I adopted the answer:
1.plain and generous kino wear
Kinuo dress, with the national purpose of weaving clothes cloth and skirt cloth sewing, dress pattern on the pattern, in the weaving of the cloth on the ingenious arrangement, wherever possible to weave out of the pattern are in the weaving of the cloth when weaving in the cloth. Therefore, there are two types of fabrics: blouse fabric and skirt fabric, which are generally not to be mixed. Traditional clothing, white and black as the basic color, because of the backwardness of the textile technology, the weaving of the cotton cloth lacks the feeling of compactness and smoothness, similar to linen. Keno people love embroidery pattern, no recognition of men's and women's clothing love to use horizontal and straight colorful stripes and geometric pattern decoration. Men's tops are collarless, unbuttoned button-down shirts, sewn with white cloth woven with crisscrossed colorful stripes. The upper part of the shirt above the chest is strongly lined with colorful strips, and the horizontal strips are very colorful and conspicuous. On the back of the shirt, there is a 6-inch square pattern in the center of the countryside, surrounded by radioactive lines, opening like a sunflower. But there is also the sun emitting light. Jinuo language called this pattern for "Polo Apo", the meaning of the sun flower and the moon flower. The edge of the lapel, the base of the sleeves, the elbows and the cuffs of the sleeves, etc., are decorated with a number of horizontal strips of color that are very conspicuous. The white blouse is decorated with specially woven patterns and red, yellow, blue, and black colored stripes to form a brightly colored flowery garment.
The men's pants are wide-crotched, fat-barreled white pants with the same horizontal red, black, and white interlocking colored stripes along the hems of the pants. A 3-inch-long opening on each side of the wide waist of the pants is sewn with a four-square piece of black cloth. The white pants are folded in front of the belly and tied at the waist with a belt decorated with colored tassels. The man has three handfuls of long hair on his head, which is wrapped in a black turban more than 1 meter long. There are foot wraps around the lower legs. Men's clothes are thick and loose, worn on the body to enhance the man's sturdy, strong posture. Women with woven with colorful strips, plus embroidered patterns of cloth binding the chest. Tops are mostly green, black, collarless, lapel, intentionally red, yellow, black, white colored horizontal strips decorated with lapel edges and sleeves. All women, young and old, wear knee-length, white top and black bottom aprons, decorated with red stripes along the skirt, which are tied around the waist in front of the abdomen. Adult women wearing a longitudinal colorful stripes woven with a pointed triangle white cloth cap, both sides of the cap corner drooping draped over the shoulders, forehead parts of the hat brim turned out, open as a white Shaoji buckle on the back of the head. Unmarried women good pull hair on the back of the head, married women pull hair on the top of the gum forehead. Women's attire, simple and simple through the elegant, so that the kino girls appear chu chu moving.
The distinctive feature of Kino clothing is the use of colored stripes to decorate the sleeve and lapel edges and back. People with colorful stripes decorated clothing, it is said that the rainbow in the sky related. Folk legend has it that in ancient times, there was a pair of Kino men and women who died in love with each other and were hard to part with each other. A vicious rich man saw that the girl is beautiful, suddenly had bad intentions, with a plan to snatch the girl, forcing her to get married. The girl did not comply, was beaten all over the body, dead and alive. Her lover went through a lot of trouble to rescue the girl. The two of them escaped from the tiger's mouth, but the rich man came after them, and the young man fell to the ground with several arrows in his legs. Catastrophe approaching more time, the sky appeared a few rainbow entangled in the lovers, released colorful light to force back the rich gentleman, a pair of lovers in the rainbow surrounded by the sky, rising into the air ....... Therefore, the descendants in sewing clothes, they will use colorful strips of dark allegory rainbow, in order to be auspicious and free from disaster.
2. Kunming Folkways and Folklore
Kunming is a multi-ethnic convergence of the city, the world's 26 ethnic groups, the formation of the village or mixed village streets of Han, Yi, Hui, Bai, Miao, Hani, Zhuang, Dai, Lisu and other ethnic groups. In the long-term production and life, the various ethnic groups not only influence each other, integration, while maintaining their own ethnic traditions, the continuation of a number of unique ways of life, folk customs and cultural arts. Living in the Kunming area of the compatriots of all nationalities hospitality, singing and dancing, simple folk customs, whether it is the etiquette of its hospitality, the unique flavor of the diet, colorful costumes, or different styles of residential architecture, interesting marriage, can make people feel the distinctive national characteristics.
Among the many ethnic festivals, the "Torch Festival" of the Yi, the "March Street" and "Three Spirits" of the Bai, the "Water Festival" of the Dai, the "Splash Festival" of the Dai, and the "Splashing Festival" of the Dai, are the most popular festivals in China. Water Splashing Festival", the Miao nationality's "tread flower mountain", the Lisu nationality's "knife pole festival" and so on is famous, festival activities are colorful. Every festival, people of all ethnic groups will wear their own hand-embroidered and dyed ethnic dresses and gather together from all directions to hold wrestling, bullfighting, song-singing and other activities. According to the season of the year, many customs are very popular among the people, such as the Xishan Tunes Festival on the third day of the third month of the lunar calendar, the Spring Treading in the Golden Temple on the ninth day of the first month, the Luofeng Mountaineering on the ninth day of the ninth month, and the Great Moon Viewing on the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival.
There are many kinds of local arts and culture in Kunming, such as Dian Opera, lanterns, Kunqu Opera, folk songs and ditties, as well as ethnic minority dramas, folk narrative poems, folk legends, etc., which have been developed and celebrated over hundreds of years and are popular among the general public.
3. Buyei Tutelage Tutelage is a way for the older generation to teach their own ethnic ethics to the younger generation, which can also be called family training. The Buyei believe that, "Poor tutelage; woe to the children and grandchildren."
Buyi people's politeness and hospitality, frugality and humility, respect for the old and love for the young, and support for the good and the bad are cultivated by the old generation's strict self-discipline and hard-earned teachings. Buyei old man often self-criticism: "clan prosperous family prosperity all rely on people, the tree leaves all rely on the root."
Prior to the founding of the People's Republic of China, very few Buyis were enrolled in school, and from birth to death, they all lived within the boundaries of the family. Therefore, the Buyei family is the educational base for the lifetime of their children, and tutoring is a lifelong way of education.
The Buyei's tutelage begins at an early age. "If you don't wrench at a young age, you will be bent at a big age" and "If you don't teach and talk, you will be corrupted in the world" are the words of the old people who warn the young parents. Young parents are always in accordance with the code of conduct handed down from the old generation, with a loving attitude, try to teach by example to let the child implicitly, not let the child get into the bad habits of pride, laziness, greed. They teach their children. "Stretcher to bundle tight, do things to understand the etiquette", "Bean people do not read, readers are not naive", "spiritual people to fight for time, naive people mixing time", "gallery sugar Water dripping from the old nest, the younger generation follows the older generation to learn."
Elderly people's education to young people, focusing on how to behave. Such as: "delicious do not eat more than, the words do not say all", "parents stay shallow to eat shallow, do not rob people to eat; parents stay deep to eat deep, do not pit people to eat", "to communicate with each other to straight talk, do things to etiquette in the first ", "Help your neighbors when they are in trouble, and support your family when the sky is falling", "Don't be too rich in the right way, and don't touch the money you don't deserve", "Be honest and take care of them, but don't help the spiritual ones. "
These are the most important of all the things you need to know about the world.
The traditional Buyei family practiced patriarchy, with the oldest person as the head. There are many families with three or four generations in the same house, which provides soil and conditions for family education. The Buyei people in the outside work or official, the old man's admonition language: "for the official eunuchs to be aware of the culture, do the official to ballast the king's law", "the river can see the bottom of the clear, the official can see the heart of the clear", "when the official does not know enough, the eyes of the people cry! ". ......
The Buyei people have generations of tutelage tradition. When the bride was married, her mother to sing "the marriage training women" education bride "...... heaven God is everyone's day, parents are their own day, good food to be left to the in-laws, you do not stay people say you wood know the rites. ......"
Buyi old people dying of illness, the Walled City prestigious elders to replace the dying old man to his children sing "last song". The admonition to the descendants of the old man's legacy "brothers to share with each other ...... sisters to share with each other, the heart is narrow do not quarrel, the heart hate also do not fight, lest in front of the old man to lose face, but also lest in front of friends to lose face."
Extended family life often allows the younger generation to witness what the elderly do, and parents often set an example for the next generation. The old man's mistakes, and often ask the next to make up. This kind of continuous improvement of family education, beneficial to the clan and people, beneficial to the country and family, the world has created a large number of outstanding children of the Buyi - Luo Ping County Zhongshan Village, small Dejiang village Li Qi, grew up under the influence of the Buyi family education, hardworking and simple, and courageous. 40 early had led the young people to the landlord and the shady gentry to carry out the liquidation of the struggle. After joining the guerrillas and party organizations, he undertook logistical work, traveled to villages and villages, and raised food and money. When the troops went out to open up new areas, he was often ready to arrange food and lodging for the troops before they arrived at their destination, and he worked hard for many years as one day. Li Jiaqi unfortunately fell into the clutches of the enemy's torture, strong and courageous, and finally by the enemy to cut the tongue, skinning, cramps, heroic sacrifice. Showed a Buyei **** production party members of the noble temperament.
The Buyei daughter Xiong Xiufen, who has served as deputy governor of Luoping County for the eighth, ninth and tenth terms, has a life of integrity and self-discipline, a simple life, conscientious work, and easy-going. When the deputy governor, in charge of cadres and personnel work, while the lover is a farmer. Bear although her husband's deep emotions, but not because of their own hands have the power to arrange jobs for their husbands. Before her death, several people in charge of the county asked her to make a personal request. She only asked that after her death, the funeral be kept simple. Asked her husband, children need to take care of anything, Xiong Vice Governor was silent for a while, before answering: "My lover is a good old man, used to the countryside, hardworking and quick hands. The county government hospitality center has a lot of chores, often looking for temporary workers. During the busy season of the hospitality center, please let him give priority to come to the hospitality center as a temporary worker."
The Buyei tutelage is one of China's valuable moral heritages. If those who are officials can be familiar with and accept some Buyei family teachings, they can be saved from being trapped in the mire of corruption and sin; if those who work for the people can be familiar with and accept some Buyei family teachings, they can turn themselves into a civilized and kind-hearted person.
4. Miao Folklore
The ancestors of the Miao people lived in the "Five Streams" area during the Qin and Han Dynasties, i.e., western Hunan and eastern Guizhou today. In the ancient Chinese texts, there have been records of the Miao ancestors more than 5,000 years ago, which are the clans and tribes from the Yellow River basin to the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River known as the "Southern Barbarians". The Hmong have a long history, and their ancestors may have been part of the ancient Sannan. It is said to have originated from the "Mane" people in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. During the Qin and Han dynasties, they mainly lived in the western Hunan and eastern Guizhou areas, including in the name of "Changsha and Wuling" or "Wuxi Barbarians", and then gradually migrated and scattered in the mountainous areas of southwest China. It is also believed to be related to the ancient "Jiu Li". Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan Miao so far Chi as their ancestors. Legend has it that Chi You is the "Nine Li" of the king, 5000 years ago, the Nine Li tribe and the Yellow Emperor tribal conflict, defeat and exit the lower reaches of the Yellow River, occupying the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Gradually formed "three Miao". After the 2nd century BC, most of the Miao ancestors moved to Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou. The Miao in Hainan were soldiers from Guangxi in the 16th century.
The Miao mainly live in the southeastern part of Guizhou Province, the Damiao Mountains in Guangxi, Hainan Island, and the border areas of Guizhou, Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi and other provinces and districts, population: 970,000. The Miao have a long history. In ancient Chinese texts, there are records about the ancestors of the Miao more than 5,000 years ago, which are the clans and tribes from the Yellow River basin to the south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River known as the "Southern Barbarians". The Miao do not have a written language, and the Miao language belongs to the Miao branch of the Miao-Yao language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Miao people live in the high mountains, mainly agricultural, crops include dry rice. Baogu, buckwheat, potatoes and beans, cash crops are hemp, usually their own hemp, their own textile. The Miao people have a rich oral folk literature, such as ancient songs, poems, love songs and so on. The Miao people are also good at dancing, and the Lusheng dance is the most popular.
The Miao people of Yunnan have a population of 907,000, accounting for 12.2% of China's Miao population. They mainly live in the Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, the Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture, the Zhaotong area, and the counties of Wuding and Luquan. The Miao have their own language and script.
The Miao have their own language, the Miao language is divided into three major dialects: Xiangxi, Qiandong and Sichuan-Guizhou-Yunnan. 1956 after the design of the Latin alphabet form of writing program. Because of the long history of interaction between the Miao and Han Chinese, a large proportion of the Miao are fluent in both Chinese and Chinese.
The Miao region is mainly agricultural, supplemented by hunting. The Miao's arts and crafts, such as flower picking, embroidery, brocade weaving, batik, paper-cutting, and jewelry making, are magnificent and colorful, and are famous both at home and abroad. Among them, the batik craft of the Miao people has a thousand-year history. There are more than 130 kinds of Miao costumes, which are comparable to those of any other ethnic group in the world. The Miao are an ethnic group that can sing and dance well, and are especially famous for their love songs and wine songs. The Lusheng is the most representative musical instrument of the Miao people.
The Miao are known for their ability to sing and dance, and their folk songs are especially rich. On the second day of the first month of the lunar calendar or on May 5 of the Flower Mountain Festival (i.e., Stomping on the Flower Mountain), young men and women gather together to stomp on the drums, dance with the reed-sheng, sing songs of love, and seek a spouse, while holding the Climbing Flower Pole and Doojang competitions. The Miao people specialize in linen weaving, embroidery and batik, and their craftsmanship is exquisite, which is highly praised both at home and abroad. Young men and women like to wear "five-colored clothes", which is a combination of batik and embroidery, and is very colorful. The Hmong are mainly engaged in family business. In the past, hunting was a major sideline, and bows and muskets were often used to hunt for prey, with the distribution method of "hunting birds across the mountains and giving them to those who see them" being practiced. Some Miao believe in folk polytheism and Christianity.
Etiquette
The Miao pay great attention to etiquette. Guests visit, must kill chickens and ducks hospitality, if it is a long way to the guests, the Miao people used to invite guests to drink horn wine. Eat chicken, chicken head to honor the guests in the elders, chicken legs to give the youngest guests. In some places, there is also the custom of sharing the heart of the chicken, that is, the oldest master of the family uses chopsticks to flick the heart of the chicken or duck to the guest, but the guest can not eat it himself, and must share the heart of the chicken equally with the old people in the audience. If the guests have a small capacity for alcohol and do not like to eat fat meat, they can explain the situation and the host will not force them to do so, but if they do not eat and drink enough, they will be regarded as looking down on the host.
The Miao people pay attention to the true feelings, very warm, the most taboo pomposity and hypocrisy. The master of the road to meet the guests do not take the first step, do not walk in front; conversation with honorific address; welcome guests to wear festive clothing; to the guests to the village outside the wine to welcome; guests to the door, the male host to call the door to inform the hostess at home, the hostess to sing the door to welcome the guests; in front of the guests, the hostess does not climb up the stairs; banquets to chickens, ducks to treat the guests as a delicacy, especially to the heart, the liver of the most expensive, to be the first to give to the guests or the elderly, the guests will be divided to the crowd to enjoy, the order of the guests to enjoy, and then to the guests. The guests would then share the food with all the people, in the order of the eldest and then the youngest. Guests should not call the host "Miaozi", they like to call themselves "Meng".
Costumes
Happy to wear silver jewelry is the nature of the Miao girls, they pull their hair in a bun on top of their heads, wearing about 20 centimeters high, beautifully crafted silver flower crowns, flower crowns inserted in front of the 6 uneven heights of the silver wings, most of which are made of two dragons playing with the beads pattern. In some areas, in addition to inserting silver pieces of silver crown, but also inserted about 1 meter high silver bullhorn, the tip of the corner Department of colorful floating, more noble and rich. Silver crown along the lower edge of the circle hanging silver flower belt, hanging a row of small silver flower pendant, the neck wearing a silver collar has several layers, more than a silver piece of beaten flowers and small silver ring even set and become. Chest wearing silver locks and silver pressure collar, chest, back wearing a silver cloak, hanging many small silver bells. The earrings and bracelets are all silver. Only the two sleeves show embroidery in a fiery red color, but the cuffs are also inlaid with a wider circle of silver ornaments. Miao girls often have several kilograms of dress, some of which have been inherited for several generations. Known as "flower clothes and silver Sai Tianxian" beauty. Miao silver craft, ornate and elaborate, ingenious, fully displaying the wisdom and talent of the Miao people. Miao clothing is not exactly the same everywhere, men with cloth head, wearing shorts, but the Miao women's dress is generally more elaborate, especially dress, extremely fine, a lot of flowers and decorations, some skirts have more than 40 layers, so the name "pleated skirt". The embroidered patterns on the dresses are ancient and colorful. The women are good at weaving, embroidery and batik, and their craftsmanship is very exquisite.
Customs
When you are a guest at a Hmong home, you should not eat the head of a chicken. Guests are also generally not allowed to clip chicken livers, chicken morsels and chicken legs; chicken guts and chicken morsels are to be honored for elderly women, while chicken legs are reserved for children. When you leave your Hmong host's home, be sure to politely say "wow chow", meaning "thank you", to thank the Hmong family for your hospitality.
Some Miao areas, avoid scrubbing drinking pots, rice packets, rice pots at any time, can only eat new rice when washing, to show that the old rice to meet the new rice. Scrubbing at any time will wash away the family wealth, rice is not enough to eat. Drinking raw water in the mountains is not to be drunk directly, must first hit the grass markers to show that kills the sick ghosts. Do not move the clothes of others put on the roadside, so as not to infect leprosy. Avoid children playing with small bows and arrows at home, for fear of hitting their ancestors. It is forbidden to cross a child's head, otherwise the child will not grow tall. It is forbidden for women to sit on the same bench with their elders.
Marriage
The Miao are monogamous, young men and women have traditional social activities before marriage. For example, "meeting girls" is a way for Miao youth to fall in love freely. The traditional festival of the Miao people is the annual Huashan Festival (held on the fifth day of the first month of the lunar calendar, also known as "Stomping on Huashan"), which is the most prosperous festival of the Miao people, during which young men and women dressed in festive costumes gather to sing songs and perform drum-stomping, lion and lusheng dances, which is a lively and extraordinary event.
An essential food for young men and women in the process of marriage is glutinous rice. Miao people in Chengbu, Hunan province, painted with mandarin ducks of glutinous rice as a token to give each other; held a wedding, the bride and groom to drink a cup of wine, the bridegroom also invited the bride and groom to eat painted with dragons and phoenixes and bong dolls pattern of glutinous rice.
Food customs
The Miao people in most areas eat three meals a day, with rice as the main food. Deep-fried food is most common in deep-fried poi. If you add some fresh meat and pickled vegetables as filling, the flavor is even more delicious.
Much of the meat comes from livestock, poultry raising, Sichuan, Yunnan and other places of the Miao people like to eat dog meat, there are "Miao dog, Yi wine," said. Miao cooking oil in addition to animal oil, mostly tea oil and vegetable oil.
Chili pepper as the main condiment, some areas even have "no spicy dishes" said. There are many kinds of dishes for the Miao people, and common vegetables include beans, melons, greens and radishes, and most of the Miao people are good at making bean products.
The Hmong people around the world generally like to eat sour dishes, sour soup is a must for every family. Sour soup is made from rice soup or tofu water, which is put into a tile jar and fermented for 3-5 days, then it can be used to cook meat, fish and vegetables.
The food preservation of the Hmong people is commonly done by pickling, and vegetables, chickens, ducks, fish, and meat are all preferred to be pickled into sour flavors. Almost every Hmong family has an altar for pickled food, collectively known as the sour altar.
The Miao people have a long history of brewing wine, from the production, fermentation, distillation, blending, cellar have a complete set of processes. Oil tea is the most common daily drink. The Miao people in western Hunan also have a special kind of Wanhua tea. Sour soup is also a common drink.
Typical foodstuffs include: blood dunking soup, chili bone, turtle and phoenix soup in Miao township, sheep cabbage, worm tea, ten thousand flowers tea, pounded fish, and fish in sour soup.
Festivals
The Miao people used to believe in the spirit of all things, worship nature, and worship their ancestors. There are many festivals, in addition to traditional annual festivals and sacrificial festivals, there are also festivals specifically related to eating. Such as: eating duck festival, eating new festival, fish festival, tea festival. In addition to the preparation of wine and meat for the festival, but also must prepare seasonal food.
Miao Nian Miao Nian Miao Nian is generally first in the first month of the first day of the month, lasting three, five days or fifteen days. Before the year, every family should prepare abundant New Year's food, in addition to killing pigs, slaughtering sheep (cattle), but also to prepare enough glutinous rice wine. The New Year's dinner is sumptuous, with "all seven colors" and "all five flavors", and the best glutinous rice is used to make "New Year's Poi". They are also known as the "New Year's Panda", which is made of the finest glutinous rice.
Fish Killing Festival Mostly in the riverside, women bring rice, bacon, sausage and other food and wine, as long as they catch fish, that is, the bonfire, set up pots and pans to cook the fish until they are full of fun to return.
"Drum Festival" is the largest Miao folk festival. Generally, it is a small festival for seven years and a big festival for thirteen years. In the lunar calendar from October to November of the Bhai day, when you have to kill a bullock cattle, dancing Lusheng dance, sacrifices to see the ancestors. When the food invited friends and relatives *** get together, in order to enhance the relationship, family harmony.
Treading the flower mountain is the territory of the Miao people's grand traditional festival, generally in the first, third and sixth days of the first month of the lunar calendar every year. Where there are Miao people living in the counties, these days are to set up flower poles, held a grand stamping flower mountain activities. This is not only a good time for young Miao men and women to talk about love, but also an important place for Miao people to carry out cultural, sports and recreational activities. Miao men, women and children, dressed in gold and silver, rushed from all directions to the foot of the flower pole, blowing Lusheng, playing loud scorn, jumping tripod, playing big knife, bullfighting, wrestling, fighting with painted eyebrows, climbing the flower pole.
Playing back festival Popular in parts of the territory of Funing County, held in the first three to fifteen days of the first month of the lunar calendar every year, is the festival of the Miao young men and women. During the festival, young men and women gather in the beautiful scenery on the hillside, when the beat back began, the male swarmed out, rushed to their chosen girl in front of one hand, one hand to hold the girl's neck, one hand blindfolded the girl's eyes, the other young man to beat her back. The girl, not to be outdone, laughs and struggles at the same time. When she breaks free, she catches the lads and returns the favor. The whole field, men chasing women, jumping around. Tired of playing, both men and women that is to find a place to play the earth phone (that is, with two bamboo tubes, the center with a long line, each on one side of the bamboo tube speech, singing can be heard), pouring out each other honeyed words of love, in order to enterprises to form a partner. After the love affair, they will tell their parents and choose an auspicious day to get married.
Architecture
Due to the long-term dispersed residence, the formation of different areas of their own characteristics, the houses are mostly wooden structure, with tile, cedar bark or thatched roof, Qianzhong or Qianxi region, there is a thin slate roof. Mountainous areas are mostly footstools; Hainan Island and Yunnan Zhaotong and other places are living in long thatched roofs or tree trunks cross-built "pitchfork room"; western Hunan area is a stone house.
The Hmong live in mountainous areas, and their houses are mostly made of tree fences, bark for walls, and tiles for the time of weaving; or they are made of bamboo or wooden tiles, with bedrooms, kitchens, and stables, and simple furnishings. Part of the Hmong live in the dam area, the housing also has water and soil structure of the tiled room, divided into three rooms, the left and right room each set a side door, the center room set the main door, that is, the main door. In part of the Hmong, the main door is generally not allowed to go in and out, where the home in the event of a wedding, funeral or sacrifice to the activities, only by the main door to go in and out.
5. Naxi marriage customs
Lijiang dam area in the past the Naxi people, due to the implementation of the policy of land reclassification in 1723 Yongzheng the first Han Chinese cultural influence deepened in the marriage has also been the implementation of monogamy and parents arranged marriage system. Children's marriages are arranged by parents, matchmakers, with cattle, goats, pigs and wine. Marriage, pay attention to the family, three from the four virtues, the husband sings with the woman and other traditional Chinese ethics, Lijiang Naxi and the Han, Tibetan marriage more. Within the ethnic group, people of different clans with the same surname can intermarry, but it is absolutely forbidden for people of the same family to get married. Marriage, a stream have to go through the betrothal, wine, wedding procedures:
Betrothal, the Naxi language called "Ribeng", meaning "send two". Boys grow to five. Six years old, parents will pay attention to his search for a daughter-in-law, please fortune-teller or priest Dongba row eight, on the birthdate, or to the temple to burn incense and ask for a sign. If the girl and the son's birth date match, the parents will ask the matchmaker to bring a pot of wine to the woman's home for the son to say. If the woman's parents agree, when the girl is about ten years old, they will choose a date to hold a wedding. At the time of engagement, the man's family must send gifts to the woman's family, the first time called "small wine", the man gave the woman's family two liters of rice (about 20 pounds), a jar of wine (about 5 catties), two to four boxes of brown sugar, two packages of tea. Sugar, tea, wine is indispensable gifts, the rest of the gift of how much. Depending on the wealth of the man to decide. After the wine, either party feels that the marriage is not suitable, can be reversed, such as the woman wants to withdraw from the marriage, the gifts received must be returned to the man's family as much as possible: ming men want to break the contract, the decision to notify the woman can be.
After a year and a half of small wine, the man's family sent a second gift to the woman's family, called the "big wine". In addition to the small wine gifts, but also give a cloth (7 feet or so), two pieces of clothing, jade or silver bracelets, a pair of thirty pounds of pork, a number of cash, etc., red and colorful, by the matchmaker and the male family friends and relatives sent to the female family. The woman's side to the banquet, guests drink the wine sent by the male family, praising the wine, wine, sweet, and congratulations to the marriage of the two families. After the banquet, the woman sends a pot of wine and two boxes of brown sugar or some brown sticks to the man's family as a gift. The man's family then presents the wine returned by the woman to the ancestors and invites friends and relatives to a banquet. After the "big wine", both parties can no longer regret the marriage.
The day after the delivery of the "big wine", the closest relatives of the man's family went to the woman's family to meet their relatives, and from then on, the two families began to visit each other. Since the marriage to the marriage, the man every year in the Dragon Boat Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the winter solstice three festivals, we must ask the matchmaker to the female family to send a tray of rice (about 5 pounds). Tea two packets, two boxes of brown sugar, some places, in the harvest time, the male party to ask the unmarried daughter-in-law to help cut wheat for a day, choose to send a packet of high-quality wheat gifts to the female side, as the woman's "private room". Every Spring Festival, unmarried men and women each find a companion, accompanied by the other side of the home to pay homage to the New Year. If any one of them has something to do at home, the other party will come to help, but unmarried couples cannot talk to each other or contact each other, and must strictly abide by traditional ethics.
Men and women about twenty years old, Fang chose an auspicious day to hold a wedding, the Naxi language called "Chumi Ru, meaning" marrying a daughter-in-law ". The wedding is organized by the competent elders of the groom's family, assigned by the same family. A few days before the wedding, the groom's family yard to set up a big tent, in the gate and the yard to set up the wedding pagoda. Wealthy families also hang lanterns and paintings, and the whole place is decorated with lights and colors. Above the door frame of the bridal chamber, hang a sieve with red paper paste in vain, inserted three arrows made of willow or peach, well written on the red paper "Kirin in this" four words, in order to drive away evil spirits and good fortune.
On the first day of the official wedding, the matchmaker led the male relatives and friends and drummers, carrying the bride's clothes, cloth, wine, meat, rice, sugar, tea, mooncakes and baoying (rice or glutinous rice steamed, and then pressed into a wooden mold into a speech), plus 30 to 50 yuan half-open (the value of the past), went to the woman's home, along the way, blowing and beating, no less than a hustle and bustle. The woman's family puts the man's bride price on a square table in the courtyard and holds a simple acceptance ceremony. Gift-giving people in the woman's home to eat refreshments or lunch that is to return. In the evening, the male family set up sweets, candied fruit, wine and tea in the courtyard to entertain young people from the same and neighboring villages. The young men and women sing wedding songs, dance, and laugh and quiz to celebrate the occasion. Women's families also entertain young men and women in their own villages, singing and dancing the old song "Marrying the Daughter". The young people envisioned a happy life in the future, dancing late into the night, the bridegroom and a boy with both parents or a close friend to live in the new room, commonly known as "pressure on the bed". Symbolizing the groom's future as a companion friend's home, children and grandchildren, the whole family more than one.
The next day to officially welcome the bride, a feast, also known as "do big wine". Early in the morning, the male family matchmakers, drummers and friends and relatives, with the bride need to wear the clothes of the wedding, to the female home to meet the bride, the bride changed into new clothes sent by the men's home, covered with a red coat, head inserted into the first word and flowers, and then masked with a red cloth bandana, while worshipping the ancestors, to say goodbye to their parents and relatives and friends, while weeping, expressed reluctance to leave them. The bride travels in a sedan chair or on foot, depending on the economic conditions of the man's family and the distance of the journey. However, she must be accompanied to the man's house by elders, siblings, and female companions. The dowry accompanying the bride's family, generally two large wooden cabinets, a pair of boxes, bedding two to four beds, a number of sets of clothes, embroidered shoes, one, twenty pairs of fire, copper pots, copper pots, copper pots, copper plates, copper spoons, copper locks and copper buckets and other household utensils, as well as grooming supplies, with the bride sent to the male family: the front of the marriage procession, in the middle of the one man holding a cypress made of torches to open up the way, the intention is to remove the bad air, expelling the evil, good luck, on the way to the male family, the bride will be sent to the family. Great Luck, on the way, "the teenagers scramble to grab the bride to cover the face of the red bandana, grabbed the hand, by the bride with the candy back.
The groom wore a long shirt and waistcoat, with a bowler hat in front of the door to meet the waiting (there are also personally traveled to the woman's home to meet the bride). Once the bride arrives, the groom goes up and lifts the curtains of the sedan chair, helps the bride out of the sedan chair, and then bows down to thank the people who are giving her away. When the bride enters the front door, she must cross the threshold in the middle of the "saddle" (which is wrapped in red paper and pasted on the door), which means that after crossing the "saddle", she is considered a member of the male family. The bride and the new bride. First Ling Shishang or Kitchen in front of the ancestors to pay homage to the ancestors, and then into the bridal chamber, the groom should immediately change into the bride to send the new shoes with red silk thread, indicating that the future will never be separated, and then out of the bridal chamber to greet the guests. The bride" in the room to take off the red coat, re-dressing. After a while, the companions surrounded the groom, the bride to the hall, held a "sub-size ceremony", that is, in accordance with the elders of the bridegroom's side of the affinity to thank, and finally worship guests.
After the ceremony, according to the traditional custom, male and female guests were seated? Male guests, the bride's brother or nephew is honored as the guest of honor, sitting in the chief, female guests, the bride's mother and companion of the daughter of the most respected: the rest of the guests, according to the eldest and youngest affinity to the seat. At least six plates and six bowls are set up for the wedding banquet, the groom makes a toast to the men's table, and the bride goes to the women's table to drink. Friends and family members drink and wish the new couple a happy marriage. At night, young people sing and dance wedding songs, happy songs and happy tunes around the bonfire, some all night long. The host entertains the guests with wine, tea, fruits and candies, and the bride and groom come out to make a toast. The higher the guests' spirits, the more honor and good fortune the host feels. After the groom, the bride people cave, some places have the custom of the cave.
The third day of the bride and groom back to the door, by the female family feast. After breakfast, the bride and groom dressed up, accompanied by male and female companions and relatives, went to the woman's home to save the family, and bring tea, sugar, meat, bait and other gifts; almost to the bride's home, the bride let out a cry, said anxious to see their parents and siblings. After arriving at the woman's home, the new couple first worships their ancestors, then their parents and elders, and finally toasts to the guests: the groom performs three rituals and nine kowtows, and the bride performs four rituals and eight bows. The guests drink and bless the bride and give her some gifts. Female young men and women to the bridegroom and male companions to sit on the special seat to toast, while teasing them to make things difficult, such as in the end to them in the big bowl Wei put a long fan; with horsetail hair or hair on a piece of meat skewered together, piled up and full of rice and pointed and so on, that night, the couple must return, can not stay at the female family, the female family should be given back to the daughter, son-in-law, such as gifts of wine, sugar.
The fourth day if the bride and groom from Lijiang Old Town, such as close, with the tour of Lijiang Old Town Street, to the road to friends and relatives to distribute candy. On the fifth day, the bride alone back to her mother's home to save her family, with her mother. Sisters, female companions talk. Her parents re-educate her on the rules and etiquette of dealing with people and life. However, the bride must return to her husband's home that night.
In the marriage relationship, Lijiang Dam District Naxi prevalent aunts and uncles cousins preferential marriage (Naxi language called "A Bei Zemi that", meaning "uncle can be forced to recognize the aunt's daughter as a daughter-in-law"). In accordance with traditional customs, the uncle's son has the right to marry his aunt's sister, even if the uncle's cousin is a fool, the aunt's sister does not have the right to refuse to marry. The uncle only allows his niece to marry his son if she is sick or disabled or if her birthdate does not match that of his son.