Perhaps you have traveled to the south of the Yangtze River, that the smoke and rain in the green tiles and pink walls, bridges and water, through the gentle and charming atmosphere; perhaps you have visited the thousand years of the old capital, the clear sky under the carved beams and paintings, yellow tiles and flying roofs, showing the hallowed and dignified. And Harbin in front of you is another style and charm.
Harbin has long been famous for a song "Sun Island" and foreign, clear as a practice of the Songhua River and the pearl shining Sun Island has become a symbol of Harbin's beautiful natural scenery. But friends have ever known, Harbin's unique charm of architectural art is equally fascinating. Talking about the art of architecture, can not help but mention the city's construction history. Although far from the Central Plains, and the lack of necessary cultural exchanges, but the Harbin area is also inhabited by the Sushin people;
10th century 30 s, the female Zhenren had established in this area, the village of Alle Kam; the early twelfth century, the Sushin descendants of the Jin people in today's A County, the county of Baicheng sub-capital of the capital city of the capital city of the city of Huiningfu. Since then the Harbin area gradually developed, but by the end of the 19th century, Harbin was still an obscure small fishing village until the construction of the Middle East Railway became an opportunity for the development of the city. I remember 100 years ago, by the Songhua River, hard-working people were fishing, hunting and farming here, living a leisurely life, everything was so peaceful and comfortable. Suddenly one day, a research ship from Russia traveled up the river and discovered this paradise, and everything changed. The rumbling whistle pushed the little-known town onto a new path of development, but of course, the development was also mixed with humiliation and helplessness. Perhaps Harbin is destined to be such a legendary city, and its architectural art is from the beginning with a strong imported culture. Do not know, because away from the strong cultural atmosphere of the Central Plains, in the ideas and concepts less bound, and therefore easy to accept new things. It can be said that Harbin in the passive open state, widely absorbed Western Europe, Russia, Japan's architectural culture, only gradually formed today's colorful, rich architectural style. And because of such a history, Harbin's architecture will have such a strong exotic flavor. Harbin's architecture has gone through two periods of development, modern and contemporary, and the development of its modern architecture includes the early stage, the development period and the late stages. What we know as the "exotic flavor" refers to its diverse architecture.
From 1898 to 1917, the early stage of Harbin's modern architectural development, but also the period of its architectural style. This period with the construction of the Middle East Railway and the expansion of Russian power, the construction of Orthodox churches, railroad workers and senior officials residences, as well as the then prevalent in the West, "Art Nouveau" style official buildings, such as railroad systems under the railroad administration building, railroad stations, railroad hotels, shopping malls, railroad technical school, railroad Business School and so on. These buildings constituted the basic style of early Harbin architecture. From 1917 to 1931, it was the development period of modern architecture in Harbin. As we all know, the October Revolution broke out in Russia in 1917, and the Chinese government recovered the sovereignty of the Middle East Railway in 1920, since then Harbin has gradually developed into a big city with more than 10 national consulates and more than 400 foreign capital investment enterprises. This period of cultural integration of various countries is very obvious, the building is still dominated by churches, only the Orthodox Church has been altered, expanded and built 18 new. Different from the Russian and "Art Nouveau" styles that dominated the early stage of architectural development, although the above styles were still inherited during this period, more eclectic styles were integrated into the architecture and gradually rose to become the mainstream. The period from 1931 to 1949 can be regarded as the late period of modern architectural development. After the well-known September 18th Incident, Harbin's architectural style had new changes - on the one hand, modern Japanese buildings of the 1930s were built in Harbin; on the other hand, eclecticism, romanticism and classical revival tendencies were still favored. 1946 Harbin was liberated, but the city was still in a period of adjustment until the founding of New China in 1949, when Harbin was liberated. In 1949, when New China was founded, Harbin began to enter a new period of modern architecture, and at the same time put an end to modern architecture.
(Moscow of the East) Harbin has been nicknamed "Moscow of the East" for many years. Strolling through the streets of Harbin, you will be attracted by the exquisite architecture that jumps into your eyes from time to time. The Russian-style buildings are mainly wooden and brick churches, houses and small restaurants. Even those who have never been to Harbin will have heard of the "Lama's Terrace", a church of St. Nicholas built in 1899 on what is today Museum Square. This wooden church, with its well-drawn tented roof, was a symbol of the "Moscow of the East". Unfortunately, it was dismantled during the Ten Years of Unrest, which is a regret that can never be remedied. Today friends can only from the picture and model (now stored in the Harbin Museum of Architecture and Art) to lead the way to its elegance. The building is octagonal in plan, with the east wing as the altar and the other three wings with entrances. With neat round wood horizontal stacked walls, revealing a bold and rugged temperament. The main entrance to the upper floor for the towering bell tower, under a large bell hanging on both sides of several small bells. Whenever the majestic evening bell rings in the setting sun, the afterglow of the ridge above the three like a small onion head of the roof will look so light and airy. In the center of the building stands an octahedral drum base that shrinks inward. Above the drum base is a high tent roof, the top of which ends with a small onion head shape, making the roof form more voluptuous. In those days, this elegant and exquisite building did not know how many pious believers have brought spiritual comfort. Another building that embodies the rich Russian style is St. Sophia Cathedral. The plane of the church is in the shape of a cross, and the walls are made of red bricks with clear water. The most striking feature of the whole building is the huge and full onion-head-shaped dome in the center, which sits on top of a 16-sided drum base and becomes the dominant spire of the four-winged church. The exquisite brickwork and Byzantine austerity of this church is another symbol of the "Moscow of the East". In addition to these two elegant churches, the Church of the Patroness of the Holy Virgin on Dongdaizhi Street, the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in the Harbin Amusement Park, and the Church of St. Alexeev on Shiqiao Street are masterpieces of the Russian Orthodox Church. Wandering around the charming Stalin Park, you will see a small building hidden in the greenery, which is the Riverside Park Restaurant built in the 1930s in a rich Russian folk style. This small restaurant is more like an elegant work of art. The most distinctive feature is the decoration of the wooden columns of the outer corridor, which is like a peacock's open-screen finch tail decoration, hollowed out into a feather-like, decorated with gold, blue and other brilliant colors, as if at any time with the wind will float away. In the quiet natural scenery, its staggered roofs, exquisite decorations, and elegant tones are quite dreamy, and it is like a fairyland when you are in it. Speaking of which, perhaps friends will suddenly realize: "No wonder Harbin will be called the 'Moscow of the East'." Indeed, the elegant Orthodox Church, the ancient and exquisite residential and small restaurants, some of them dotted in the city square, some distributed in the residential neighborhoods, become the main theme of the magnificent Russian architectural style of the wonderful notes.
("Little Paris of the East") Perhaps you have heard of Harbin's other nickname - "Little Paris of the East", perhaps you will guess: "Could it be that Harbin also has French-style architecture? Indeed, Harbin is not only a variety of French classical revival, eclectic architecture, and the beginning of the 20th century popular around the world, "Art Nouveau" style, more mature embodiment of the Harbin building, and its superb architectural art is not inferior to the same period of the French building, because of this, Harbin will have such a good reputation. In Nangang District, Xidazhi Street is located in an elegant and charming large building - Harbin Railway Bureau building, also known as the "big stone house". It has a long 182. 24 meters of the front fa?ade, imagine such a long fa?ade, if the building is built on the street, the viewer can not be seen, so the building is set back 64 meters, between the building and the street to form a small square, the square is planted with pines and cypresses, flowers, thick greenery and the building itself is very coordinated with the dark green tone. In addition, the building is also notable for the face of the window openings, the use of rounded curves, balcony cast iron railings are also curved and twisted, such as flowers and leaves, such as silk vines, very dynamic, which are the typical characteristics of the "Art Nouveau" architecture. The whole building adopts mottled dark green lime stone veneer, gorgeous and exquisite. It is said that the stone slabs were first laid on the ground, numbered and then set into the walls one by one during the construction. Because of this precise construction, the building material has an elegant appearance, and has become a model of Harbin's "Art Nouveau" style.
Old Harbinites may still remember the Old Railway Station, an exciting building built in 1899, on the site of which the New Railway Station was later built. The curved shape of the appearance, oval windows and doors, full of dynamic curves of cast iron lines decorative, so that the whole building is extremely spacious and generous, like waves jumping happily, like a variety of free curves of the sea. With such a new wave of buildings as the gateway to the city is really very appropriate.
Located in the Museum Square, Heilongjiang Provincial Museum is also a beautiful "Art Nouveau" building. It was originally a Moscow shopping mall, more or less contains some elements of the French point of view architectural style. The stretch of the building is like a red and yellow ribbon, carefully trimmed with the skirt of the square. Whenever the sun shines on the back of the building, the square will cast vivid shadows: pointed dark red square bottom dome, staggered contour lines, like a reflection in a dream, adding a romantic color to the square. Harbin "Art Nouveau" style is also embodied in small and medium-sized Thelu officials in the private residence. These garden houses have their *** with the same characteristics - free curve, imitating the natural world of plant and animal forms of various decorations; rounded semi-circular, flat far-shaped windows, and even a delicate narrow trapezoidal windows, extremely lively and vivid, like a world outside the fairyland. Friends must envy the people who lived here in those years! The Russian designers of the time, on the one hand, in order to catch up with the fashionable "Art Nouveau" style prevailing in France at the beginning of this century applied to Harbin; on the other hand, for the traditional French Classical Revival architecture is also very ambitious. The Leader's Memorial Hall, located at No. 1 Yiyuan Street, is a case in point. The building, originally known as the Gwariski residence, was built in 1909.
Walking into the building you will be shocked by its noble temperament, you will feel like being in a French feudal manor. The main body of this building is two stories high with an attic floor. The use of two-story high huge Corinthian pilasters, gorgeous and solemn. The typical French Mensa bi-fold roof is dark gray, adding to the gloomy atmosphere. The courtyard is planted with several sturdy poplars, which blend in with the whole building. There are many other classical revival buildings in Harbin, such as the Northeast Martyrs' Memorial Hall, the Heilongjiang Art Museum, and the Harbin branch of the Bank of China. In addition to eclecticism, baroque style is also very prevalent, Songpu Bank (now the education bookstore) is a very distinctive baroque style of both the building - exquisite statues on the fa?ade, the flying curve of the mountain flowers, beautiful window decorations as well as crimson full of domes are reflected in the simple and European style. It is these beautiful buildings, full of Western flavor, that make up the appearance of the "Little Paris of the East".
(gentle and wind) as the name suggests, the influence of modern Japanese architecture in Harbin is also present "September 18" after the Incident, the building more and more embodied "and wind", of course, does not refer to the traditional Japanese architecture, but rather the current color! It is not Japanese traditional architecture, but rather the modern architecture of the present. The deepest influence of Japanese architecture is the International Hotel, formerly known as the New Harbin Hotel, which is an accordion-shaped building with a peculiar appearance. You see, its strong vertical lines, Z-shaped volume is very much like an accordion. This "accordion" is playing a modern Japanese music - the walls are plastered with small gray and yellow ceramic tiles, window holes in the form of a more simple, upper and lower window holes decorated with delicate light relief, rich in strong shadow effect. Other buildings are the Heilongjiang Daily Newspaper, Telegraph and Telephone Building, Dori Department Store, etc., although not enough to become the main theme of the city's architecture, but it is indispensable, soft and colorful section of the music.
In 1926, the special city of Harbin was established, but in reality it was controlled by the Fengtian warlords and the Jilin and Heilongjiang warlords. These warlords still advocate the Confucian and Mencius, while the national capital is also increasingly powerful, and therefore the traditional architecture has been revived, this period has built Puyu Middle School (now Harbin Third Middle School), the Temple of Ultimate Bliss and the Temple of Literature and other Chinese-style building complexes. Harbin Temple of Literature was built in 1926 against this background. General Zhang Xueliang wrote an inscription in the hope of promoting national culture and spirit. The Temple of Literature covers an area of 6 hectares and is one of the largest in the Northeast. The entire building is divided into three courtyards, if you have the opportunity to take a bird's-eye view of the Temple complex, you will certainly feel by the green pines and cypresses, arches and eaves created by the solemn and peaceful atmosphere, that kind of state of mind faraway temperament and the warm European style is very different, you will feel the depth and depth of traditional Chinese architecture. Harbin due to the gathering of expatriates from various countries, so its religious development is diversified, religious architecture is also colorful. The Orthodox Church dominates the city, but mosques, Christian churches, and Tatar temples also add to the city's architectural splendor. As a representative of the Buddhist Temple, the Temple of Ultimate Bliss is a masterpiece of temple architecture. As one of the four major Buddhist jungles in Northeast China, along with Changchun Bonjour Temple, Shenyang Ci'en Temple and Yingkou Lanyan Temple, the Jokhang Temple is famous for its rigorous overall layout, rich collection of scriptures, solemn white jade statues of Buddha, and beautiful seven-stage Fudu Brick Pagoda. The layout of Jokhang Temple is in accordance with the traditional temple architecture, sitting in the north and facing the south, with the bell tower and drum tower in the east and west, and the theme buildings are arranged along the vertical axis, with the supporting halls and compartments arranged on both sides. The solemnity of the Temple of Literature, the serenity of the Temple of Ultimate Bliss, and the vermillion pillars and tiles of other Chinese-style buildings are another touch of splendor in the city.
(modern flavor) after the founding of new China, Harbin city building also turned a new page. 1950s, Harbin's urban construction of industrial buildings, other types of buildings such as the Palace of Workers' Culture, Palace of Youth, etc. also built, the architectural style to the eclecticism of the main, but is no longer pure Western architectural style. 80s, Harbin, the new building is rapidly changing. This period to the military museum of Heilongjiang province, Harbin municipal party committee building as a representative. These two buildings with new architectural concepts, delicate design techniques, new architectural vocabulary interpretation of the characteristics of the times. What is more valuable is that they have achieved the contrast and harmony between the old and new buildings, which opens up the ideas for the creation of new buildings. Into the world after the 1990s, a star hotel, office buildings, etc. have been erected in the Songhua River, downtown, adding a rich rhythm to the city skyline, at this time Harbin is full of cosmopolitan modern flavor, is a continuation of the rich Western architectural style in recent times.