He also proved the area theorem for black holes. Hawking's life is very legendary and in terms of scientific achievements he is one of the most brilliant scientists of all time. He held one of the most prestigious professorships ever held at Cambridge University, that of the Lucassian Professor of Mathematics, which was held by Newton and Dirac. He held several honorary degrees and was a member of the Royal Society.
He was confined to a wheelchair for 40 years because of "Alzheimer's disease" (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lou Gehrig's disease), but his disability was turned to his advantage, and he overcame it to become a supernova in international physics. He could not write, even slurred, but he transcended the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, the Big Bang and other theories to enter the creation of the universe of the "geometric dance". Although he was so helpless in a wheelchair, his mind traveled brilliantly into the vastness of space and time, solving the mystery of the universe.
Hawking's charm lies not only in the fact that he is a legendary physical genius, but also in the fact that he is a convincing strong man. His scientific spirit of continuous search and courageous and tenacious strength of character y attracted everyone who knew him.
He has been called "the greatest living scientist," "another Einstein," and "an uncompromisingly strong man.
Edited Works:
A Brief History of Time A Sequel to A Brief History of Time As the undisputed authority on cosmology, Hawking's research achievements and life have always appealed to a wide range of readers, and A Brief History of Time A Sequel to A Brief History of Time is for readers who want to know more about the life of Prof. Hawking and his doctrines. The book is a frank and sincere account of Prof. Hawking's life and research in the form of private interviews, showing the real "man" behind the huge theoretical structure. The book is not an ordinary oral history, but an extremely moving and fascinating portrait and description of one of the greatest minds of humanity in the twentieth century. For the non-specialist reader, this book is certainly an opportunity to enjoy the fruits of human civilization and a source of invaluable inspiration.
The Stephen Hawking Lectures - Black Holes, Baby Universes and Beyond, is a collection of 13 articles and lectures*** written by Stephen Hawking between 1976-1992. Discusses imaginary time, the birth of a baby universe with a black hole causing it, and scientists' quest for a fully unified theory, and offers insights into free will, the value of life, and death
"The Nature of Space and Time" The general theory of relativity was expressed in its full mathematical form eighty years ago, and the fundamentals of quantum theory appeared seventy years ago, and yet it is not surprising that these two of the most precise and successful theories can be united in a single quantum gravity? Two of the world's most famous physicists engage in a debate on this question. This book is based on six lectures and the final debate between Hawking and Penrose at Cambridge University.
The Fascination of the FutureThe book begins with Stephen William Hawking's prediction of the future outlook of the universe over the next billion years, and ends with Don Cubitt's epiphany of the Last Judgment, which describes the development of prophecy and the ways we can predict the future today. The book is written in an easy-to-understand style, and the author's explanations of his views are interspersed with answers to interesting questions, making it an entertaining read.
The Universe in a Fruit Shell is Prof. Hawking's most important book after A Brief History of Time. In this book, Professor Hawking once again brings us to the forefront of theoretical physics, where truth is even more dazzling and colorful than fantasy in Professor Hawking's world. Professor Hawking explains the principles that govern our universe in layman's terms, and adds his unique enthusiasm to invite us to take a cosmic journey together and make extraordinary journeys through space and time.
A Brief History of Time (written in 1988) Stephen Hawking Bestseller - A Brief History of Time This book is Stephen Hawking's masterpiece. The author's rich imagination, marvelous ideas, beautiful language, word for word, more staggering, beyond the world, the future of the change, is such a magical and wonderful. The cumulative circulation of this book has reached 25 million copies, has been translated into nearly 40 languages.
In this book, Hawking will try to outline the history of the universe in our minds - from the Big Bang to black holes. In the first lecture, he will briefly review past ideas about the universe and explain how we got to the current picture. This might be called the history of the universe.
The second lecture will explain how the two theories of gravity, Newton's and Einstein's, both came to the conclusion that the universe could not be static; it had to either expand or contract. This, in turn, means that there must have been a moment between the first 20 billion years and the first 10 billion years when the density of the universe was infinite, which gave rise to the so-called Big Bang. It may have been the beginning of the universe.
The third lecture will talk about black holes. A black hole is formed when a giant planet, or a larger object, is attracted by its own gravity and collapses (collapses and tightens up) on itself. According to Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, any fools stupid enough to fall into a black hole will be gone forever; they will not be able to escape it again. And the history about them will reach a singularity, a painful end. However, general relativity is a classical theory - that is, it does not take into account the uncertainty principle of quantum mechanics.
Lecture 4 will be about how quantum mechanics allows energy to leak out of black holes. Black holes are not as black as they are portrayed.
Lecture 5 will apply quantum mechanical ideas to the Big Bang and the origin of the universe. This leads to the idea that spacetime may be finite in extent, but without edges. It might be similar to the surface of the Earth, but it has two more dimensions.
Lecture 6 will show how this new boundary condition can explain the problem: why is the past so very different from the future, even though the laws of physics are time-symmetric?
Finally, Lecture 7 will be about how we are trying to find a unified theory that can encompass quantum mechanics, gravity, and all the other interactions in physics. If we do that, we will truly understand the universe and our place in it.
The book is not an unusual oral history, but an extremely moving and fascinating portrait and description of one of the greatest human minds of the twentieth century. For the non-specialist reader, this book is undoubtedly an opportunity to enjoy the fruits of human civilization and a source of nourishing and invaluable inspiration. The Stephen Hawking Lectures - Black Holes, Baby Universes and Beyond, is a collection of 13 articles and speeches*** written by Stephen Hawking between 1976-1992. Discusses imaginary time, the birth of a baby universe with a black hole causing it, and scientists' quest for a fully unified theory, and offers insights into free will, the value of life, and death. After three years of study, which was not an enormous amount of work, he received a first class honors degree in natural sciences, and then went on to study cosmology at the University of Cambridge, which at the time did not have a cosmology program at Oxford. Although he hoped to do research alongside Fred Hoyle, who was at Cambridge at the time, he was supervised by Dens Scama. After earning his doctorate, he became a researcher and later a professor at Gonvlle and Caius College.
In 1992 the ￡3.5 million movie of the same name was released. Hawking firmly believes that fundamental ideas about the origin of the universe and life can be expressed without mathematics, and that the world should be able to understand his esoteric and mysterious doctrines through film - an audio-visual medium. This popular book on the nature of time and the cutting edge of the universe is one of the most important contemporary classics of scientific thought about the universe, and it has transformed human conceptions of the universe. A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME CONTINUED As the undisputed authority on cosmology, Stephen Hawking's research accomplishments and life have always appealed to a wide range of readers, and A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME CONTINUED has been compiled for readers who want to know more about the life of Prof. Stephen Hawking and his doctrines. The book is a frank and heartfelt account of Prof. Hawking's life and research in the form of private interviews, showing the real "man" behind the huge theoretical structure.
The Chinese edition of George's Secret Key to the Universe, released in early 2008, was written by Stephen Hawking, his daughter Lucy Hawking, and his student Christopher Galfard, and is part of Stephen Hawking's "Children's Science Trilogy. The book, which briefly describes Hawking's new ideas, has received rave reviews at home and abroad.
Editing Hawking's interesting stories:
While Hawking's physical disabilities were becoming more and more serious, Hawking tried to live like an ordinary person, accomplishing whatever he could. He's even active - as funny as it sounds, he insisted on using his only movable finger to drive his wheelchair "around" on his way to the office after he was completely immobilized; and when he met with Prince Charles, he showed off by spinning his wheelchair. When he met with Prince Charles, he spun his wheelchair around to show off and ended up running over his toes.
Editing awards:
Hawking
1, knighted in 1989
2, Royal Society cadet and foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences
3, Royal Astronomical Society of London's Eddington Medal
4, Order of the Papal Academy of Sciences XI at the Vatican
5, Hopkins Prize
5. 5, Hopkins Prize
6, the U.S. Danny O'Heinemann Prize
7, Maxwell Prize
8, Hughes Medal of the Royal Society
9, 1978, the most prestigious prize in the field of physics - the Albert Einstein Prize
10, together with the Penrose *** received the 1988 Wolf Prize in Physics
11, 1988 Stephen Hawking's book A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes was awarded the Wolf Foundation Prize
Edited Chronology:
1942 Born in Oxford, England, January 8, 1942
1950 Moved the family to St. Albans
1959 Enrolled at the University of Oxford, England
1962 Graduates from Oxford and goes to Cambridge for postgraduate studies
1963 Diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease)
1965 Receives her doctorate from Cambridge, where she is married to Jane Wilder. Jane Wilder
1967 Eldest son Robert born
1970 Daughter Lucy born/begins to use a wheelchair
1973 First book, The Large Structure of Empty Space, published
1974 Stephen Hawking publishes a paper in Nature describing his new findings. --that black holes are radioactive. Becomes a Fellow of the Royal Society
1977 Appointed Professor of Gravitational Physics at Cambridge University
1979 Second son, Timothy, is born / Appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University / Commentary on the General Theory of Relativity: A Commemoration of the Centenary of the Birth of Albert Einstein is published
1981 Attends Vatican Cosmological Congress, announcing the idea of no boundaries / Transcendental Space and Supergravity is published / The Transcendental Space and Supergravity is published. and Supergravity published/awarded a High Knight of the British Empire
1985 Falls ill in Switzerland/loses his speech through a tracheostomy and uses a computer with a tone generator 1988 A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes published/awarded the Wolf Foundation Prize
1989 Awarded an Honorary Knighthood of the British Empire
1990 Divorces his wife
1990 Divorces his wife
1990 Divorces his wife. 1991 A Brief History of Time film of the same name released
1993 "Black Holes and Baby Universes" and Other Essays" published
October 2001 Another masterpiece, "The Universe in a Fruitcake Shell," was published
2007 Stephen Hawking co-authored, with Lucy Gifford, a book on the history of black holes and baby universes
Hawking and Lucy Gifford were awarded the Wolfe Foundation Prize. George's Secret Key to the Universe, a children's science fiction novel co-authored by Stephen Hawking and Lucie Gottfried, was first published and released in France on September 6th. The book was the first children's book written by Hawking, in which Hawking explains his own doctrines about time and aspects of the universe to children.
If Lou Gehrig's disease had been diagnosed by now, perhaps Hawking would not be the "giant" he is now.
Editorial Afterthought:
Hawking
Hawking is one of the great men of this century who enjoys an international reputation. 66 years old, born on the anniversary of Galileo's death, he is a professor in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge, and is the foremost general relativity and cosmology theorist of our time. *** were jointly awarded the 1988 Wolf Prize in Physics. He was thus hailed as the world's most famous scientific thinker and the most brilliant theoretical physicist after Albert Einstein. He also proved the area theorem for black holes.
Hawking's life is very legendary, and in terms of scientific achievement, he is one of the most brilliant scientists of all time. He held one of the most prestigious professorships ever held at Cambridge University, the Lucassian Professor of Mathematics, which was held by Newton and Dirac. He held several honorary degrees and was a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was confined to a wheelchair for 40 years due to Lou Gehrig's Disease (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis), but his disability turned it to his advantage and he overcame it to become a supernova in international physics. He could not write, even slurred, but he transcended the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, the Big Bang and other theories to enter the creation of the universe of the "geometric dance". Although he was so helpless in a wheelchair, his mind traveled brilliantly into the vastness of space and time, solving the mystery of the universe.
Professor Stephen Hawking is a modern science fiction writer, and his masterpiece is "A Brief History of Time" written in 1988, which is an excellent astronomical science fiction. The author's rich imagination, marvelous conception, beautiful language, word for word, more staggering, beyond the world, the future change, is such a magic and wonderful. The book has now been published in 25 million copies and translated into nearly 40 languages, and in 1992 a ￡3.5 million movie of the same name was released. Stephen Hawking believes that the fundamental ideas about the origin of the universe and life can be expressed without mathematics, and that the world should be able to understand his profound and inexplicable doctrines through the audio-visual medium of film. This popular book on the nature of time and the cutting edge of the universe is one of the most important classics of contemporary scientific thought about the universe, and it has transformed mankind's conception of the universe. Upon its publication, the book was met with a tremendous response from around the world. A Brief History of Time is a landmark book for those of us who prefer words to equations. In the hands of a man who has made contact with human thought, it is a work of infinite pursuit of knowledge, a relentless exploration of the mystery of the nature of time and space.
A Brief History of Time Continued As the undisputed authority on cosmology, Hawking's research accomplishments and life have always appealed to a wide range of readers, and A Brief History of Time Continued is for readers who want to know more about the life of Professor Hawking and his doctrines. The book is a frank and sincere account of Prof. Hawking's life and research in the form of private interviews, showing the real "man" behind the huge theoretical structure. The book is not an ordinary oral history, but an extremely moving and fascinating portrait and description of one of the greatest minds of humanity in the twentieth century. For the non-specialist reader, this book is certainly an opportunity to enjoy the fruits of human civilization and a source of invaluable inspiration.
The Stephen Hawking Lectures - Black Holes, Baby Universes and Beyond, is a collection of 13 articles and lectures*** written by Stephen Hawking between 1976-1992. Discusses imaginary time, the birth of a baby universe with a black hole causing it, and scientists' quest for a fully unified theory, and offers insights into free will, the value of life, and death.
The Nature of Time and Space General relativity was expressed in full mathematical form 80 years ago, and the fundamentals of quantum theory appeared 70 years ago, yet can these two of the most precise and successful theories in all of physics be united in a single quantum gravity? Two of the world's most famous physicists engage in a debate on this question. This book is based on six lectures and the final debate between Hawking and Penrose at Cambridge University.
The Fascination of the FutureThe book begins with Stephen Hawking's prediction of the future outlook of the universe over the next billion years, and ends with Don Cubitt's realization of the Last Judgement, and describes the development of prophecy, and the ways we can predict the future today. The book is written in an easy-to-understand style, and the author's presentation of his views is interspersed with answers to interesting questions, making it an entertaining read.
Editing Stephen Hawking's life:
Born on January 8, 1942, in Oxford, England.
1962 Completes a degree in physics at Oxford University and moves to Cambridge University for postgraduate studies, where Hawking is diagnosed with motor neuron disease in 1963.
1965 Awarded a doctorate. His research showed that the mathematical equations used to explain the collapse of black holes could also explain an expanding universe from a single point.
1970 Stephen Hawking studies the properties of black holes. He predicted that the radiation of rays from black holes (now called Hawking radiation) and the surface area of black holes would never decrease.
1974 Elected to the Royal Society. He went on to prove that black holes have temperatures, that they emit thermal radiation, and that vaporization causes a decrease in mass.
1980 Became Lucas Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University (Isaac Newton held this position).
1988 Published A Brief History of Time, which became the best-selling book on quantum physics and relativity.
1996 Continues to work at Cambridge University to the present.
Edited Stephen Hawking quotes:
1. When you are faced with the possibility of an early death, you realize that life is precious and that you have a great deal to do.
2.Did the chicken come first, or the egg?
3. Did the universe have a beginning? If so, what happened before that?
4. Where did the universe come from and where is it going?
5. There is hope in living.
6. Is there an end to time?
7. I've noticed that even people who claim that "everything is predestined and there is nothing we can do to change it" look left and right before crossing the street.
8. Scientists and prostitutes make money doing what they love.
9. If a person has a disability in his body, he must not have one in his mind.
10.Life is not fair, no matter what your situation is, you can only give your best.
According to the legend of the Boshongo people of Central Africa, in the beginning of the world there was only darkness, water and the great God Bumba. One day, Bumba had a stomach ache and vomited up the sun. The sun scorched some of the water dry, leaving the land behind. Still suffering from stomach pains, he vomited up the moon and stars again, then some animals, a leopard, a crocodile, a turtle, and finally a man.
This creation myth, like so many others, tries to answer the questions we all want to ask: Why are we here? Where did we come from? The general answer is that the origins of the human race happened relatively recently. Humanity is making constant intellectual and technological progress. In this way, it could not have existed for so long, otherwise it would have made even more progress. This should have been clear even earlier.
Aristotle: the universe had no beginning
The universe has been in existence for an infinite amount of time
For example, according to Bishop Usher the Book of Genesis places the creation of the world at 9:00 a.m. on October 23, 4004 BC. On the other hand, natural environments such as mountains and rivers change very little over the life cycle of a human being. That's why people usually treat them as unchanging backgrounds. Either they have existed as empty landscapes for an infinitely long time, or they were created at the same moment as humans.
But not everyone likes the idea that the universe had a beginning. For example, Aristotle, the most famous Greek philosopher, believed that the universe had been around for an infinite amount of time. Something eternal was more perfect than something created. He suggested that the reason we see development in this situation is because of floods or other natural disasters that keep repeating themselves to return civilization to its infancy. Belief in an eternal universe is motivated by a desire to avoid resorting to divine intervention in order to create the universe and set it in motion. In contrast, those who believe that the universe had a beginning use that beginning as an argument for the existence of God as the first cause or prime mover of the universe.
Before the beginning of the universe, time was meaningless
Time is absolute, and time passes from the infinite past to the infinite future
If one believes that the universe had a beginning, then the obvious question is, what happened before the beginning? What was God doing before he created the universe? Was he preparing hell for those who ask such questions? The German philosopher Immanuel Kant was very concerned with the question of whether or not the universe had a beginning. Immanuel Kant was very concerned with the question of whether the universe had a beginning or not. He felt that regardless of whether the universe had a beginning or not, it would give rise to logical contradictions or dichotomies. If the universe had a beginning, why did it have to wait an infinitely long time before it began. He referred to this as the positive question. On the other hand, if the universe has existed for an infinite amount of time, why did it take an infinite amount of time for it to reach its present stage. He calls this the converse question. Both the positive and the negative questions are based on Kant's assumption, which is shared by almost everyone, that time is absolute, i.e., it passes from the infinite past to the infinite future. Time is independent of the universe, and in this context, the universe can exist or not.
To this day, this picture remains in the minds of many scientists. However, in 1915 Einstein proposed his revolutionary theory of general relativity. In that theory, space and time are no longer absolute, no longer a fixed context for events. Instead, they are forces of motion, with matter and energy in the universe defining their shape. They can only be defined within the universe. It makes no sense to talk about time before the beginning of the universe in this way. It's a bit like going in search of a point further south than the South Pole is pointless. It is undefined.
Positivist Approach to the Problem of the Universe
We interpret the input of our senses in accordance with the model by which we construct the world
If the universe is intrinsically unchanging over time, as was generally believed before the 1920s, there is no reason to prevent defining time at an arbitrarily early point in the past. One can always extend history to earlier moments, and in that sense any supposed beginning of the universe is artificial. The situation could then be such that the universe was created last year, but all memories and physical evidence make it appear to be much older. This raises high philosophical questions about the meaning of existence. I will deal with these questions using what is called a positivist approach. In this approach, the idea is that we interpret the input of our senses according to the model by which we construct the world. One cannot ask whether this model represents the real, only whether it works. First, a model is a good model if it explains a large number of observations according to a simple and elegant model, and second, if it makes explicit predictions that may be tested by observation and may be falsified.
According to the positivist approach, one can compare two models of the universe. In the first model, the universe was created last year, while in the other the universe has been around for a far longer time. The model in which a twin is created at an earlier moment than a year ago and the universe that has existed for longer than a year can explain things like twins.
Hubble finds galaxies flying away from us
Stars are not evenly distributed throughout space
On the other hand, the model of the universe's creation last year does not explain such events, so the second model is better. One cannot interrogate whether the universe actually existed a year ago, or merely appeared to be that way. In the positivist approach, they make no difference.
In an unchanging universe, there is no natural starting point. However, in the 1920's when Edwin . Hubble began observing with a 100-inch telescope on Mount Wilson, the situation changed radically. Hubble discovered that stars were not evenly distributed throughout space, but were clustered in large numbers in groups called galaxies.
Hubble measured the light coming from the galaxies and was thus able to determine their speed. He predicted that there are as many galaxies flying toward us as there are galaxies flying away from us. This is as it should be in a universe that is constant over time. But to Hubble's surprise, he found that almost all the galaxies were flying away from us. Moreover, the farther away a galaxy is from us, the faster it flies away. The universe doesn't stay the same over time, not like everyone originally thought. It is expanding. The distance between galaxies increases with time.
Most important discovery: the universe is expanding
The expansion of the universe is one of the most important intellectual discoveries of the 20th century, or any century
The expansion of the universe is one of the most important intellectual discoveries of the 20th century, or any century. It transformed the debate over whether the universe had a beginning. If galaxies are moving apart now, they must have been closer together in the past. If their speed has been constant in the past, all the galaxies should have fallen one on top of the other about 15 billion years ago. Is this moment the beginning of the universe?
Many scientists still don't like the idea of the universe having a beginning. That's because it seems to imply that physics broke down. People then have to turn to an outside agent, which for convenience can be called God, to determine how the universe began. So they came up with some theories. In these theories, the universe is expanding at the moment, but there is no beginning. One of these is the steady state theory proposed by Bundy, Gould and Hoyle in 1948.
In the steady state theory, the idea is that as galaxies leave, new galaxies are formed from material that is hypothetically created continuously throughout space. The universe would last forever and appear the same through all time. This last nature has great merit from a positivist point of view as a definite prediction that can be tested by observation. Under the leadership of Martin . Lyell's Cambridge Radio Observatory Astronomy Group, under his leadership, investigated weak radio sources in the early 1960s. These sources were fairly evenly distributed across the sky, suggesting that most were located outside the Milky Way. On average, the weaker sources were farther away.
Stable-state theory conflicts with observations
There are more weak sources than predicted, suggesting that the density of sources was higher in the past
Stable-state theory predicts the shape of a graph in which the number of sources corresponds to the strength of the source. But observations show that there are more weak sources than predicted, suggesting a higher density of sources in the past. This conflicts with the fundamental assumption of steady state theory that anything is invariant through time. Because of this, and for other reasons, steady state theory was abandoned.
There is another attempt to avoid the universe having a beginning by suggesting that there was an earlier contracting phase, but that matter would not fall to the same point due to rotation and localized randomness. Instead, different parts of the matter would stagger away from each other and the universe would expand again, at which point the density would remain finite. The two Russians, Lifshitz and Kharanikov, actually claimed that they proved that a general contraction without strict symmetry always causes a rebound, and the density remains finite. This result was very convenient for the Marxist-Leninist materialistic dialectic, because it avoided the intractable problems concerning the creation of the universe. Thus, it became an article of faith for Soviet scientists.
He was just a wheelchair-bound warrior who challenged fate.
Editing public speeches:
Following the publication of A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking has given a number of public speeches to the general public over the years in the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, and other places, describing the origins of time, the end of the universe, and time travel, and has become as popular as a "rock star" during his speeches. Here are some of the speeches:
Origin of the Universe (Chinese)
Beginning of the Universe (English)
Beginning of Time (English)
Space and Time Distortion (English)
Did God Roll the Dice? (English)
Life in the Universe (English)