1. Qin Fei Zi
Qin Fei Zi (900 B.C.-846 B.C.), with the surname of Ying and the family name of Zhao, was known as Fei Zi (Fei Zi), and was known as Qin Ying (Qin Ying). He was recognized by King Xiao of the Zhou Dynasty for his skill in horse breeding, and was granted the land of Qin, becoming the first ruler of the state of Qin, known as Qin Ying. In 858 BC, Fei Zi died and his son Qin Hou succeeded him.
2. Husband of Qin
Husband of Qin, surnamed Zhao, whose name was lost, was the son of Fei Zi, the second ruler of Qin, who reigned from 857 to 848 BC.
3. Duke Bo of Qin
Duke Bo of Qin (846 BC - 844 BC) was the monarch of the state of Qin during the Western Zhou Dynasty. He was the son of Qin Hou. He only reigned for three years, and there are few records about Duke Bo of Qin in history books, but it is roughly known that he was the son of Qin Hou and Qin Fei Zi, whose son was Qin Zhong.
4. Qin Zhong
Qin Zhong (845 BC-822 BC), surnamed Ying, Zhao, first name unknown, son of Duke of Qin, ruler of the vassal state of Qin during the Western Zhou Dynasty, reigned from 844 BC to 822 BC. In 824 B.C., King Xuan of Zhou appointed Qin Zhong as a grandmaster and ordered him to lead his army to attack the Western Rong. In 822 BC, Qin Zhong was defeated and killed in battle against the Western Rong. After Qin Zhong's death, his eldest son, Duke Zhuang of Qin, assumed the throne.
5. Duke Zhuang of Qin
Duke Zhuang of Qin (reigned 821 BC-778 BC, 44 years), surnamed Ying, Zhao, and named Qi (in the pre-Qin period, men called themselves by their family name but not by their surname, and although they had the surname of Ying, their name was not Ying Qi), was the eldest son of Qin Zhong, and was a ruler of the vassal state of Qin during the Western Zhou Dynasty, reigning from 821 BC to 778 BC. In the sixth year of King Xuan of the Zhou Dynasty (822 BC), Qin Zhong was killed by the Western Rong, and Prince Qi took the throne as Duke Zhuang of Qin.
6. Duke Xiang of Qin
Duke Xiang of Qin (777 - 766 BC) reigned for 12 years, with the surname of Ying, Zhao, and the name of Kai, the second son of Duke Zhuang of Qin, and was the first ruler of the state of Qin to be officially listed as a vassal during the Spring and Autumn Period, reigning from 778 BC to 766 BC.
In 778 BC, Duke Zhuang of Qin died and Duke Xiang of Qin assumed the throne. At that time, the state of Qin was weak, and Dijon was a close threat. At the beginning of his reign, Duke Xiang married his sister Miao Ying to King Feng of the Rong as a way to divide the Rong. In 776 BC, Duke Xiang of Qin moved his capital to Zhanyi (present-day Longxian County, Shaanxi Province) and pushed eastward.
In 771 B.C., when Marquis Shen joined forces with the Inu Rong to attack Haojing and killed King Yu of Zhou under Mount Li, Duke Xiang of Qin rescued Zhou with his troops. When King Ping of Zhou moved eastward, Duke Xiang of Qin sent troops to escort him and was rewarded with the title of vassal. After the eastward migration, King Ping of Zhou gave Qin the land west of Mount Qishan, which the royal family was unable to control, and from then on, Qin began to become a vassal state of the Western Zhou Dynasty, laying the foundation for the future Qin's power.
In 766 B.C., Duke Xiang of Qin was killed in battle and was buried in his hometown of Xichui (Dabaozi Mountain, Lixian County, Gansu Province), where his son, Duke Wen of Qin, succeeded him.
7. Duke Wen of Qin
Duke Wen of Qin, reigned from 765 to 716 B.C., with the surname of Ying and the surname of Zhao, his first name unknown, son of Duke Xiang of Qin, was a ruler of Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period.
Duke Wen of Qin, during his reign, set up a historiographer to keep track of the events; he defeated the Western Rong, collected the survivors of the Zhou Dynasty, and expanded the land to the west of Qi (present-day Baoji, east of Shaanxi); and formulated the penal law of punishing the three clans for their sins. At that time, the Qin people were fully settled and engaged in agriculture.
In 716 BC, Duke Wen of Qin died posthumously and was buried in Xishan Mountain (in present-day Baoji City, Shaanxi Province). After the death of Duke Wen of Qin, his grandson Duke Ning of Qin (Duke Xian of Qin) succeeded to the throne.
8. Duke Jing of Qin
Duke Jing of Qin (?
Duke Jing of Qin (?), also known as Duke Jing of Qin (秦静公), was a prince of the state of Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period (春秋). He was a prince of the state of Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was the son of Duke Wen of Qin, and died before succeeding to the throne.
9. Duke Xian of Qin
Duke Xian of Qin (724 B.C.-704 B.C.
Duke Xian of Qin (724 B.C.-704 B.C.
Duke Xian of Qin (724 B.C.-704 B.C.
Duke Xian of Qin (724 B.C.
Duke Xian of Qin, misnamed Duke Ning of Qin in the "Historical Records of Qin"). He reigned from 715 BC to 704 BC.
Duke Xian of Qin was made heir by his grandfather, Duke Wen of Qin, because of the early death of his father, Duke Jing of Qin. In 716 B.C., Duke Wen died and Duke Xian of Qin succeeded to the throne, residing in Xixinyi, and later moved to Pingyang. In 713 B.C., he sent troops to capture Dangsha (i.e. Tangdu) of Bojung (a branch of Xirong). In 708 BC, he captured Rui Bo Wan, the ruler of the Rui state.
In 704 B.C.E., he sent troops to destroy Dangshi, a small state of Xijong. In the same year, Duke Xian of Qin died at the age of 21, and was buried at the Great Foot of Xishan Mountain (present-day North Mausoleum, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province).
10. Qin Dazi
Qin Dazi (708 BC - 698 BC), with the surname of Ying, was a member of the Qin clan. During the Spring and Autumn Period, he was the youngest son of Duke Xian of Qin and reigned from 703 BC to 698 BC, ****reigning for 6 years.
11. Duke De of Qin
Duke De of Qin (710 BC - 676 BC) was the monarch of the state of Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was the second son of Duke Xian of Qin, the younger brother of Duke Wu of Qin, and the older brother of Duke De of Qin, and reigned for 2 years.
In 678 BC, Duke Wu of Qin died, and his son, Duke Bai, who was enfeoffed in Pingyang (southwest of present-day Qishan County, Shaanxi Province), failed to succeed to the throne, and was succeeded by his brother, Duke De of Qin.
In 677 BC, Duke De of Qin moved the capital of the Qin state to Yongcheng (present-day Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province) and sacrificed 300 oxen, sheep, and pigs to Heaven and Earth at Shanshu to determine whether it was appropriate to live in Yongcheng. The result of the divination was that future generations would drink their horses at the Yellow River.
In the same year, the rulers of Liang and Rui came to visit the emperor. In 676 B.C., the first Fu Festival was established, in which dogs were killed and sacrificed at the four gates of the city to get rid of the summer heat that spreads diseases.
Duke Duke of Qin had three sons, the first son, Duke Xuan of Qin, the second son, Duke Cheng of Qin, and the youngest son, Duke Mu of Qin. In 676 BC, Duke De of Qin died and was buried in Yang, and his eldest son, Duke Xuan of Qin, succeeded him.
12. Duke Xuan of Qin
Duke Xuan of Qin (?
12. Duke Xuan of Qin (? - 664 BC), the first son of Duke De of Qin and the eldest brother of Duke Cheng of Qin and Duke Mu of Qin, reigned for twelve years and died, and was buried in the tomb area of Pingyang (Dongyangping Town, Baoji County, Shaanxi Province). He had nine sons, who were not established, and passed on to his brother, Duke Cheng of Qin.
13. Duke Cheng of Qin
Duke Cheng of Qin (?
13. Duke Cheng of Qin (? - 660 BC), surnamed Ying, was named Zai. He was the second son of Duke De of Qin and the younger brother of Duke Xuan of Qin. He reigned from 663 to 660 BC, and in the year of Duke Cheng of Qin, as recorded in the Records of the Grand Historian, the kings of Liang and Rui, two old states of the Western Zhou Dynasty, made a pilgrimage to see him. He reigned for three years and died. He was succeeded by his younger brother Ren Hao (任好), who became the Duke of Qin Mu (秦穆公).
14. Duke Mu of Qin
Duke Mu of Qin (682 - 621 BC), also known as Duke Mu of Qin, was a youngest son of Duke De of Qin, a younger brother of Duke Xuan of Qin and Duke Cheng of Qin, and an ancestor of the Mu family. He was recognized as one of the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period by the Historical Records.
Duke Mu of Qin, after succeeding to the throne, appointed Thyme Xi, Jian Shu, and Yu Yu as his advisors, defeated the state of Jin, captured Duke Hui of Jin, and destroyed the states of Liang, Rui, and Slide. Duke Mu of Qin attached great importance to talents, and during his term of office, he acquired Meng Mingxi, Xi Beiju and Bai Yibing as good generals; he also assisted the Duke of Jin to return to Jin to seize the throne, so as to realize the good relations between Qin and Jin.
After the death of the Duke of Jin, the alliance was broken up, and Qin and Jin confronted each other; the Duke of Qin wanted to move eastward to complete his hegemony in the Central Plains. He was defeated twice by the Jin army in the Battle of Bannan (southeast of Sanmenxia, Henan Province) in 627 B.C. and the Battle of Pengnai (northeast of Baishui, Shaanxi Province) in 625 B.C. Three generals were captured and the Qin army was wiped out, and Qin's eastward advance was since firmly blocked by Jin.
15. Duke Kang of Qin
Duke Kang of Qin (? -609 B.C.), with the name jar, was the monarch of the state of Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was the son of Duke Mu of Qin, and his mother Mu Ji was a sister of Duke Wen of Jin. During the reign of Duke Kang of Qin, the state of Qin was involved in many wars with the state of Jin, and the state of Qin gradually declined from the Xijong hegemony it had been under Duke Mu of Qin.
Duke Kang of Qin sent Duke Chong'er of Jin back to his country, to Weiyang, and composed a poem: "I sent my uncle, said to Weiyang", which was later used as a metaphor for nephew-uncle relationship.
16, Qin **** Gong
Qin **** Gong (?
Duke Qin **** (? - 605 years ago), Chinese ethnicity, Ying surname Zhao, "Shiji Suoyin" records the name of the 貑, "Zuo Zhuan" the name of the rice, the son of the Duke of Qin Kang, the first 608 years of the throne, four years in the reign of the "Historical Records" (the error of the five years), the first 605 years of death. The so-called three dukes of Qin in the Lüshi Chunqiu (Spring and Autumn Annals of the Lü Dynasty) refer to Duke Mu of Qin, Duke Kang of Qin, and Duke **** of Qin.
16. Duke Huan of Qin
Duke Huan of Qin (?
Duke Huan of Qin (? -- 577 B.C.), a Han Chinese with the surname Ying and the name Rong, was the son of Duke Qin ****. According to Zuo Zhuan - Xuan Gong 15, Wei Wu Zi Wei Cow had a favorite concubine who was childless, and when Wu Zi was just sick, he ordered his son Wei Du to marry the favorite concubine. When Wuzi fell ill, he ordered his son to marry his favorite concubine to him, and when Wuzi fell ill, he ordered Wei Du to bury his favorite concubine.
After Wu Zi's death, Wei Tu married off the favorite concubine and said, "This is from my father's command when he was clear-headed."
In the seventh month of 594 B.C., Duke Huan of Qin sent an army to attack Jin, and the two armies fought a vicious battle at Fu Shi, the land of Jin (present-day Dali County, Shaanxi Province). Wei Du, a general of Jin, fought with Du Hui, a general of Qin, and suddenly saw an old man lassoing Du Hui with a rope made of grass; Du Hui was unsteady and fell to the ground, and was captured on the spot, and Wei Du won a great victory.
17. Duke Jing of Qin
Duke Jing of Qin (? -537 BC), surnamed Ying, Zhao, son of Duke Huan of Qin, was a ruler of Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period, reigning from 576 BC to 537 BC.
Duke Jing of Qin governed the state of Qin for 39 years and pushed the power of Qin to the central plain continuously. His tomb, Duke of Qin Tomb No. 1, which blatantly adopts the burial rituals of the Son of Heaven and covers an area of 5,334 square meters, was discovered in 1976 in South Commanding Village, Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province, and is the largest ancient tomb excavated in China to date.
18, Duke Ai of Qin
Duke Ai of Qin, surnamed Ying, Zhao, and named Ji, was the ruler of Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period, the son of Duke Jing of Qin, who reigned from 536 to 501 BC.
In 505 BC, when Wu captured the capital of Chu, Shen Baoxu appealed to Qin for help, but Duke Ai ignored him; Baoxu refused to leave the Qin palace, and cried bitterly day and night for seven days and seven nights.
Duke Ai of Qin was moved to say, "Even though Chu has no moral character, if there are ministers, can there be no survivors?" So he sent troops to save Chu and defeated the Wu army, and King Helu of Wu withdrew his troops and returned to his country.
19. Duke Yi of Qin
Duke Yi of Qin was a native of Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period of China, the son of Duke Ai of Qin, with the surname Ying, name unknown, who was made heir to the throne of the Duke of Qin, and who died before assuming the throne. According to the Records of the Grand Historian, Duke Yi "died prematurely and was not allowed to take the throne, so he took Duke Yi's son as Duke Hui." In other words, he never became the official ruler of Qin.
20. Duke Hui of Qin
Duke Hui of Qin was the son of Duke Yi of Qin, the ruler of Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period, who reigned from 500 BC to 491 BC. Duke Hui of Qin (秦惠公), reigned 500-491 BC, son of Duke Yi of Qin (秦夷公). Duke Yi of Qin (秦夷公) died early, so Duke Liao of Qin (秦哀公) succeeded Duke Hui, son of Duke Yi (夷公). Duke Hui died in the tenth year of his reign, and his son, Duke Mourning, became the king. During this period, Confucius held important positions in the state of Lu.
21. Duke Mourning of Qin
Duke Mourning of Qin (?
Duke Mourning of Qin (? - 477 BC) was the monarch of the state of Qin during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was the son of Duke Hui of Qin, and reigned for 15 years, which was mistakenly cited as 14 years in the Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian) and the Chronology of the Twelve Vassals. In 477 BC, Duke Mourning of Qin died and was buried in Quli Jinggongxi.
Duke Mourning of Qin built a city in Yongcheng (south of present-day Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province) during his reign, and was succeeded by his son, Duke Li*** of Qin, after his death.
22. Duke Li*** of Qin
Duke Li*** of Qin (?
Duke Li*** of Qin (?) (443 BC), surnamed Zhao. He was the son of Duke Mourning of Qin. He reigned from 476 to 443 BC.
In 476 BC, he sent troops to attack the city of Wei. In the 10th year of Duke Li*** of Qin (the 2nd year of King Zhending of Zhou, 467 BC), Halley's comet appeared in the sky, bright and easy to see. In 461 B.C., he built a defensive hao ditch along the Yellow River and sent 20,000 troops to attack Dali, Western Rong (present-day Chaoyi, Dali, Shaanxi)
23. Duke Manic of Qin
Duke Manic of Qin (499 B.C.-429 B.C.) was the son of Duke Li*** of Qin. He was crowned Duke of Qin in 442 B.C. In the thirteenth year of his reign (430 B.C.), the Western Rong nation of Yiqiu launched a large-scale attack on Qin as far as the Weishui Artemisia, which was repulsed by the Qin army. In the following year, Duke Mani died, and his brother returned from Jin to take the throne as Duke Huai.
24. Duke Huai of Qin
Duke Huai of Qin (499-425 BC), with the surname of Ying, Zhao, and the name of Feng, was the son of Duke Li*** of Qin and the younger brother of Duke Li*** of Qin, and was the ruler of Qin during the Warring States period, reigning from 428 BC to 425 BC. When Duke Li*** of Qin died, his younger brother was welcomed from Jin by his concubine, and was named Duke Huai.
At that time, the state government was manipulated by the old nobles. In the fourth year of Duke Huai of Qin (425 BC), the chief of the Qin commoners joined other nobles to force Duke Huai of Qin to commit suicide. Due to the early death of Prince Zhao, the ministers in the following year appointed the grandson of Duke Huai as the ruler, who was named Duke Ling of Qin.
25. Duke Ling of Qin
Duke Ling of Qin (? -415 BC), also known as Duke Ling of Qin Su (秦肃灵公)
嬴姓，赵氏，未知其名，一说名肃。 He reigned from 424 to 415 BC and was the grandson of Duke Huai of Qin. At the time of Duke Ling's death, his son Shixian (later Duke Xian of Qin) was only five years old.
Duke Ling's uncle, Mourning Son, seized the throne and made himself king, Duke Jian of Qin, because of his first son's youth. Shi Xi was banished to the Longxi River Valley. In Chinese history, the public worship of Emperor Xuan Yuan at the Yellow Emperor Mausoleum began during the Spring and Autumn Period, and Emperor Xuan Yuan was first worshipped as the ****same ancestor of the Chinese nation in the era of Duke Ling of Qin.
Subsequent generations of public ceremonies at the Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor have basically maintained a high standard.
26. Duke Jane of Qin
Duke Jane of Qin (?
Duke Jian of Qin (?) (400 years ago), known as Mourning Son, reigned for 15 years. He was the son of Duke Huai of Qin, the brother of Zhaoko of Qin, and the uncle of Duke Ling of Qin. He reigned from 414 to 400 BC. In 413 B.C., Duke Jian of Qin set out to attack Wei and was defeated at Zheng (southwest of present-day Huaxian County, Shaanxi Province).
In 409 BC, Duke Jian ordered officials to carry swords for self-defense. This was one of the major measures taken by Qin to revolutionize the system of etiquette; in the following year, the people were allowed to carry swords. In the same year, Wei invaded Qin and occupied the western part of the river, building the cities of Luoyin and Xian. Qin retreated to Luoshui (present-day Luoshui in Shaanxi Province), and in order to strengthen its defense and safeguard its domestic reforms, Duke Jen organized the army and people to build the Great Wall in the eastern part of the country. This is the earliest Great Wall in the Warring States period, also known as the Qin East Great Wall.
The Great Wall started from the vicinity of Xiaozhang Village in the southeast of Huayin County, Shaanxi Province, and then tended to cross the Wei River to the northeast and went north along the right bank of the Luohu River, passing through the counties of Dali, Pucheng, and Baishui, and then ended in the south of Huanglong Mountain in Baishui County to the north. Today, east of Huayin County, southeast of Pucheng County, there are still ruins of the Qin Great Wall.
27, Qin Duke
Qin Duke (388 years ago - 385 years ago), the monarch of the early Warring States period of Qin. He was the son of Duke Hui of Qin. He was the son of Duke Hui of Qin. In the Shiben, he was known as the Young Lord of Qin, and in the Lüshi Chunqiu, he was known as the Young Lord of Qin, with the surname Zhao. He reigned for 2 years.
Also known as Duo Zi (出子), Duke Hui died in 387, and Duke Duo Zi (出公) assumed the throne at the age of 2. His mother presided over the court, and emphasized the use of eunuchs and relatives, which led to "the hiding of the great sages, and the grievances of the people"; in the next year (385), the Chief of the Left Chamber of Deputies, YING Chang (嬴改) staged a coup d'etat, killed Duo Zi (出子) and his mother, and welcomed the Prince of the Duke of Ling (灵公太子公子).
Since the reign of Duke Li*** of Qin (reigned 477-443 BC), during the reign of Duke Yu of Qin, there were several changes of monarchs due to the dictatorship of ministers, which made the state unstable and the state of Qin declined day by day.
28. Duke Xian of Qin
Duke Xian of Qin (424 - 362 BC) was known as Duke Xian of Qin in the Shiben, and as King Yuan of Qin in the Yuejishu. The Shiji Suoyin (史记索隐) recorded his name as Shi Xi (師隰), and he was the monarch of the state of Qin during the Warring States period.
Son of Duke Ling of Qin, he reigned for 23 years. After returning to the throne, he carried out reforms in Qin, including the abolition of human martyrdom, the relocation of the capital, the expansion of commercial activities, the compilation of household registers, and the promotion of the county system, and waged several wars to regain the lost territories in the western part of Hexi (the area to the west of the southern part of the Yellow River between the present-day provinces of Shanxi and Shaanxi).
The reforms under Duke Xian of Qin were not complete, but they laid the foundation for the Shang Yang reforms under Duke Xiao of Qin.
29. Duke Xiaodong of Qin
Duke Xiaodong of Qin (381 - 338 BC), known as King Ping of Qin in the Book of Yue Jie, was a king of the Zhao family. His name was Qu Liang (渠梁), as recorded in the Shiji Suoyin (史记索隐). During the Warring States period, he was the son of Duke Xian of Qin, and reigned for 24 years.
Duke Xiao of Qin reappointed Wei Yang (商鞅) to carry out reforms, rewarded farming and warfare, and moved the capital to Xianyang (northeast of present-day Xianyang, Shaanxi Province), where he established a county system of administration and opened up a road system, which strengthened centralization and at the same time continuously increased agricultural production. Externally, Qin made peace with Chu, made a pact with Han, joined Qi and Zhao in attacking Wei's capital city of Anyi (northwest of present-day Xiaxian County, Shanxi Province), and expanded its territory to the east of the Luohui River, which has since strengthened its national strength and laid the foundation for the unification of China by Qin.
30. King Huiwen of Qin
King Huiwen of Qin (356 BC-311 BC), known as King Hui of Qin, with the surname of Ying, Zhao, and the name of Ai, was the son of Duke Xiaogong of Qin, and the ruler of Qin during the Warring States period, who ruled from 337 BC to 311 BC.
When King Huiwen of Qin came to the throne at the age of nineteen, he killed Wei Yang because of the many grievances of his clan. In 325 B.C., he changed his title from "Duke" to "King" and became the first king of Qin, changing his reign to the first year of his reign. During his reign, King Huiwen of Qin swept away the Yiquan River in the north, pacified Ba Shu in the west, left the Hangu Valley in the east, and went down to Shang Yu in the south, thus laying a solid foundation for the unification of China by Qin.
31. King Wu of Qin
King Wu of Qin (329 - 307 BC), surnamed Dang, was the son of King Huiwen of Qin, also known as King Wulie of Qin and King Mourning Wu of Qin. He was the ruler of the state of Qin during the Warring States period, and reigned from 310 BC to 307 BC.
During his reign, King Wu of Qin emphasized martial arts and warlike behavior. During his reign, he pacified the Shu Rebellion, set up a prime minister, uprooted Yiyang, set up the Sanchuan River, revised the field laws, revised the boundaries of the state, dredged the rivers, and built embankments and bridges.
King Wu of Qin was a tall and strong man who was born with divine power and liked to compete with others in wrestling, which made him a great official, such as Hercules Ren Yi, Wuhui and Meng Zhan. In the fourth year of King Wu of Qin (307 years ago), King Wu competed with Meng to lift the "Longwen Red Cauldron", but the Cauldron fell off and broke his shin, and at night, he died of exhaustion at the age of 23.
32. King Zhaoxiang of Qin
King Zhaoxiang of Qin (325-251), known as King Zhaoxiang of Qin, was the son of King Huiwen of Qin and the younger half-brother of King Wu of Qin, and was the ruler of the state of Qin during the Warring States period. In his early years, he was a hostage in the state of Yan.
In 307 BC, King Wu of Qin died, and King Zhaoxiang of Qin, who was competing with his brother for the throne, was established. He reigned from 306 BC to 251 BC, making him one of the longest reigning kings in Chinese history.
During his reign, Qin continued to expand. The most famous battle of Changping, which decided the fate of Qin and Zhao, took place in the late reign of King Zhao of Qin.
In the early years of King Zhaoxiang's reign, his mother, Empress Dowager Xuan (宣太后), was in power, and a relative, Wei Ran (魏冉) was the prime minister, and it is said that "when the king was young, Empress Dowager Xuan was in charge of the affairs of the government, and Wei Ran was appointed as the administrator of the government. Wei Ran recommended Bai Qi as a general, and successively defeated the three Jin, Qi, Chu and other countries, and obtained Wei's Hedong and Nanyang, Chu's Qianzhong and the capital of Ying (northwest of present-day Jiangling, Hubei Province).
In the forty-first year of King Zhaoxiang of Qin, King Zhaoxiang listened to the words of Fan Ju of Wei, took away the power of Empress Dowager Xuan, Wei Ran and others, and worshiped Fan Ju as the prime minister, and then changed to the strategy of attacking from afar and defeating the Zhao army in Changping (northwest of present-day Gaoping, Shanxi Province). He had Fan Ju in his army and Bai Qi in his army.
In 256 B.C., he captured Luoyi, the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, destroyed the Zhou Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty, captured King Blushing of the Zhou Dynasty, and relocated the Nine Tripods to Xianyang (one year after the death of King Zhaoxiang, the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was destroyed by his grandson, King Zhuangxiang of the Qin Dynasty), thus laying the foundation for the victory of the War of Qin's Reunification. In the 55th year of his reign, King Zhaoxiang died at the age of 74.
33. King Xiaowen of Qin
King Xiaowen of Qin (302 B.C.-250 B.C.), with the surname of Ying, Zhao, and the name of Zhu, also known as the ruler of An Guo, was the second son of King Zhaoxiang of Qin, the grandfather of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, and the monarch of Qin during the Warring States period. He officially reigned for only three days.
In 250 BC, King Xiaowen of Qin ordered a general amnesty for sinners, recognized the achievements of the previous kings according to their merits, gave preferential treatment to the relatives of the clans, and dismantled the royal family's gardens. King Xiaowen of Qin performed the rite of succession in the tenth month of the Qin Zhuanxu calendar in 250 B.C. He died three days later during his father's mourning period, and was buried in the Shouling Mausoleum (northeast of the present-day Lintong District of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province), where he was succeeded by his son, King Zhuangxiang of Qin.
34. King Zhuangxiang of Qin
King Zhuangxiang of Qin (281 B.C.~247 B.C.), also known as King Zhuang of Qin, with the surname of Ying and the family name of Zhao, his original name was Iren, and he later changed his name to Chu, was the son of King Xiaowen of Qin, the father of Qin Shihuang, and was a ruler of the state of Qin at the end of the Warring States period.
Zi Chu had been a hostage in Handan, State of Zhao, in his early years, and later became the ruler of Qin with the help of Lu Buwei. After his son, Qin Shi Huang, established the Qin Dynasty, he posthumously named King Zhuang Xiang of Qin as the Supreme Emperor.
35. Qin Shi Huang (259 BC - 210 BC), with the surname Ying, Zhao, and the name Zheng, also known as Zhao Zheng (政), Qin Zheng (秦政), or Zulong , was the son of King Zhuangxiang of Qin. He was a famous statesman, strategist and reformer in Chinese history, and an iron-fisted political figure who accomplished the great unification of China.
Since then, Qin destroyed the six kingdoms and unified the world.
Expanded Information:
Extended Information:
Extended Information p>Qing culture:
Worship
Unlike the Zhou people, the "God" worship of the people of Yingqin was a generalized one, with God as the representative of the gods, and animals, plants, and birds in nature as their objects of worship. Some people thought that the religious level of Ying Qin at that time could only be at a "low level" and was very "secular", which "comprehensively reflected the mixed qualities of Qin culture, with the inherent nomadic polytheism of the Qin and the Xirong culture being the foundation of Qin culture". The culture of the Qin is the foundation of Qin culture", in the "Han Shu - Suburban Sacrifice Zhi", it and the eastern Qilu divided into two major religious systems.
In fact, in the case of Ying Qin, the so-called "secularity" was a manifestation of concern for the self, which was also a major feature of Ying Qin's religious cult, and reflected the daily life situation, which was completely different from that of the "emperors and generals" embodied in the eastern countries. This is also a major feature of the religious cult of Ying Qin, and it is also reflected in everyday life, which is completely different from the "emperors and generals" of the eastern countries. In the documentary records, the multi-god worship of the Ying Qin people is still relatively simple, and there is not much material, only a few words.
Sacrifices
Sacrifices were a special form of worship in the Qin Dynasty, but due to the lack of documentation, not many research has been done on them because of the lack of understanding of the process, what was needed, and the purpose of the sacrifices.
According to Sima Zhen's "Suoyin" in the "Records of the Grand Historian", "An ancient sacrifice is a place where the gods and spirits stop. ...... It is said to be an altar for sacrificing to heaven." Obviously, this is a ritual of Ying Qin to sacrifice to the sky. In fact, in the rituals of the Zhou people, there were also rituals to sacrifice to the sky, but it is rare to see records of such sacrifices. Or there was just no such ritual of sacrifice.
Blackness
The people of the Qin revered the color black. All the people, from the princes and nobles to the commoners and even the servants, wore black as the main color of their clothes. The ministers in the courtroom were all dressed in black. Even the décor of the courtroom is different from the splendor of other countries, but with black as the main color.
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