1898, Ma Yuzao, Chen Dexin and others went to Shanghai to meet with Zhejiang reformists such as Cai Yuanpei, Zhang Taiyan, Tao, Xia Cengyou and Wu Jingheng. Among them, Cai Yuanpei and Zhang Taiyan had a great and far-reaching influence on Ma Yuzao's life.
Throughout Ma Yuzao's life, both ideological and academic inheritance and innovation, both human and life, are deeply branded with Cai Yuanpei and Zhang Taiyan.
190 1 year, Zhang Yuanji founded and presided over the compilation institute of the Commercial Press, and invited Cai Yuanpei as its director. Cai Yuanpei appreciated Ma Yuzao, who was 10 years younger than him, and hired him as the editorial director. This is the beginning for Ma Yuzao to go out of his old study and devote himself to the cause of modern culture and education.
1902, Ma Yuzao joined the editing work of Westernization Newspaper founded by Cai Yuanpei and Zhang Yuanji in Shanghai, and introduced his younger brothers Ma Heng and Ma Jian to study in Shanghai Nanyang Public School from their hometown in Ningbo. On April 15 of the same year, Cai Yuanpei and others established the China Education Association in Fuyuan, Mudengqiao, Shanghai. Cai Yuanpei was elected president. The China Education Society has three departments: education, publishing and industry, and plans to concentrate on compiling and editing teaching materials. Ma Yuzao took an active part in the activities of China Education Association. 1903 In April, Russia tore up the Sino-Russian Concession Treaty on the Three Northeast Provinces, attempted to occupy the Northeast for a long time, and put forward seven unreasonable demands, and the anti-Russian movement broke out. China Education Association, Patriotic Association and the masses held an anti-Russian meeting in Bird, electrified Russia and the Qing court, publicized the revolution in society, set up anti-Russian volunteer teams and conducted military drills. Ma Yuzao joined the volunteer team. 1904165438+10 In October, the revolutionary organization "Guangfu Association" was established in Shanghai, and Cai Yuanpei was elected as its president. Ma Yuzao, Tao, Xu Xilin, Lu Xun, Xu Shoushang and Liu Yazi all joined in.
1905, Zhejiang sent 100 students to study in Japan at public expense, specializing in normal schools, commonly known as "Hundred Teachers". Ma Yuzao and his wife were both selected to go to Japan. Ma Yuzao entered Waseda University in Tokyo and then transferred to Imperial University in Tokyo.
1913 in may, ma yuzao took the lead in proposing "phonetic symbols" at the "phonetic unification conference". after the conference passed, he was hired as a professor of Peking university and began his lifelong love affair with Peking university.
19 16 12.26, with Cai Yuanpei as the principal of Peking University. 1917 65438+1On October 4th, Cai Yuanpei entered Peking University. At this time, Ma Yuzao has been working in Peking University for more than three years. According to Zhou Zuoren's recollection, "Shen and Yo-Yo Ma entered Peking University very early, before Cai Yumin grew up in Peking University, so they were old and powerful."
After Ma Yuzao entered Peking University, he worked hard to create an inclusive atmosphere of "gentlemen are harmonious but different". Some scholars recalled, "At the beginning of a school year, Ma Yuzao often sat on a rickshaw and ran between factions, contacting old friends and recruiting new ones. Compromise moved the old and the new, and his modesty moved people. " In fact, Ma Yuzao inherited the view of "gentlemen are harmonious but different" in ancient China, which is the internal reason why he later agreed with Cai Yuanpei's school-running philosophy.
After Cai Yuanpei was in charge of Peking University, he publicly said: "My opinions are all-inclusive, in accordance with the general rules of universities in various countries and following the principle of freedom of thought. No matter what kind of school, if it makes sense, it will not reach the fate of natural elimination. Even if the two are at odds, let them develop freely. " And put forward: "a great scholar contains a gift that attracts many schools." (Peking University Monthly, Volume 1, Issue 1, Preface)
Professors of Peking University reacted differently to Cai Yuanpei's reform of Peking University. At that time, Peking University's feudal thoughts and bureaucratic habits were very strong. Conservative Huang Kan advocated Yuhang School as the dominant school, while Ma Yuzao, Qian, Shen and others resolutely stood on Cai Yuanpei's side, thus making Cai Yuanpei's new ideas have a great impact on the educational reform and academic atmosphere at that time.
19 15 In the winter, Peking University established its first appraisal meeting, with President Hu Renyuan as its chairman. After Cai Yuanpei took office, in order to carry out the reform of Peking University, the Council of Peking University was further regarded as an important organizational measure to implement the school-running concept and system of "running schools democratically and running schools by professors". At that time, there were four institutions in Peking University in charge of school affairs. They are the Legislative Senate, the Executive Committee, the Educational Executive Senate and the General Affairs Office. Among them, the Senate has the greatest power.
Therefore, according to the new regulations of the Academic Affairs Council of Peking University, the Academic Affairs Council is the highest legislative and power organ of the whole school, with President Cai Yuanpei as the ex officio chairman and assessors elected by all professors in the fourth quarter of each year for a term of one year. Ma Yuzao was elected for the first time from June 19 18 to June 16, and served as a proofreader for eight consecutive years, which is unique among liberal arts professors.
As a senior member of the School Council, Ma Yuzao directly participated in the formulation of various policies and articles of association of Peking University and even the abolition of disciplines, promoted the School Council of Peking University to play an active role in collective leadership and democratic decision-making, and fully supported Cai Yuanpei's revolution in the May 4th New Culture Movement. After the reform, Peking University became the center of the New Culture Movement and the cradle of the May 4th patriotic movement, and became the leader of the national institutions of higher learning.
On May 4th, 2009, the famous May 4th Movement took place. Peking University students who were humiliated by the authorities on the issue of Shandong took to the streets from the Democratic Square behind the Red Mansion, held a massive demonstration with students from other 13 universities, gathered in Tiananmen Square and demonstrated in Zhao Jialou, the official residence of Foreign Minister Cao Rulin. Zhang Zongxiang, the ambassador to Japan, was beaten up by the students. The authorities ordered the military and police to suppress it, and more than 30 Peking University students were arrested. That night, the principals of Beijing 14 schools rescued the arrested students and demanded bail. Cai Yuanpei personally went to the police station to negotiate and was willing to make amends by himself. The warlord in power at that time was Duan. He advocated strict control of students, dissolution of Peking University and replacement of school principals. He also threatened to transfer a brigade stationed in the gallery to Beijing to suppress the student movement. Governor Cai Yuanpei was powerless and decided to resign.
On May 9, 2009, the Peking University Professors' Association and the Senate held an emergency joint meeting, unanimously decided to keep Cai Yuanpei, and sent eight representatives, including Ma Xulun, Ma Yinchu and Li Dazhao, to petition the Ministry of Education. At that time, Ma Yuzao was a member of the school board of Peking University and made his own contribution to retaining President Cai Yuanpei and maintaining the normal order of Peking University.
1965438+On June 22, 2009, the Ministry of Education had to send officials such as Tang and Ma Yuzao and representatives of teachers and students from Peking University to Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, to welcome Cai Yuanpei back to Beijing to resume his post. In this great movement, Ma Yuzao and many teachers and students of Peking University played an important leading and driving role.
From 65438 to 0920, Ma Yuzao was the head of the Chinese Department of Peking University for a term of 14. During his tenure, Ma Yuzao did a lot of work for the appointment of professors in Chinese Department. Such as Wu Yu, Lu Xun, etc., have all been used by horse language algae. In addition, Ma Yuzao is also committed to bridging the prejudice between Lu Xun and Qian, Shen and Hu Shi, Hu Shi and Liu Bannong, and mediating the relationship between the old and new factions.
19211February, Peking University established the whole school research institute, which consists of four branches: natural science, social science, Chinese studies and foreign literature. The relevant departments took the lead in setting up different branches, among which Sinology made the fastest progress, and trained a number of outstanding graduate students, such as Luo Yong, Shang Chengzuo and Wei.
Ma Yu-Zao's Chinese studies are profound and knowledgeable, and he is good at writing, phonology and exegesis. He has taught Chinese preparatory course, outline of Chinese studies, proofreading of China ancient books, philology and other courses. He is the author of Bibliography of Classics and History and Syllabus of Phonology.
In February, Yang Yinyu was appointed President of National Beijing Women's Normal University. Having studied in the United States, Yang moved some overbearing styles of western churches running girls' schools to women's normal universities. In August, Lu Xun returned the letter of appointment from the school.
Yang Yinyu's high-pressure school rules were resisted by Xu Guangping, Liu Hezhen and other progressive students, who resolutely went to the Ministry of Education to ask for the replacement of the principal. 1925 On May 9, Yang Yinyu dismissed six student self-governing members, including Xu Guangping and Liu Hezhen, in the name of the Senate.
This incident aroused strong opposition from Professor Ma Yuzao, who is also the director of the Department of Language and Literature in China, Women's Normal University. In order to support the just struggle of female normal university students against the old autocratic ideology, seven professors, including Ma Yuzao, Shen, Li, Bang, Qian, Shen Jianshi and Zhou Zuoren, jointly signed the Declaration on the Trend of Beijing Female Normal University.
The Declaration of Beijing Women's Normal University was first published in1Beijing Daily on May 27th, 925. Xu Guangping wrote a note next to the printed copy of the declaration she kept: "Lu Xun drafted a draft, bravely spoke against Yang Yinyu's Testimony, and asked Mr. Ma Yuzao to pass the declaration on to other gentlemen."
1925 On August 6th, Minister of Education Zhang ordered the dissolution of Women's Normal University. 1August, 925 18, the board of directors of Peking University immediately made a resolution: Zhang is a sinner in the education field, and Peking University left the Ministry of Education. 1On August 22nd, 925, Ma Yuzao and others published the Comment Notice in the Journal of Peking University, refusing to recognize Zhang as the director of education. Under the great pressure of Peking University and public opinion, Beiyang government had to withdraw the police stationed in Women's Normal University and remove the post of president of Yang Yinyu Women's Normal University. 165438+ 10, Zhang was forced to resign and the female normal university students returned to school. Ma Yuzao and other members of the Board of Directors of Peking University confronted the autocratic bureaucratic forces and finally won.
On March 6th, students from Peking University and other schools went to Iron Lion Hutong to petition the Japanese authorities to protest against Duan's traitorous diplomacy. They were suppressed by the military police, causing more than 200 deaths and injuries. This is the "March 18th" tragedy that shocked China and foreign countries.
1925 On March 2 1 day, Ma Yuzao's Senate of Peking University issued a declaration, solemnly pointing out: "The March 8th petition is not a mass movement of one party and one department, but a national movement." On April 9th, 1925, Beijing Daily revealed that the Beijing Provisional Executive Government issued the second batch of 48 wanted persons, including Li Dazhao and others, Ma Yuzao and Lu Xun.
1932 1932 The China League for the Protection of Civil Rights initiated by Soong Ching Ling, Cai Yuanpei, Yang Quan (), Li and Lin Yutang was established in Shanghai. The purpose of the alliance is to oppose the persecution of the Kuomintang government, help and protect progressives, and strive for democratic rights such as freedom of association, speech, publication and assembly.
193365438+1October 3 1, China civil rights and rights protection league Beiping branch was established. Ma Yuzao, Hu Shi, Cheng Shewo, Chen Bosheng, Xu, Ren Shuyong, Jiang Menglin and Li Jizhi are executive members.
1In August, 934, the Kuomintang government arrested patriots Xu Deheng, Hou Wailu and Fan Wenlan in Peiping. Ma Yuzao, Shen Jianshi, Xu Shoushang and others, regardless of their personal safety, jointly wrote a letter urging the authorities to release the above-mentioned personnel immediately and unconditionally.
1On July 7, 937, the Lugouqiao Incident broke out. On July 29th, Beiping fell. Education began to retreat to the south, academia moved south, and universities moved south. Ma Yuzao was unable to immigrate to the mainland because of his age and high blood pressure. Peking University appointed four professors, Zhou Zuoren, Ma Yuzao, Meng Sen and Feng Zuxun, to stay and look after the school property, and called them "Peking University Professor Liu Ping".
At this time, Ma Yuzao, Meng Sen and Feng Zuxun refused to work for the Japanese puppet government in order to maintain national integrity, and no longer gave lectures in Peking University controlled by the Japanese puppet government. As soon as Zhou Zuoren and Peiping fell into the hands of the Japanese aggressors, there were signs of rebellion. Just the day before Zhou Zuoren became a traitor, Ma Yuzao told him that he would never work for the Japanese, and Zhou Zuoren also promised not to do it, but his appointment was published in the newspaper the next day.
During this period, the Japanese invaders ordered Zhou Zuoren to invite Ma Yuzao to teach in the mountains several times. Ma Yuzao tacitly refused to work for the Japanese aggressors. Due to Zhou Zuoren's frequent visits, Ma Yuzao's youngest son, Ma Tai, finally said to Zhou at the behest of his father, "My father said he didn't know you." This statement shows that Ma Yuzao has made up his mind and is ready to face the torture of the Japanese aggressors at any time.
From April, 65438 to April, 0945, Ma Yuzao was full of concern for China's fate, deep affection for Peking University and nostalgia for education, and completed his 67-year life course. 1946, more than 2 1000 volumes of the entire collection of Ma Yu Zao were collected by Peking University Library.