1. Commonly used modesty words in classical Chinese
The self-effacing words of ancient emperors include I (I, mine, the emperor has called himself himself since Qin Shihuang), Gu (the king of a small country) , widow (a person with little virtue), not good (not good). The self-effacing words of ancient officials include lower official, lower official, junior official, etc. Because the ancients respected the elder when sitting at a table, so juniors or people with low status were called modest. I am under; a woman calls herself a concubine; to other countries, she calls her king a widower. Dog son and dog girl: call her own children; stupid bird flies first: it means that she has poor ability and is afraid of lagging behind, and is one step ahead of others; offering advice: using one's own humble skills to express humility , Immature opinions lead to wise and mature opinions from others; if you are humble and think you are untalented, not sycophantic (without intelligence), unworthy (unpromising), it means that you have no talent or your talent is mediocre, etc. Foolish modesty is called I am not smart. For example, Yu brother: to refer to oneself to someone younger than oneself; Yujian: to refer to one's own opinions. You can also use "fool" alone to humbly refer to yourself. To humbly refer to oneself as having little knowledge. For example: to humbly refer to oneself; to humbly mean: Humbly refer to one's own opinions; disdain: modestly refer to one's own opinions. I humbly refer to oneself or one's own things. For example: I humbly refer to myself; My last name: humbly refer to my own surname; Wei place: humbly refer to my house , place; our school: humbly refer to the school where one is located. Humbly refer to one's status as low. It has the meaning of private and private, and its use often has the meaning of recklessness and abruptness. Chen Qian refers to oneself as being not as high as the other party's status. .Buqian refers to oneself as the servant of the other party, and using it means to serve the other party. Dare means to ask others presumptuously. For example, Dare to ask: used to ask the other party a question; Dare to ask: used to ask the other party to do something; Dare to bother: Used to trouble the other person to do something. Stupid is used to take advantage of others' things. For example, zuobi: humbly referring to one's own words or calligraphy and painting; zuozu, zuozhuo: humbly referring to one's own articles; zuojian: humbly referring to one's own opinions; zuojing, Jingnai, concubine: call one’s wife. Xiaoqian refers to oneself or people or things related to oneself. For example, Xiaodi: a man modestly calls himself among friends or acquaintances; Xiaoer: modestly refers to his son; Xiaonuo: modest. Call yourself your daughter; Xiaoren: a person with a low status calls himself a person; Xiaozi: a younger generation calls themselves their father, brother, and elders; Xiaoke: often seen in early vernacular, it is the self-effacement of people with a certain status, meaning that they are ordinary and not worth mentioning. ; Xiaodian: modestly referring to one's own shop. Scholars' self-effacing words include "xiaosheng", "wansheng", "wanxue", etc., indicating that they are new students. In ancient times, people often used modest words to refer to their relatives and friends. "家" is used to refer to others. Modesty words used when referring to one's senior or older relatives, such as father, family respect, family strictness, family king: father; family mother, family Ci: mother; family brother: brother; family sister: sister; Family uncle: called uncle, etc. She is used to humbly refer to one's own family or one's humble relatives. The former is like humble house and poor house. The latter is like brother-in-law: called brother; sister-in-law: called sister; nephew: called Nephew; giving up relatives: calling relatives. When old people are modest about themselves, they use laodie, old man, old man, laozhuo, etc. to humbly refer to themselves or things related to themselves. For example, laozhou: humbly refers to oneself as uneducated; old face: old man refers to one's own Face; Laoshen: Old women call themselves modestly; old monks call themselves Lao Na; old officials call themselves Lao Chen. Poor monks and nuns call themselves modest. For example: poor monk, poor Taoist, and poor nun. 2. Commonly used modesty words and respectful words in ancient times
1. Modesty words
1. "家" family: referring to one's senior or older relatives to others. There are: family father (family strictness, family monarch, family respect), family mother (family kindness), family uncle, family brother, family sister.
2. The word family of "She": referring to one's lower-ranking or younger relatives to others. (Some people summarize it as "the family is big and the family is small, and the outsiders are the outsiders". The "ling" character family is mentioned in the special "respect speech"): brother-in-law, sister-in-law, nephew-in-law, relative (humbly referring to one's relatives), between-in-law /Shexia (humbly referring to one’s own home).
3. "小" character family: modestly referring to oneself or people or things related to oneself. For example: Xiaodi (a man calls himself modestly among friends or acquaintances), Xiaoer (his son), Xiaonv (his daughter), Xiaoren, Xiaoke (a person with a low status calls himself modestly), Xiaosheng (a young scholar calls himself), Xiaodian (his own store), Xiaolaoer (the elderly call themselves).
4. The word "老" family: used by the elderly to humbly refer to themselves or people or things related to themselves. The main ones are: Laochan (old men call themselves humbly), Laoshen (old women call themselves humbly), Laoji (old monks call themselves humbly, such as "old beggar" and "old beggar"), Lao Ni (old nuns call themselves humbly) ), old face (old people refer to their own face), old rough (humbly saying that they are uneducated).
5. "Stupid" character family: used for one's own modesty. Such as: Yuxiong (calling yourself to someone younger than yourself), Yujian (calling yourself opinions).
6. "Zhuo" character family: Zhuozuo, Zhuoju (humbly referring to one's own articles and writings), Zhuobi (humbly referring to one's own words, calligraphy and painting), Zhuojian (same as "foolish view"), Zhuobi Jing (humbly called his wife).
2. Respectful words
1. "Ling" character family: used for relatives of the other party or people related to the other party. For example: your father, your father, your son, your love,
your brother, your brother, your sister, your sister, your nephew, your Tan (respectfully called someone else's son-in-law), your relative.
2. "Bai" word family: used when one's actions involve the other party. Such as: pay a visit (to visit the other party), say goodbye (to bid farewell to the other party), pay a visit (visit the other party), pay a visit (read the other party's articles), please (entrust the other party to do something), pay acquaintance (get to know the other party), congratulate (congratulate the other party), bow to you ( admire each other).
3. "Feng" character family: The usage is the same as above. Common ones are: admonish (tell), advise (advise), return (return), accompany (accompany), send (gift), entrust (please), fengda (tell), fengfu (reply). The latter two are mostly used for letters.
4. "Gong" word family: means treating the other party with respect. Commonly used ones are: congratulate (congratulate respectfully), invite (respectfully invite), wait respectfully (wait respectfully), welcome (greet respectfully), congratulate (congratulate the other party on their happy event).
5. "gui" family: refers to things related to the other party. For example: Guiqian (asking the person what to do), Guigeng (asking the person's age), Guixing (asking the person's surname), Guizi (calling the other party's illness), Guizi (calling the other party Saadi's son), Guiguo (the other party's country) , your school (the other school).
6. "Gao" family: referring to other people's things. There are: Gao Jian (smart opinions), Gaoshou (asking the age of the elderly), Gaotang (referring to parents), Gaozu (other people’s students), Gao Lun (other people’s opinions), Gaolin (the age of an elderly person over sixty years old), Gao Just (refers to a person looking for a higher position after leaving his original position, and is also used to inquire about the unit where others work).
7. "大" character family: a respectful name for the other party or things related to the other party. For example: uncle, uncle, aunt, aunt, eldest brother, eldest sister, lord (called elder in letters), master (respectfully called monk), dajia (called the other person), daiming, masterpiece, daza (the other person's letter), Daqing (elderly person) birthday). 3. Humility and respectful words commonly used in high school classical Chinese, please note that they are from classical Chinese
1. Use the word "despicable": when talking to others, talking about yourself or things related to yourself, often before certain words Add the word "mean" to express the speaker's humility.
For example: I (referring to oneself), despicable meaning (referring to one's own opinion), despised view (referring to one's own opinion). 2. Use the word "杝": When talking to others, refer to yourself or things related to yourself. Sometimes add the word "杝" before certain words to show modesty.
For example: I (call yourself in front of others), I (call your last name), I school (call your school), I (call the place where you are or your home) . 3. Use the word "Bo": When communicating with others, humbly refer to things related to yourself. Sometimes you can add the word "Bo" to certain words.
For example: Bojiu (referred to as the wine used to entertain guests), Boji (referred to as one's own skills), Boli (referred to as gifts given by oneself), Bomian (referred to as one's affection when begging for mercy). 4. Use the word "dare": When making requests from others, add the word "dare" before certain action verbs to express that you are taking the liberty.
For example: Dare to ask (presumptuously to ask), Dare to please (presumptuously to request), Dare to bother (presumptuously to trouble you). 5. Use the word "mean": When talking to others, humbly refer to your own things, and sometimes add the word "mean" before certain words that express things.
Such as: Ji surname (saying one's own surname), Ji Nei ("Nei" refers to the wife, that is, one's wife. In early vernacular, some people would modestly address themselves in front of others like this. wife), mean affairs (the ancients called one's private affairs). 6. Use the word "忿": When talking to peers or others, add the word "忿" before certain verbs to indicate that your behavior may have insulted others and you feel guilty.
Such as: 忿List (I am ashamed to be included in or among them), 忝zai (I am ashamed to be among them), and Ren (I am ashamed to take responsibility). 7. Use the word "小": When talking to others, sometimes you refer to yourself or people and things related to you. Words with the word "小" are often used.
For example: Xiaodi (a man’s last name is used to call himself modestly in front of friends), Xiaoer (called his son), Xiaonv (called his daughter), Xiaoke (used to refer to himself in vernacular in the past), Xiao People (called themselves), Xiaosheng (young scholars called themselves), Xiaodian (called their own shop to others), Xiaozhao (called their own photos). 8. Use the word "clumsy": Sometimes when talking about one's own books or articles, the word "clumsy" is added before a certain noun to show humility in speaking.
Such as: Zhuo Zhuo (calling one's own works), Zhuo Zuo (calling one's own works), Zhuo Bi (calling one's articles or calligraphy and painting), Zhuo Jian (calling one's own opinions), Zhuo Jing (the ancients called themselves oneself) wife). 9. Use the word "fool": This word is often used when talking about oneself, indicating humility in speaking in front of others.
For example: Yuxiong (humbly referring to oneself in front of people smaller than oneself), Yujian (humbly referring to one's own opinions). Foolishly thought (Qian said he thought).
10. Use the word "family": humbly address your senior or older relatives in front of others. For example: Jiafu, Jiajun, Jiayan, Jiazun (referred to as one's father), Jiamu, Jiaci (referred to as one's mother), Jiaxiong (referred to as one's elder brother), Jiajie (referred to as one's sister).
11. Use the word "家": humbly address your lower-ranking or younger relatives in front of others. For example: Shedi (called his younger brother), Shemei (called his sister), Shenie (called his nephew) 12. Use the word "老": Used to refer to oneself or things related to oneself modestly.
For example: Laozhou (humbly calling oneself uneducated), Laosheng (older people calling themselves modestly), Laofian (older people talking about their own face in front of others), Laoshen (older women calling themselves). 2. Classification of respectful words 13. Use the word "worship": used for one's own actions.
Show respect for the other party. Such as: read (read the other party's articles), visit (visit the other party), pay homage (ask to see the other party), meet the other party (get to know the other party), please (entrust the other party to do something), pay a visit (meet the other party), thank you (thank the other party), pay a visit (to visit the other party), to bid farewell to the other party (to bid farewell to the other party), to congratulate the other party (to congratulate the other party), and to admire the other party (to admire the other party).
14. Use the word "chui": used for the actions of others (mostly elders or superiors) towards oneself, to express respect for the other party. Such as: Chuai (saying the other person's love for you in a letter), favoring (saying how much others value you), caring (saying others' inquiries about you, and also saying "inquiry"), cherishing (saying others' respect for you) miss).
15. Use the word "big": to refer to the other party or things related to the other party. For example: uncle (respectfully addressed as an older man), eldest brother (respectfully addressed as a man of similar age), eldest sister (respectfully addressed as a female friend or acquaintance), aunt (respectfully addressed as an older woman), uncle (respectfully addressed as an older man), Adult (referred to as elders in letters), Dajia (respectfully addressed as the other party), Da Ming (referred to as the other party’s name), Daqing (referred to as the birthday of the elderly), Dazhuo (referred to as the other party’s works), and Dazha (referred to as the other party’s letters).
16. Use the word "Fang": used for the other party or things related to the other party.
For example: Fang Ling (call the other party's age, the other party should be a young woman), Fang Lin (call the other party's neighbor), Fang Ming (call the other party's name, the other party should be a young woman).
17. Use the word "Feng": used when one's actions involve the other party. Such as: fengda (tell, express), fengfa (reply), fengda (tell) fengfa (return), fengda (accompanying), advise (advise), fengda (tell, express), fengda (give), fengying (welcome) fengzhi (entrust) The other party is doing things) 18. Use the word "bow": used in official documents to refer to the other party's actions towards you.
For example: overlooking (referring to the other party or superior's understanding of oneself), condescension (used to ask the other party to agree to assume a certain position), overlooking (referring to the other party or superior's understanding), condescending (referring to the other party or superior) permission). 19. Use the word "high": refer to things related to the other party.
For example: Gao Jian (referring to the other party’s opinion), Gao Jiu (referring to the other party leaving the original position to take a higher position) | Gaoling (referring to the old man’s age), Gao Shou (mostly used to ask the old man’s age) , Gaozu (referred to as other people’s students), Gao Lun (referred to as other people’s comments). 20. Use the word "light": used to talk about the other party's arrival.
Such as: patronage (mostly merchants refer to the arrival of customers), visit (referred to as the arrival of customers). 21. Use the word "gui" to refer to things related to the other party.
For example: Guiqian (ask the other party what they want to do), Guigeng (ask the other party’s age), Guixing (ask the other party’s last name), Guichao (call the other party’s illness), Guizi (call the other party’s son) , your country (referring to the other party’s country. 4. Common respectful and modest words in ancient times and their meanings
Respectful words are often associated with modesty words.
Qianci are words that express modesty. , generally to oneself. Respectful words refer to words with a respectful tone, generally to others.
Commonly used words include order, worship, feng, hui, respectful, respectful, noble, high, big, respectful and please. , Qu, etc. 1. The word "ling" is used to refer to the other party's relatives.
For example: father: to call the other party's father; lingtang: to call the other party's mother; son: to call the other party's son; Ling'ai, Ling'ai: respectfully address each other's daughter; Lingxiong, Lingdi, Lingnephew, etc. 2. The word "Bai" is used when one's actions involve the other party.
For example: "Bai" refers to the other party. Read each other's articles; visit: refer to visit the other party; worship: refer to admire the other party; congratulate: refer to congratulate the other party; entrust: refer to the other party to do things; visit: refer to visit the other party. 3. The word "Feng" refers to one's own. When the action involves the other party.
For example: to tell; to return: to return; to accompany: to accompany; to advise: to advise; 4. The word "Hui" is used for the other party's treatment of oneself. Actions.
For example: Huicun (mostly used when giving photos, books and other souvenirs): please keep; Huilin: refers to the other person coming to your place; patronage (mostly used in stores) To a customer): Coming; Huiyun: Refers to the other party allowing oneself (to do something); Benefit: Refers to the other party giving (properties, etc.). 5. Gong The word "Gong" means treating the other party respectfully.
Such as congratulations, greetings, greetings, congratulations, etc. The most common ones are "congratulations on getting rich" and "congratulations on the new year"
Extended information: Common words: 1. Defending: refers to retaining the previous title in the competition. The championship title won 2. Huiyi: Jingci, referring to a gift (property) from the other party. 3. Huiyun: Jingci, referring to the other person’s permission to do something. 4. My father: Qianci, calling others my father. 5. My mother: Qianci. , call others one's mother 6. Arrival: respectful words, greet the other person's arrival 7. See advice: humble words, give advice (to me), such as "What do you think?" 8. Forgive: humble words, to ask for understanding 9. Lend light: humble words, Used to ask others to facilitate themselves or to ask others 10. Borrowing: Qianci refers to borrowing the strength of others, and is often used as a respectful speech
Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia-Jingci.
5. What words are used to describe oneself modestly in classical Chinese? I want to know. When the ancients called themselves in front of others,
Modesty (1) expresses a humble attitude and is used to describe oneself. Foolishly, modestly describes oneself as not Smart and mean. Humbly referring to one's knowledge and humbleness. Humbly referring to one's low status. Plagiarism. It has the meaning of being private and private. When used, it often has the connotation of being reckless and abrupt. Chen. Humbly referring to one's status as being inferior to the other party's. .servant, humbly referring to oneself as the servant of the other party, and using it means to serve the other party. (2) The self-effacing words of ancient emperors include Gu (the king of a small country) and Io (the person with little virtue). (3) Ancient officials The self-effacing words of scholars include xiaoguan, moguan, petty official, etc. (4) The self-effacing words of scholars include xiaosheng, wansheng, wanxue, etc., indicating that they are new students; if they are not talented, not sycophant, or unworthy, It means that you have no talent or have mediocre talents. (5) When ancient people called their relatives and friends, they often used modest words such as "家" and "家". "家" refers to others who call their relatives who are of higher generation or older. Humility words are used, such as father, mother, etc. "She" is used to humbly refer to one's own family or one's humble relatives, such as humble house, poor house, brother-in-law, sister-in-law, etc. (6) Other self-humility The words include: Because the ancients respected the elder when sitting at a table, juniors or people with low status were humbly addressed as inferior; Xiao is the self-effacing expression of people with a certain status, which means that they are ordinary and not worth mentioning; Xiaozi is the way in which younger generations respect their father and elders. When an old man is humble, he calls himself Lao Chen, Lao Fu, Lao Han, Lao Zhuo, etc.; when a woman calls herself a concubine; an old monk calls himself Lao Na; to other countries, he calls his own monarch a widower. 6. Commonly used modesty words and respectful words in ancient times
1. Modesty words 1. "Jia" family: referring to one's senior or older relatives to others.
There are: family father (family strictness, family monarch, family respect) family mother (family kindness) family uncle, family brother, family sister. 2. The character family of "She": referring to one's lower-ranking or younger relatives to others.
(Some people summarize it as "the family is big and the family is small, and the outsiders are the outsiders". The word "ling" family is mentioned in the special "respect speech"): brother-in-law, sister-in-law, nephew-in-law, relative-in-law (humbly called One's own relatives), Shejian/Shexia (humbly referring to one's own home).
3. "小" character family: modestly referring to oneself or people or things related to oneself. For example: Xiaodi (a man calls himself modestly among friends or acquaintances), Xiaoer (his son), Xiaonv (his daughter), Xiaoren, Xiaoke (a person with a low status calls himself modestly), Xiaosheng (a young scholar calls himself), Xiaodian (his own store), Xiaolaoer (the elderly call themselves).
4. "老" word family: used by the elderly to humbly refer to themselves or people or things related to themselves. The main ones are: Laochan (old men call themselves humbly), Laoshen (old women call themselves humbly), Laoji (old monks call themselves humbly, such as "old beggar" and "old beggar"), Lao Ni (old nuns call themselves humbly) ), old face (old people refer to their own face), old rough (humbly saying that they are uneducated).
5. "Stupid" character family: used for one's own modesty. Such as: Yuxiong (calling yourself to someone younger than yourself), Yujian (calling oneself opinions).
6. "Zhuo" character family: Zhuozuo, Zhuoju (humbly referring to one's own articles and writings), Zhuobi (humbly referring to one's own words, calligraphy and painting), Zhuojian (same as "foolish view"), Zhuobi Jing (humbly called his wife). 2. Respectful words 1. "Ling" character family: used for the other party's relatives or people related to the other party.
For example: Your Majesty, Your Majesty, Your Son, Your Ai, Your Brother, Your Brother, Your Sister, Your Sister, Your Nephew, Ling Tan (respectfully addressing someone else’s son-in-law), Your relative. 2. "Bai" word family: used when one's actions involve the other party.
Such as: visit (visit the other party), say goodbye (say goodbye to the other party), visit (visit the other party), read (read the other party's articles), please (entrust the other party to do something), get acquainted (get to know the other party), congratulations (congratulate the other party), admire (admire the other party). 3. "Feng" character family: The usage is the same as above.
Common ones include: advise (tell), advise (advise), return (return), accompany (accompany), send (gift), entrust (please), fengda (tell), fengfu (reply). The latter two are mostly used for letters.
4. "Gong" word family: means treating the other party with respect.
Commonly used ones are: congratulate (congratulate respectfully), invite (respectfully invite), wait respectfully (wait respectfully), welcome (greet respectfully), congratulate (congratulate the other party on their happy event).
5. "gui" family: refers to things related to the other party. For example: Guiqian (asking the person what to do), Guigeng (asking the person's age), Guixing (asking the person's surname), Guizi (calling the other party's illness), Guizi (calling the other party Saadi's son), Guiguo (the other party's country) , your school (the other school).
6. "Gao" family: referring to other people's things. There are: Gao Jian (smart opinions), Gaoshou (asking the age of the elderly), Gaotang (referring to parents), Gaozu (other people’s students), Gao Lun (other people’s opinions), Gaolin (the age of an elderly person over sixty years old), Gao Just (refers to a person looking for a higher position after leaving his original position, and is also used to inquire about the unit where others work).
7. "大" character family: a respectful name for the other party or things related to the other party. For example: uncle, uncle, aunt, aunt, eldest brother, eldest sister, lord (called elder in letters), master (respectfully called monk), dajia (called the other person), daiming, masterpiece, daza (the other person's letter), Daqing (elderly person) birthday). 7. Translate an ancient passage from the biography of Zhang Juzheng
The original text of Zhang Juzheng's "Discussing the Righteousness of Kings and Ministers with Wang Jijin" In the time of Tang and Yu, there were nine officials and twelve pastors, teachers and teachers working together, each using his own ability, how could it be He must be a man named Yu Ji, and his position will be hundreds of people, and then he will be content in his heart? I am sincerely happy with the circumstances of the times.
Now Yao and Shun are at the top, and they are all loyal and virtuous, and their servants are diligent in their journey, working diligently and diligently, using the wise men in the world to serve them. When a scholar is born today, he has no escape from his righteousness. It was enough at that time.
The Duke proudly leads far away, admiring the nest with admiration, and mocking Yu's agreement. He wants to cross the line that is almost inescapable, but backs up when it is difficult to get. This is an unparalleled example of stupidity. Although everyone has their own ambitions, how can they be stronger than each other? Liao Weidao is just like this, but it is a wise decision.
Translation: In the era of Tang Yao and Yu Shun, (the world) there were nine central officials and officials from twelve states. There were a lot of talents. (Everyone) worked for the country. How could everyone work for the country? They must all be called Dayu and Houji, and their positions must be prime ministers, so how can they feel happy? I am really happy to encounter such a beautiful era. Now that a sage like Yao and Shun reigns supreme and appoints loyal and virtuous people, I personally perform the duty of recommending virtuous people to the emperor. I work diligently day and night to appoint virtuous people from all over the world to serve the emperor.
As a scholar living in today's era, there is nothing morally escapable to do. All you have to do is act according to the current situation. But you travel far away proudly, lamenting your admiration for hermits like Chao Fu and Xu You, and mocking talents like Xia Yu and Qi. You want to escape your unavoidable duty and turn your back on the hard-to-encounter beautiful times. This is foolishness. The unclear mind is not yet enlightened.
Even so, everyone has their own ambitions, so how can I force you? For the time being, I will tell you what I feel like this. I just hope that wise people can decide what is right and what is wrong. Note 1. Tang Yu: the joint name of Tang Yao and Yu Shun.
It also refers to the era of Yao and Shun, which the ancients thought was a peaceful and prosperous era. "The Analects of Confucius Taibo": "During the period of Tang and Yu, this was the most prosperous period."
"Historical Records·Biography of Jizheng": "Your Majesty has many desires internally but is benevolent and righteous externally, but he wants to imitate Tang and Yu. "Government!" Song Dynasty Liu Guo's poem "Qinyuan Chun·Shou": "In Pingzhang, people look like Yi Lu, and the world looks like Tang Yu." Guo Moruo's poem "Xingkong·Gu Zhujun's Second Son": "I seem to be in the Tang Dynasty." Before the Yu era. ”
2. Nine officials: the nine ministers appointed by Shun in ancient times. "Han Shu·Liu Xiang Zhuan": "I heard that Shun ordered nine officials to help each other and make peace."
Yan Shigu's note: ""Shang Shu": Yu became Sikong, abandoned Houji, and signed a contract Situ, Jiu Yao was a scholar, Chui Lao Gong, benefited me and Yu, Boyi Zhizong, Kui Dianle, Long Nayan, all nine officials. ""Shang Li Taiwei's Treatise on ***" by Du Mu of the Tang Dynasty: " Although nine officials served Shun, ten people assisted Zhou and were under the supervision of Taiwei, which is incomparable."
Later, it generally refers to the central officials of the Six Ministries of Jiuqing. "Book of Southern Qi·Ye Zhi": "Six canons are connected, and nine officials are arranged in order."
Song Ye Shi's "Ji Gang Yi": "Since the arrival of Yao and Shun, there are Yue Mu outside and nine officials inside. According to the system, the officials were issued with proclamations." 3. Twelve Mu: Legend has it that the chiefs of the twelve states during the Shun period.
"Book·Shun Dian": "There are two pastors in the tenth year of consultation. They say: Shi Zai is the only time, Rou is far and able, Dun De Yu Yuan, but it is difficult to accept others, and the barbarians lead them."
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Cai Chen's collected biography: "The Twelve Pastoralists are the pastoralists of the Twelve Prefectures." Ming and Tang Shunzhi's "Ting Examination Policy": "Although the philosophy is like Yao and Shun, but after three years of performance evaluation, Zhi Youming was deposed in the third test. The Nine Officials and the Sixteenth Prime Minister were initiated by Yue Mu, and the four Yue Mu and the Twelve Mu were responsible for the general leadership."
Qing Hou Fangyu's "Part Two": "In the old days of the Ming Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty. A wise person in Kai must be acquainted with the Nine Officials and the Twelve Shepherds." Later, it generally refers to the ancient local governors.
"The Narrative of Shengwu" written by Wei Yuan of the Qing Dynasty: "Looking at the Zhou, Han, Tang, Song, Jin, Yuan and Ming dynasties... People can see that its materials are spread out in nine columns and twelve rows. He is a pastor, but he doesn’t know that he is lying in the bush. "4. Teacher: There are many appearances.
Song Dynasty Su Shi's "Zhengdan Jiaofang Ci": "If you want to know the grand event of peace and prosperity, the teachers and teachers will fill the cloud platform." Zhang Binglin's "Su Zheng Zhi Zhi": "The teachers and teachers will be distributed among the nine officials. **. ”
5. Jiji: many appearances. "Poetry·Daya·Hanlu": "Looking at the dry foothills, hazelnuts are everywhere."
Mao Zhuan: "There are many of them." Tang Lulun's poem "Presenting to the Dukes of the Old Province in the Morning of the Yuan Dynasty": "The talents are helping to spread the wealth, and hundreds of barbarians are dancing."
Zheng Guanying's "Weird Words in the Prosperous Age: Western Learning": "In a few years, there will be people who are not talented enough to help, and I don't believe it." Li Jieren's "***" No. Chapter 9 of Part Three: "The huge square is already crowded with people."
6. Bai Kuí (kuí): the official of the Prime Minister and state affairs. "Book Shun Dian": "It was accepted by Bai Kui, and Bai Kui was recounted at the time."
Cai Chen's Biography: "The Bai Kui are officials who serve the common people, only in Tang and Yu, and even in Zhou Dynasty." "Old Book of Tang Dynasty": "During the Tang and Yu Dynasties, there were hundreds of officials, and the government was peaceful."
"Kui Shuo" written by King Anshi of the Song Dynasty said: "There will be governance." In the world, there can be no relationship, so Yu was ordered to live in Baikui. "Ming Dynasty Zhang Juzheng's "Giving Bi Shi'an to the Chaoyi County" said: "In the past, Emperor Shun raised a man and took charge of Baikui.
When you are the emperor, you will have four doors, four eyes, and four intelligences. You will be good at asking questions, and you will be able to observe and understand things. "7. Satisfied: Happy and satisfied.
"Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Yang Biao Biography": "For this reason, Wei Yangqiu, the commander of the Sili School, punished Fu, and everyone in the world is satisfied." Tang Yuanjie's poem "The Scholar on the Tour of Yunquan Yunquan": "The feeling of contentment is "Being comfortable with others may be special."
Volume 1 of Kuang Zhouyi's "Hui Feng Ci Hua": "I am always satisfied with the composition, and it seems that I don't need to change it." 8. Appointment: Appointment. ,appointment.
"Historical Records·Xiao Xiangguo's Family": "This is the exclusive title for any matter in Guanzhong." Han Xunyue's "Han Ji·Gaozu Ji II": "King Xiang whined and screamed, and thousands of people were overwhelmed, but He cannot be a good general, but he is a brave man."
Song Suzhe's "On Zhang Jie's Inability to Use Zhazi": "I have repeatedly said that, but the imperial court's intention to belong to Ren Yiwen has not faded." Xu Qianxue of the Qing Dynasty. "The epitaph of Nalan Jun, the general secretary of the General Assembly": "This is enough to know that the person who was appointed to the post lasted for more than a day."
9. Servant: A humble word used to describe oneself, I. 10. Obey: perform in person.
"Kong Congzi·Jiayan": "(Zhongni) said he was the late king, and acted humbly." "Hanshu·Xuandi Ji": "Emperor Xiaowu acted benevolently and righteously."
"The Biography of Pei Xia in Northern History": "The hero lives a frugal life, loves his people like a son, and eats nothing but wild rice and salted vegetables." 11. Guanyu: "Yi Pei": "In the Sixth Five-Year Plan, Guanyu used There is no disadvantage in favoring someone from the palace. "
Wang Bi's note: "Guanyu refers to the yin, with parallel heads, similar to Guanyu." Gao Heng noted: "Guanyu means piercing.
Those who run fish are in sequence and cannot cross each other, which means that people have an arranged order... The line says: The ruler is like the order of running fish, and he uses the palace people to pamper him. Taking turns on the same day, the people in the palace will not be jealous of each other, and there will be no disadvantage in being jealous of each other. "Later because of this, people in the palace will not be partial to each other.
"Book of the Later Han Dynasty·Wenyuan Biography".