Gansu Gangu a site, found half a century before attracting attention, experts: unveil the secrets of the old Qin people

The Qin dynasty is the first feudal unification of China's history of multi-ethnic dynasties, created a series of feudal rule system, to the later generations have had a profound impact. The question of the origin of Qin culture has always attracted much attention. The discovery of a series of early Qin cultural relics in eastern Gansu has unveiled the mystery of early Qin history for us, and the Maojiaping site in Gangu County is one of the important early Qin cultural relics, and its discovery provides important information for the early Qin culture and its chronology, the migration routes of the Qin people, and the relationship between Qin and Xirong, which pushes the chronology of the Qin culture to the Western Zhou Dynasty, and has been honored as the Top Ten Archaeological Discoveries in 2014. The Maojiaping site is located in Maojiaping Village, Pan'an Town, Gangu County, 25 kilometers from the county seat. Maojiaping village south of Zhuwuling gentle slopes, north of the Weihe River, east of Pan'an Town, west of the small South River water north into Wei, is the Weihe River south bank of the second level of the tableland. The northern part of the site is a residential area, and the southern part is a burial area. The burial area is divided into two parts: the east part of the ditch and the west part of the ditch by a ditch. The village of Maojiaping is a thoroughfare from east to west and connected to north and south, which is the necessary route of the Silk Road, and its special geographic location makes it play an important role in the pre-Qin history of Longyi. Distribution map of Maojiaping site I. Origin of excavation of Maojiaping site In 1947, the famous archaeologist Mr. Pei Wenzhong in the Weihe River Basin survey has found the site of Maojiaping, and as prehistoric culture to be marked. 1982 to 1983, Gansu Provincial Cultural Relics Task Force, Peking University, and other units of the excavation, and made important gains, found with the Zhou-Qin cultural factors of the remains of the A group and the *** exist and cultural characteristics of unique. * * * exist and cultural characteristics of the unique group B remains. Since then, the site of maojiaping silent for more than 20 years, until the emergence of "qinghua jian", maojiaping site back to people's horizons. Tsinghua Jane, is short for a group of warring states chu jian in 2008 into the collection of tsinghua university. Qinghua Jane "Department of the year", "Fei Li (Lian) fled to the east in the Shang Qa (Gai) clan. King Cheng invaded Shangqa (Gai), killed Feili (Lian), and moved the people of Shangqa (Gai) westward to the prison of Zhu (邾)(朱), in order to defend against the Rong of Nu (奴虘之戎), which was the ancestor of Qin." According to Mr. Li Xueqin, ""邾圄 "i.e., Zhuwu Mountain in the southwest of present-day Gangu. Zhuwu Mountain stretches across the south bank of the Weishui River in the southwest of Gangu, the mountain belongs to the remnants of the Qinling Mountains, stretching for dozens of miles, is the formation of the Danxia landforms of the Weishui undercutting, showing a reddish color, so it is called Zhuwu Mountain. Yugong" said: "West leaning, Zhumeng, bird mice, to the Taihua." It can be seen that Zhumang Mountain was already a famous mountain in Longyi in the pre-Qin period. As for the geographical location of Zhumeng, the "Water Classic" said, "The mountain is in Wuzhongju." Wuzhongju, i.e., today's Gangu southwest thirty store, here is the main peak of ZhuMengShan is located. Accordingly, Li Xueqin that King Cheng of the Zhou Dynasty relocated west of the people of Shang Am in southwest Gangu. Qinghua Jane "Department of the year" is a major progress in recent years, early Qin cultural research, urgently need the support of archaeological data. The south bank of the Wei River in the Zhumangshan In the literature research progress at the same time, the early Qin culture archaeological investigation is also in full swing. 2004, by the Gansu Provincial Institute of cultural relics and archaeology, the National Museum of field archaeology department, Peking University School of archaeology and literature and blogging, Shaanxi Provincial Research Institute of archaeology, Northwestern University, such as cultural heritage and other five units set up by the early Qin culture of the joint archaeological team, has been carried out in the east of the Longdong region. Large-scale archaeological surveys and excavations of key sites such as Dabaozi Mountain in Lixian County and Liya Site in Qingshui County have yielded fruitful results. Mr. Wang Guowei's "twofold evidence method" of combining "materials on paper" and "new materials underground" for ancient history research has been held up as a guideline by historical researchers, and early The progress of Qin culture literature research and archaeological investigation, the Maojiaping site near Zhumanshan once again focuses the attention of the academic community, and people are eager to further excavate the Maojiaping site in order to confirm the westward relocation of the Qin people to Zhumanshan as described in the Qinghua Jane. In this context, in 2012, the archaeological excavation of Maojiaping site officially opened. Second, the new archaeological discoveries From 2012 to 2014, the early Qin culture joint archaeological team of the site of Maogiaping lasted three years of excavation work, *** counting the excavation area of 4,000 square meters, 199 burials, ash pits 752, 5 pits of carriages and horses. Unearthed copper containers 51 pieces, more than 500 pieces of pottery, small pieces of more than a thousand pieces (groups). The archaeological excavation achieved significant results, greatly revealing the cultural landscape of the Maojiaping site and providing rich information for the study of early Qin culture. Among them, the most important results are none other than ""Jingo Iron Horse"--Zi Chege and Carriage Pit. 1, Carriage Pit In the excavation of Maojiaping site, 10 excavation sites (A-J) were selected. in the first half of 2013, a large remains were found out in excavation site D, which was initially judged to be a tomb and was not excavated until the second half of the year when a small tomb was found in its southwestern corner, and the leader, Prof. Liang Yun, realized that it should be a large relic. at the end of September, the large carriage pit with the number of K201 was presented in front of the people. . Carriage pit 10 meters long, 3 meters wide, facing northwest, horse east car west, arranged in sequence with three carriages and horses, numbered one, two, three car. Maojiaping car and horse pit K201 The first car is located in the eastern part of the pit, for the guide car. Four horses and a car, the horse was kneeling posture, the horse's head has a complex of ornaments, articulation, and horsebit. The second car is located in the center of the pit, the main car, extremely luxurious. By the left and right service horse and carriage composition, two horses wearing lacquer painted armor. Horse armor decorated with copper bubbles, cloud pattern copper ornaments, horse body armor decorated with red lacquer and black color hooked coiled viper pattern, the abdomen has copper bubbles. The mikoshi boards are covered with cowhide and black lacquer, with images of tigers, leopards, horses, sheep, rabbits and other animals painted in iridescent colors, all in the form of running, vivid and vivid. K201 No. 2 Car K201 No. 2 Car Decoration The third car is located in the western part of the pit and is a slave car. The team of horses is kneeling in front of the car, and the traces of the carriage and the carriage are clear, with the carriage decorated with a black coiled viper pattern on a white background. There is a rattan basket in the northwest corner of the mikoshi, containing the heads of cattle and sheep. The horses used in the car and horse pit were all disposed of after being killed, and their orientation was consistent with the direction of the tomb, reflecting the function of burial. The mikoshi is a two-wheeled, one-shafted carriage with a clear structure. Inside the car and horse pit, there are three luxurious and well-arranged mikoshi, showing the noble status of the owners. According to the introduction, this type is similar to that found in the Qin Tomb of Douji Terrace in Baoji, which is undoubtedly a manifestation of the maturity of Qin cultural factors. 2. Ziqi Gao The discovery of Carriage Pit K201 is undoubtedly exciting, but its main tomb has not yet been discovered. Excavations carried out in October 2014, the leader of the team, Professor Liang Yun, judged that the owner of the tomb should be in the northwestern part of the car pit, and indeed, in the drilling site previously misjudged as a gray ditch, two large tombs of more than 4.5 meters in length were found, and confirmed to be the main tomb of the car pit, No. M2059. The M2059 tomb is to the north-west, with a niche on each of the four walls, and a coffin in each of the niches. Two people were martyred in the east niche, and one person was martyred in each of the remaining west, north and south niches. Inside the tomb, there is one coffin and one coffin, and in the head box between the coffin and the coffin, there are bronze ceremonial vessels, including five tripods, four gui, two square pots, and one each of 甗, dun, plate, and washbasin, ****15 pieces of bronze containers, and 13 pieces of ceramic vessels. There are martyred dogs on the lid of the outer coffin and the decoration of the outer coffin. Schematic diagram of Maojiaping Site M2059 The inner coffin is lacquered leather, with cinnabar around the human bones, and turquoise earrings were found beside the body, as well as a pile of gold, agate and other beads of various colors. The next discovery was even more exciting for the archaeologists. A copper go was unearthed from the right arm of the tomb owner in the inner coffin, and two lines of inscriptions were carved on the hu part of the tomb, ****14 words, one of which was clearly recognizable: "The Duke of Qin used it for the son's car". This discovery is shocking, the identity of the owner of the tomb was revealed immediately, this is a general of the Zi Che clan. Zi Che Go The Zi Che clan was a prominent member of the Ying Qin clan. "Poetry - Yellow Bird" says, "The yellow bird that crosses the road stops at the thorns. Who is from the Duke of Mu? Zi Che amen." In this regard, the sixth year of Zuo Zhuan (左传)-Wen Gong (文公六年) reads, "The Qin emperor Ren Hao died. The three sons of the Zi Che clan, Am Xi, Zhong Xing, and Pin Hu, all good men of Qin, were martyred. The people of the country mourned their deaths and composed "The Yellow Bird" for them." The Yellow Bird tells of the martyrdom of the three sons of the Zi Che clan, namely, Amahi, Zhongxing and Needlehu, for Duke Mu of Qin. The Maogiaping Zi Che Go's indicates that the tomb owner is a member of the Zi Che family with a distinguished status, thus confirming the record of "Sanliang from Death" in the Poetry, Zuo Zhuan and Shi Ji about Zi Che's "three liangs from death" for Duke Mu of Qin. At the same time, it also indicates that the Maojiaping Gouxi Cemetery may be the family cemetery of the Zi Che clan. The discovery of such a high-grade burials and large-scale site group, so that the status of the Maojiaping site rose to a new height, how to position it, become the focus of attention of the academic community, which triggered an academic vibration, prompting the study of the early Qin culture to take a big step forward. Third, the cultural factors of maojiaping site 1, maojiaping site of the genus 30 years ago, archaeologists according to maojiaping east Zhou period B group remains with the same period of Longyue area temple puddle culture for comparison, confirmed that its genus for the Rong. New archaeological discoveries have revealed a richer cultural landscape, especially the discovery of high-grade burials, and have triggered renewed discussions in the academic community about the genus of the Maojiaping clan. The widespread flexed-limb burials are different from the straight-limb burials adopted by the upper levels of the Ying Qin, and even the aristocratic tombs among them, such as M2058 in the west of the ditch and M1049 in the east of the ditch, are of the flexed-limb burial style. "These high-level tombs, dating from the mid- to late Spring and Autumn period, are judged by their flexed limbs, and their owners are not of the same clan as Qin." "Belonging to the ruling class of Jidi, they merely followed the Qin rites in their burial customs." (History Party Society, "The Corroboration of Early Qin Culture and the History of the Administrative System--Re-reading Mao Jiaping.") Since the several high-ranking tombs were also not of the Ying Qin clan, it is natural that the vast middle and lower classes were not of the same clan as the Qin. What were they? According to Prof. Shi Dangshe, the owners of the Maojiaping graveyard should be a group of people mainly from Jirong. That is, part of the Xirong. 2, the cultural factors of the Maojiaping site Maojiaping site is the most significant cultural characteristics of the Zhou-Qin culture, Qin culture is in the mother of the Zhou culture to develop and grow up. In the west of Gangu, Longxi West River beach had found the typical Zhou cultural remains, which indicates that the Zhou culture originated in the Longdong region early influence to the Longyi area. In this context, the Qin culture of Maojiaping site was inevitably influenced by the Zhou culture. For example, the system of five tripods and four gui used in M2059 is consistent with the Zhou culture. Maojiaping site unearthed copper earthenware vessel, copper tripod Longyue region archaeological discovery shows that the temple pudding culture has a typical northwest indigenous cultural characteristics, that is, "" Xijong "used by the culture, Maogiaping" "Group B remains" embodies the characteristics of the Xijong culture. This shows that after the rise of the Qin people in the right side of the Long River, the local Rong people were also integrated into it, and the vast number of indigenous people of the Rong system was the main force that constituted the new Qin people, so the Rong cultural factors were also reflected in the Maojiaping site, which was also confirmed in the archaeological remains. Such as the prevalence of flexion burials and other factors, which is the result of the Qin people absorbed Rong cultural factors. Fourth, the attributes of the Maojiaping site Maojiaping site belongs to the pre-Qin Jirong land, later in the territory of the Qin's Jixian, the "Records of the Historical Records - Qin Benji" records that the Qin Wugong ten years (688 BC), "cut down Gui, Jirong, the beginning of the county." According to Mr. Shi Dangshe, the Qin "first county" of Gui and Ji, i.e., the two places were the dependencies of the Qin, and after the middle of the Warring States period, they formally became the two counties of Gui and Ji. (Shi Dangshe: "Early Qin culture and administrative system history of the corroboration of the history - reread Mao Jiaping") Mao Jiaping village west of a small south river, "water Jingzhu" called the warm valley water, tracing the water up, over the watershed, you can reach the Lixian Dabaozi mountain Qin West Mausoleum; Mao Jiaping due west of Wushan County for the badger Rong's location; Mao Jiaping due north of Tongwei County is the place of Xiangrong. As Liang Yun puts it, "The site was a must-passing place for the Qin people to go south and north, and its geographic location was so important that it was never abandoned from the Western Zhou to the Warring States period; the cemetery is very large, and its nature may be related to Jixian County, which was set up by Duke Wudong of Qin." (Liang Yun: "Maojiaping in Gangu, an Important Site of Qin Culture") Literature and History says At this point, we can form a general impression of the Maojiaping site, which is the site of Jijong under the influence of the Zhou culture, and which was owned by the Qin people from the early Spring and Autumn period to the middle of the Warring States period, when the Duke of Qin appointed officials at the level of dafu (大夫)to manage the site, and which "should have been an important bridge for the Qin to control the ' Xirong', an important bridgehead for the Qin to control, and an important support base for the Qin's eastward direction".M2059 is precisely the tomb of the Zi Che clan, the prefect of Jiji. It can be inferred that during the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the Qin people practiced the early county system of administration in Jidi, including Maojiaping, which should be the border of the Qin territory. The excavation of the Maojiaping site is a major breakthrough in the study of Qin culture in the 21st century, which reveals the face of early Qin culture and the relationship between the Qin and the Rong, and its rich cultural factors are enough to become the coordinates of the study of pre-Qin culture in the Longyue region. References: Wang Xiumei: The Book of Songs, China Book of Books, 2009 edition. Yang Bojun: Notes on the Left Biography of the Spring and Autumn Period, 2016 edition. Sima Qian: The Records of the Grand Historian (史记), China Book of History (中华书局), 1985 edition. Song Xiqun: "The latest archaeological research results show that the site of Maojiaping should be the county seat of Jixian County established by Duke Wu of Qin", December 18, 2014, p. 005. Liang Yun: "秦文化重要遗址甘谷毛家坪",《大众考古》2013年5月。 Xiao Yu: "Qin Culture Exploration-Archaeological Record of the Maojiaping Site," Popular Archaeology, February 2015 Shi Dangshe: "The Imprint of Early Qin Culture and the History of the Administrative System-Re-reading Maojiaping," Chinese History Research Dynamics, No. 4, 2017. (Author: Haoran Wenshi - Jicheng Chenguang) This article is an original work of Haoran Wenshi, a self-media of literature and history science, and its reproduction is prohibited without authorization! The pictures used in this article, except for special instructions are from the Internet, if infringement please contact the author to delete, thank you!