenware jar.
The east wind suddenly sends pianos and songs near, and a piece of the platform is flooded with water.
""The lake is as green as a duck's head, and one day's spring sunshine is worth ten thousand gold.
The good news is, who fights for songs and dances, the ark is a list of flowers.
"In these two poems, Lu You depicted the scene of the boat traveling on Jianhu Lake.
"Boat" refers to the ordinary boat, "ark" refers to the two boats side by side, according to the saying of the time belongs to the "luxury type".
In the Qing Dynasty, Li Ciming's "Diary of Yue Aman Hall" has a record of "It was a race outside the Jubilee Gate, and Ma Gongzhen, the governor of Han Huiji, went to see it in the same boat with his younger brothers, and the dragon boats and boats guided by them were very abundant, and the lakes and mountains were very beautiful, and they were also very beautiful.
But whether it is "ordinary" or "luxury", they are very different from the crow's nest boats in external shape, internal structure and color.
From this point of view, the introduction of a number of so-called "painted boats" in that scenic area in Beijing is clearly "Zhang Guan Li Dai".
"Ming tile boat" boat body spacious, tall canopy, elegant furnishings.
Between the front cabin and the center cabin and between the center cabin and the rear cabin, there is generally a small round hole-shaped screen door.
Screen door towards the front cabin side, some painted Qin Shubao, Yuchi Gong, Shaoxing people call the two "door god Bodhisattva", but also painted other patterns or no pattern; screen door in the cabin on both sides, some painted plum, orchids, bamboo and chrysanthemums, some paintings to the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin" and other subjects, and some of them are decorated with couplets.
The screen door is hung with curtains, and the elaborate ones use bead curtains.
In the center of the cabin, there is a four-immortal table, which allows four people to sit in pairs, drink tea, chat and play mahjong, as well as read, write and paint.
Against the back of the cabin, often put the master chair, is designed for elders to sit.
The aft cabin is equipped with sleeping berths for rest.
There are also stoves and tea stoves in the back of the boat, which can be used to make tea and hot dishes at any time.
"Mingwa boat" is mainly used for guests, sightseeing, graves, theater, etc. Lu Xun wrote in the "social theater", "near the stage of the river, a look at the black is to watch the theater of the family's canopy," which refers to this crowned boat.
The boat in these public **** occasions, it is more or less the flavor of the competition for luxury and wealth.
"The families of the landed rich in the boat are certainly in, but they do not care about the theater, most of them are dedicated to the theater down to eat cakes, fruits and melons", Lu Xun here to describe the rich is the kind of competition for luxury and fight for the rich scenario.
In the old days, it was often the big families who had their own boats, and the middle families rented them from the boat companies.
All the self-provided boat, generally written on the bow of the family name, such as Lu Xun's family of a "Sanming tile", written on the bow of the "De Shou Tang Zhou" of the name.
When Lu Xun was a child, he went to Dongguan to see the five rampant is to take this boat to go, and later he said in the article "five rampant", sitting in the "three Ming tile window of the boat", referring to the boat should be this boat.
In addition, the literati also love to sit in the boat ("Ming tile boat").
Choose a pleasant day, invited three or five friends, drinking entertainment on the boat, not only can appreciate the scenery along the way, enjoy the countryside, but also poetry, painting, writing and ink, and therefore quite favored by them.
It can be said that the old crow boat is Shaoxing water town has a strong sightseeing function and quite elegant travel tools.
These functions are different from those of the "Mingwai boat", and the port boat and sailing boat bear the main task of water transportation in Shaoxing at that time.
People traveled short distances by port boats, long-distance boat ride.
Ports and boats are also very tall (the canopy of the boat is a little taller).
The ports have white canopies and black canopies, and they mainly stop at fixed "ports" along the way, but if someone greets them in the fields, at bridges, or on the shore, the ports will stop at any time to take passengers.
The cabin of the port boat is not big, and the guests are sitting on the left and right two benches facing each other, so it is a good place to talk about the world.
If you run into one or two knowledgeable guests, it is even more full of words.
General "boat mind" (Shaoxing people call the boatmen "boat mind") is often talkative, such as Lu Xun's work "storm" in the seven jin and so on, will be rocking the boat while talking about the city and countryside heard anecdotes, or chatting with the guests to mediate the journey to them. The boat will be a great place to enjoy a good time.
The ports are generally early in the morning and late in the evening, and the distance between the starting point and the end point is not too far, mostly between the city and the countryside.
The ship is a long-distance transportation ship, the evening from the A place to sail, the next morning arrived at the B place, so the Shaoxing people used to call "night boat".
Because the Department of night travel, in the black paint on the water, in order to facilitate identification, conducive to safe sailing, so its canopy is not painted black and "white canopy".
In the past, the east to Cao'e, west to Xixing, Shaoxing people generally take the night boat, like Lu Xun to Nanjing, Japan, Hangzhou and Beijing to study, work, are at dusk to Shaoxing Xiguo outside the door to take the night boat to leave his hometown.
Zhou Zuoren had a poem "night boat": "In the past, I always traveled, I love the night boat.
The boat is about ten feet long, with a white canopy and bamboo leaves.
The travelers lie upside down, and it costs a hundred dollars to open a berth.
The boat is under the pond, and the sound of voices is on the pillow.
The monk and the scholar, **** language is also destiny.
Yao and Shun are one and the same, and Tantai is two.
The little monk, with his feet stretched out, felt that he was sleeping peacefully.
(Yao, Shun, Tantai Mingmu, and Stretching Feet, from Zhang Zongzi's "Preface to the Night Voyage of the Boat," in Luanghuan Wenji (Collected Writings of Luanghuan).
) The morning berth of Xilingdu, the morning sun is not yet on the eaves.
Xu step out of the town, Qiantang is in front of us.
"The poem reflects the "night boat" and "night boat life".
The night boat passengers, the three religions and nine streams of everything; sailing time is long, but also in the evening, which gives everyone gossip provides a great convenience, anecdotes, official secrets and even absurd legends are the night boat talk.
Zhou Zuoren poem mentioned in the late Ming and early Qing Shaoxing Zhang Dai book "night boat" book, that is, because of this name.
"Shuttle fly", "Sanming tile" and other boats have disappeared in the early liberation of Shaoxing, port boats and night boats with the increase in motorized boats and the development of highway traffic, has also gradually withdrawn from the stage of history.
At present, Shaoxing can see the "black boat", only commonly known as "foot rowing boat" black boat, and this black boat is also mainly to adapt to the needs of the tourism industry, most of the tourist attractions remain in some.
It should be noted that, in Shaoxing local, the past, this boat called "small rowing boat", "foot rowing boat", "small boat", never called "black boat".
This foot rowing boat is generally used to carry passengers.
The captain of one and a half feet or so, divided into three compartments, the cabin paved with boards, and then cushions on the mat, visitors are generally facing the bow or the stern of the boat and sit facing each other, up to four people, of course, tourists can be fatigued when the small lying down; the front of the cabin up to two people, but generally do not sit; the back of the cabin for the boatman's "workspace", you can also put some of the The front cabin can sit up to two people, but usually do not sit; the back cabin is the boatman "work area", can also put some things.
Visitors sitting on the boat, not only can enjoy the scenery along the way, but also can reach out of the boat, hit the water and play, very comfortable.
Even lying in the boat, close your eyes and listen to the sound of water gurgling under the boat, also makes people feel interesting.
Because of its small hull, lightweight, fast traveling, full of features, so by the Shaoxing people and foreign tourists love.
In the minds of the general public, it is also naturally become "Shaoxing regional culture" of a "symbol".
Comprehensive analysis of the above, we can know that the original boat mainly refers to those who use hand-operated sculling called "Ming Wa" boat, and to the current boat is evolving into a special reference to the foot rowing boat - "foot rowing boat", "foot rowing boat", "foot rowing boat", "foot rowing boat", "foot rowing boat", "foot rowing boat", "foot rowing boat". "foot rowing boat".
This evolution is a reflection of the rapid changes in modern social life in the field of boats.
In view of this reality, but also for the convenience of the discussion, the following described in this paper, including the "Ming tile boat" and is now widely recognized as the "wuwenboat"- The foot rowing boat (small rowing boat).