Grew up in the Mongolian-Jin War
As we all know, Mongols are good at riding and shooting. Genghis Khan relied on the high mobility and impact of cavalry to unify the Mongolian ministries. Most of these cavalry stayed in the fields on the grassland. Turn-based tactical thinking. However, Genghis Khan's military talent did not make him choose a brutal combat mode. His circuitous tactics and flank tactics laid the foundation for the great cause of reunification.
To say that the only other tribe belongs to Naiman Department, this tribe is not a grassland fence and tent camp, but started from Shi Lei with some bricks? City wall? Is this the first time Genghis Khan met him? Siege? According to historical records, when the Mongols attacked Naiman, they did not attack the city, but lost a large number of soldiers and forcibly climbed over the wall. Is this the first time Genghis Khan has faced it? City? In the case of war, it is obviously not worthwhile.
Many people believe that the conquest of the Jin people was completed during Genghis Khan's period. In fact, the Mong-Jin War was a long-term war initiated by Genghis Khan, led by Muqali and completed by Wokuotai. It took the Mongols four stages to conquer the Jin people, and with the help of the Southern Song Dynasty, it can be seen how difficult it was for the Mongols to fight the city-state at first. Therefore, the siege of Mongols in Naiman Department and Jin State was not very smooth.
For example, the first stage of the battle between Mongols and Jin people began in the sixth year when Genghis Khan unified the grassland. 12 1 1 spring, Mongols defeated many with fewer troops in Yehuling, and 65,438+10,000 cavalry defeated the 450,000 main force of Jin people. The Mongols won the war on the battlefield, but there was nothing they could do when they met the fortified city. For example, the Mongols can suppress the wilderness defenses such as Wushabao and Wuyueying with the impact of iron fighters, but in Jinzhongdu, the Mongols failed to attack the city for more than 20 days, which is worth retreating.
This shows that the Mongols have not learned how to attack fortified cities, but the lack of hardware facilities in Genghis Khan does not mean the lack of software. Zhe Bie, one of his men, pretended to retreat 500 miles after the siege of Tokyo (now Liaoyang) to relax the defenders. Then Zhe Bie took advantage of the high mobility of Mongolian cavalry, killed a carbine, and climbed the wall the night before he captured Tokyo. For another example, when Genghis Khan attacked Xijing (now Datong), he did not attack but only asked for help, aiming to consume the effective strength of 8 Jin Army. These are tactics to make up for the lack of siege hardware, but this can't hide the difficulties of Mongols. Later, Genghis Khan was wounded by an arrow when he stormed Xijing and chose to retreat. The commander-in-chief of the first army was shot during the siege, which shows that Mongols really have no effective means of siege, so they can only be commander-in-chief to boost morale.
In the second stage of the war, Genghis Khan was also blocked by Juyongguan. It was Zhe Bie who made a detour to Juyongguan. Later, if Hu staged a coup, it would be so easy for Genghis Khan to enter Zhongdu. Genghis Khan's greatest gain in Jin Zhongdu was that Yeluchu Cai became his subordinate, which is also the epitome of Mongolia's growth in the Mongolian-Jin War. A large number of Jin and Han craftsmen were incorporated by Genghis Khan, which became the key to improve Mongolia's military strength. After the second stage of the war, Mongols began to make ladders, trebuchets, rockets, crossbows and other siege tools. Therefore, in the third stage, Genghis Khan dared to stay in Muqali to deal with the Jin people, and led his own army to the west, which was his confidence after his military strength was improved.
Jinbing is in Tongguan, with mountains in the south and rivers in the north, which is difficult to break. If you are in a hurry, you must recruit Tongguan. However, tens of thousands of people have come from thousands of miles to help, and people are tired. Although they can fight, they will be broken. ? "Yuan history? This subject is the first? Taizu
The advantage of Mongols is that even if the hardware is improved, they will not give up tactical flexibility. For example, in the third stage of Muqali's levy, it was easier to attack the city with siege equipment, but he also won by alienating and rebelling. For example, in the fourth stage, the United Song Dynasty fought against the Jin Dynasty and bypassed the fortified city fortress of Guo Xu, which was also the legacy left by Genghis Khan before his death. He asked to bypass the important town of Tongguan and implement a circuitous strategy. This also reflects that hardware is not the first for Mongolians. Genghis Khan's war thought is always strategy first, tactics second, and hardware is only a sufficient and unnecessary condition for serving strategy and tactics.
Genghis Khan's flexible means
You should know that you have all committed heinous crimes, so you must be punished. You will definitely ask, what evidence do I have to prove you guilty? I tell you, I am a disaster from heaven. If you didn't commit a crime, why did God send me to slaughter you? ? Outline of China People's History
Genghis Khan is preparing to slaughter Boila City (Bukhara City, Uzbekistan), an important town in the kingdom of Hua La Zi Mo. Before that, he called the residents to the prayer ground and announced the words in the above historical materials to them. The reason is that Genghis Khan's army met with stubborn resistance outside the Central Asian city-state. Genghis Khan decided to punish them by killing the city, so as to pass the news to the cities behind, so that the people and defenders there would have fear, thus taking the initiative to make the city and reducing the losses of the Mongolian army. According to the Secret History of Mongolia, if Genghis Khan set up a white camp on the battlefield in Central Asia, he would tell the city that the army was waiting for the generals to surrender voluntarily. If it is replaced by a red tent, it means that the Mongolian army has lost patience. If it is changed to a black tent, it means that the Mongols will attack and prepare for the massacre.
Slaughtering the city is the biggest way to deter the other side psychologically in the form of war. Genghis Khan is an excellent psychologist. He took advantage of people's fears in the war, and many cities fell apart. If you think this is a cruel means, you are all wet. Unlike the Central Plains, Mongols used trebuchets to attack the city in the battlefield of Central Asia. Instead of throwing stones, they threw sick cattle and sheep and the bodies of enemy troops. This can also be understood as a part of psychological warfare, and of course it is also to throw diseases and plagues into the city to achieve the effect of winning without fighting. In addition to throwing corpses into the city, Mongols will also poison the water sources in the city and then throw them into the dead bodies after the siege. The function of corpse is to extract corpse oil, which is the main raw material for throwing burning liquid by trebuchet. This liquid can also bring disease and psychological fear, as well as killing caused by burning.
On the way to the western expedition, the Mongols divided the prisoners into three or six categories. As long as men who have participated in combat will be put to death, among men who have not participated in combat, craftsmen and people with special talents, such as carpenters, blacksmiths and doctors, will be retained. , and low-level craftsmen and farmers will become hard labor, and those who have no ability to work will become cannon fodder in the war. That is to say, when the siege war really started, Mongolian cavalry stood by and all the people who rushed up with siege equipment were prisoners. The Mongols asked them to push siege equipment to the wall and let them consume bows and arrows and gunpowder in the city. Once someone retreats, they will be shot by the Mongols, and only when the time is right will the Mongols participate in the war.
This is also part of Genghis Khan's psychological warfare. For example, in the Samarkand War of 1220, Genghis Khan sent cannon fodder to attack the city for three consecutive days. The soldiers guarding the city in Samarkand could not bear to kill their compatriots and decided to go out of the city to fight against the Mongols. This is exactly what the Mongols want to see. When Samarkand's 5,000 Tajik cavalry marched out of the city, Genghis Khan ordered the Mongolian army to retreat while shooting arrows, and led these 5,000 people out of the suburbs, making them lose the support of the wall crossbowmen, and then annihilated them in the field. In this way, the Mongols dumped their bodies, threatened to surrender with slaughter, attacked the city with prisoners, and then left the city and were annihilated. The defenders in the city lost their will in just five days. Most soldiers chose to surrender, and only a few hid in the shortlisted city fortress to resist.
In a word, Genghis Khan was a war genius. He is not limited to a form of war. Even if he meets a strong city, he will lure the soldiers in the city in various ways, consume the water, medicine, weapons and ammunition of the garrison in various ways, and destroy the resistance will of the soldiers and civilians in the city with various psychological warfare. Storm is only a last resort. Today, many people regard Genghis Khan as a demon. One of the reasons is that his methods in the war were too cruel or too? Immoral? . However, Mongolia has a small population and extensive production methods, which determines that Genghis Khan's war mode must be unconventional, otherwise he could not create a miracle of war across Asia and Europe.