Jasmine belongs to the Rhinocerosidae family and the genus Jasminum. It is a small perennial evergreen shrub native to tropical and subtropical areas. Jasmine has emerald green leaves, white and jade-like flowers, and a delicate and gentle fragrance. It is known as the first fragrant flower and has excellent ornamental value. It also has high economic value. Jasmine is the most important tea fragrance flower in my country. Jasmine flowers and tea leaves are used to make jasmine tea, which makes the tea rich and refreshing, and also stores the fragrant floral fragrance. The tea absorbs the floral fragrance, the flowers enhance the tea leaves, and the floral fragrance of the tea leaves is integrated. Jasmine tea is not only universally loved by our people, but also unique and famous in the international market. Jasmine is an important raw material for extracting essence, and jasmine is also used for medicinal purposes. It is cultivated as a fragrant flower for tea in our county and plays a high economic role.
1. Garden site selection
Jasmine is native to the subtropics and adapts to environmental conditions of high temperature and fertile soil. Its requirements for the ecological environment are: it likes light and is afraid of shade, likes fat and fears thinness, and likes acid and is afraid of acidity. Alkali, joy and fear of boredom. Therefore, when we choose a garden site, we try to be as close to its ecological environment as possible, and choose land with sufficient sunlight, deep soil, fertile and acidic soil, sufficient water sources, good drainage and irrigation, and convenient transportation to plant jasmine. According to the fact that after jasmine enters the flower-picking season, flowers must be picked every day and transported to the processing factory for sale. The number of flower-picking days is more than 200 days per year, so the land where jasmine is planted should be within 10 kilometers from the jasmine factory to facilitate transportation and sales.
2. Variety Selection
Jasmine belongs to the species Oleacea, Jasminum genus, evergreen climbing shrub. According to the survey, there are currently more than 60 jasmine varieties in my country, among which the cultivated varieties mainly include single There are three types of jasmine, double jasmine and multiple jasmine.
1. Single-petal jasmine: The plant is relatively short, 70-90 cm high, with small stems and branches in the shape of a vine, so it is called vine jasmine. The flower buds are slightly pointed and long, small and light, and the yield is relatively small. Double-petaled jasmine is taller than double-petaled jasmine. It is not tolerant to cold and waterlogging, and has weak resistance to diseases and insect pests.
2. Double-petal jasmine is the main variety cultivated in large areas in my country for scenting scented tea. The plant is 1-1.5 meters high, upright and unripe, with many branches, thick stems and branches, and dark-colored leaves. Green, the leaves are thick and shiny, the flowers are larger than single-petal jasmine and multi-petal jasmine, and the buds are white and oily, with obvious wax. The flowers have a strong fragrance, strong growth and strong adaptability. The flower yield (more than 3 years) can reach more than 500 kilograms per mu.
3. Multi-petal jasmine: The branches have obvious Pang-like protrusions, the leaves are dark green, the flowers are tightly knotted, round and small, and the top is slightly concave. The blooming time of multi-petal jasmine is too long, the aroma is weak, and the yield is low. It is generally not used as a flower for scented tea.
The jasmine variety cultivated in our county is the double-petal jasmine introduced from Hengxian County, Guangxi by Lin Xuheng, the founder of the original Yuyuan Company. In 2000, the science and technology team of our county's Agricultural Bureau conducted a jasmine introduction observation test. The introduced varieties were double-petal jasmine and multi-petal jasmine, but no single-petal jasmine was introduced. The multi-petal jasmine flowers bloom for a long time and do not finish blooming from 7 pm to the next day. They have a weak aroma and low yield, making them unsatisfactory for making scented tea. Double-petal jasmine was determined to be a cultivated variety in our county.
3. Jasmine seedling cultivation technology
Jasmine generally does not bear fruit after blooming (rarely does fruiting), and only asexual reproduction can be used for production. There are several methods such as cutting, layering, and division. Jasmine has strong regeneration ability. The cutting method has the advantages of fast rooting and high seedling rate. Compared with the layering method and the division method, it has the advantages of easy operation and material saving, so it is widely used.
1. Layering propagation and layering propagation are to use the branches sprouted from the lower part of the jasmine plant or the branch tips with a certain length, and press the middle part into the soil to make it grow new roots, and then cut off the mother branch. Become an independent new plant. The prerequisite is that there must be a mother tree of jasmine, and there are not many branches that can be pressed by each cluster of mother trees, which cannot meet the large supply of seedlings. Potted plants and missing ponds are usually used to fill the seedlings.
2. Propagation by division: Jasmine is a bushy shrub, and its rhizomes can produce many adventitious roots. Plants that are more than two years old often have several stems and branches, and these rooted stems can be used for propagation by division. The prerequisite for this method is that there must be a jasmine mother tree that is more than two years old. Moreover, the reproduction number is lower than that of layering and cuttings, which cannot meet the needs of large-scale cultivation.
Cutting propagation seedbeds occupy less space and have high land utilization rate. About 100,000 seedlings can be propagated per acre. Since the cuttings are concentrated in the nursery, it is easy to manage and there is ample room to select seedlings. Therefore, the seedlings are of high quality and grow neatly. At the same time, they are suitable for the requirements of large-scale production of seedlings, so they are widely used in production.
The seedlings used for production in our county in 1998-99 were mainly transported by Yuyuan Company from Hengxian County, Guangxi. In the county, Yuyuan Company and self-employed Li Hongzhou conducted on-site seedling cultivation experiments. In March 1998, Yuyuan Company transported branches from Hengxian County, Guangxi Province for seedling cultivation, and cultivated 130,000 seedlings. In 1999, Yuyuan Company cultivated 190,000 seedlings, and individual Li Hongzhou cultivated 330,000 seedlings. In 2000, the number of nursery households increased to 5, the nursery area increased to 100 acres, and the number of nursery plants increased to 10 million. In 2002, our county still had 5 million seedlings available for field transplanting.
How to raise seedlings by cuttings:
(1) Select cuttings. The cuttings used for propagation mainly come from branches cut during annual pruning. It is necessary to select mature branches that are free from diseases and insect pests and have a certain thickness. The middle and lower parts of the same branch are the best.
(2) Selection of nursery: sandy soil or sandy loam soil requiring loose and fertile soil, sufficient water source, convenient drainage and irrigation, and convenient transportation.
(3) Preparation of soil moisture: Before raising seedlings, plow and dry the nursery ground deeply, rake and level it, and dig drainage and irrigation ditches around them. According to the moisture content, the width of the ditch is 120 cm, the ditch width is 25 cm, and the ditch is 20 cm deep. Manage the moisture, make the moisture surface smooth and the soil particles are finely crushed. After fully watering the seedbed, spray the seedbed with 150 ml/acre of pre-emergent herbicide Dua Mixture mixed with water. Cover the bed with mulch when raising seedlings in winter.
(4) Cutting and processing
Collect the branches cut during annual overhaul in a shaded place, organize manpower to cut the cuttings, the operation method is: choose 2-3 branches with a length of about 10 cm, cut off the leaves, cut the upper end flat about 1 cm away from the axillary bud, and cut the lower end about 1 cm away from the axillary bud into a 45-degree oblique opening, and bundle them into 80-100 pieces. , keep the cut cuttings moist and moist in a cool place.
Before cutting, the cuttings should be treated with chemicals. First, soak them in a solution of 1000 times prepared by Sibak for 3-5 minutes, take them out and let them dry. Then soak it in 50PPM rooting powder for 20-30 minutes, take it out, and cut it on the seedbed with a spacing of 12 cm × 4 cm. When cutting, the top of the cutting is about 3 cm away from the soil surface. 150,000 cuttings can be taken per acre.
(5) Seedbed management for cuttings
The seedbed for cuttings should keep the soil moist, pay attention to weeding frequently on sunny days, and keep the seedlings free of weeds and cover. The seedlings in the seedbed are small and have few root systems. Water and fertilizer must be applied, preferably with clean manure water. Apply thinly and frequently, and fertilize once a month. When pests and diseases are found in the seedbed, timely control should be carried out. Spray 1000 times of Sclerotium + 1000 times of Insecticide once a month. Seedlings can only be taken out of the nursery after they have grown to 6-8 months, have more than two branches, two layers of root systems, and a height of more than 30 cm.
4. Transplanting
1. Transplanting period
It can be carried out all year round in places with irrigation conditions in Yuanjiang County. However, spring and autumn are the best seasons. Yuanjiang mainly grows jasmine in double-cropping rice fields and fruit-sugar cane fields. The land is free in spring and autumn. In addition, the temperature in Yuanjiang gradually rises in spring, which is suitable for the root system of jasmine to survive and grow. At the same time, it can be harvested the same year it is planted. The temperature in autumn is also very suitable for the growth of jasmine roots. In summer, there is no free land in the Yuanjiang Hot Dam area, and the temperature is too high, which is not suitable for the jasmine root system. When transplanting, the leaves are easy to dry out and affect the survival. In winter, the temperature in Yuanjiang is also low and the wind is strong, which easily dries the leaves. The growth of jasmine is slow and affects the survival. In 1998, 510 acres of seedlings were introduced in our county from November to December, but the survival rate of the seedlings was only about 50% due to the freshness of the seedlings and the low temperature. In 1999, 1,115 acres were introduced in spring and autumn, and the survival rate in field surveys was over 90%.
2. Cultivation specifications
In order to facilitate organization, the soil should be planted at a high soil moisture. The soil moisture and width should be conducive to fertilization, soil cultivation and harvesting. Generally, the soil moisture is 120 cm wide and 20 cm high. cm, the moisture groove is 25 cm wide. Dig a planting trench 30 cm wide and 10 cm deep on both sides of the soil surface, with a plant spacing of 25 cm and a row spacing of 60 cm. Plant 4,000 plants per acre.
In 2000, the Science and Technology Group of the Agricultural Bureau conducted a jasmine cultivation density test, using double-row strip cultivation and three treatments of 3,500, 4,000 and 4,500 plants per mu. It was transplanted on March 11, 2000, and flower picking started on June 25. The flower picking period is from June to October. After three months of topping and bud picking, the number of branches increased from 3-4 to 32-42.
The yields of the three treatments were 18.7 kilograms, 20.21 kilograms, and 16.9 kilograms respectively, equivalent to 207 kilograms, 224 kilograms, and 187 kilograms per mu. The preliminary test results were that 4,000 plants per mu were the best.
3. Transplanting method
Choose seedlings with a plant height of more than 30 cm, two or more branches, two layers of root systems, normal leaf color, strong plants, and no pests and diseases. Remove the branches and leaves above 25 cm, cut off the overly long roots, and dip the roots in 0.1% Spokk + 0.3% Calcium solution for 3-5 minutes before planting. Plant in the planting ditch with a distance of 25 cm between plants. Planting must be correct. , plant it straight, the root system should be straight and combined with the soil, there should be no holes, the root system should not be exposed, and water should be poured enough to set the root. The moisture surface can be covered with bagasse, straw, sugarcane leaves, etc.
5. Pruning and cutting of jasmine flowers
Jasmine flowers grow and develop quickly. Buds will bloom the same year they are planted. The yield is the highest in the third and fourth years, and the value is 6-7 years. Later, the plants began to decline and the yield gradually decreased. In order to ensure that jasmine has high and stable yields year after year, it must be pruned and shortened every year. If the aging phenomenon is found, it must be updated.
1. Topping and short cutting
Young jasmine (6 months old) has a small seedling frame and few branches. It needs to cultivate a high-yielding tree shape as soon as possible, so it needs to be topping. It destroys the growth at the top, prompting it to branch more and form more flower buds. According to the investigation, topping germinates and buds 7-10 days earlier than without topping, and the number of new branches is 2-3 times. Topping should also be done when there are flower buds, mainly for newly planted saplings. Short pruning is to cut the long branches short before budding in early to mid-February each year, retaining 3-4 pairs of leaves, which weakens the top advantage of the long branches and promotes early budding. After entering the flower picking period, each bunch of flowers should be short-cut after picking. The short-cut should be done as appropriate according to the location and density of the branch growth. In principle, each cluster of jasmine can maximize the light surface, so that the main branches, The branches are evenly distributed, ventilated, and each short cut accounts for about two-thirds of the total number of branches.
2. Winter pruning
In addition to topping and short cutting, pruning is also the main technical measure for high-yield and high-quality cultivation of jasmine. Pruning should be done after mid-December every year or in the second year. To be carried out before late January. First make a large pruning, that is, make a large flat cut at 20-25 cm from the ground to form a neat crown. When pruning every year, increase the pruning surface by about 3 cm from the previous year. During pruning, dead branches and weak branches must also be cut off. Pruning of branches, diseased branches and hanging branches can reduce nutrient loss and make the main branches and new shoots grow stronger. The pruned branches can be used for cutting and seedling cultivation, and the unusable parts should be burned together. After pruning, they should be combined with cultivating and fertilizing management.
3. Summer pruning
Summer pruning of jasmine is through agricultural technology measures to create a good environment for jasmine with ventilation and light transmission, and at the same time, it is based on the market conditions of jasmine. Artificially adjust the peak period of flower production to avoid the low price of flowers and improve the efficiency of flower planting.
The age of pruning jasmine trees is jasmine trees that are more than one year old. In early June every year, use large pruners, electric hedge shears and other tools to cut the jasmine flowers 50-60 cm above the ground, and cut off all the upper branches and leaves to make the jasmine tree form a neat crown. Clean it thoroughly, and then remove all diseased branches, dead branches, hanging branches, and thin and weak branches in the lower part. After pruning, plow and loosen the soil in time, apply 40 kilograms of jasmine-specific fertilizer and 15 kilograms of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per acre to prevent and control diseases and insect pests in a timely manner.
This year, the price of jasmine in our county has been fully liberalized to enter the market and is in line with the national jasmine market. The advantage of early flowering has been taken advantage of through winter pruning, so that the highest flower price this year has reached 27 yuan/kg. Entering the flower price in April After the price dropped to 3 yuan/kg, scientific and technological training was promptly strengthened, and summer pruning training was held on May 17. However, affected by the price drop, the confidence of some flower farmers was frustrated, and they were relaxed and suffered from serious pests and diseases. Flower farmers in Group 10 of Lijiang Town, Lijiang Town, have a high level of scientific and technological awareness and strong product awareness. After the flower price fell, they still managed jasmine according to the guidance of scientific and technological personnel. When the flower price rebounded in August, September and October, they could harvest 15 per mu per day during the peak period. Kilogram, income is more than 100 yuan. Due to their well-managed flowers, less pests and diseases, large flower buds, and strong aroma, they have become a hot commodity among tea merchants, and their flower prices are the highest in the market every day. The whole group has 270 acres of jasmine, and the income per mu is about 3,500 yuan. On October 29, Xingya Flower Tea held a banquet for more than 30 tables, hosted a banquet for the whole group of flower farmers, and rewarded them for the high-quality flowers they planted.
4. Update
After 6-7 years of jasmine planting, the plant's growth and development ability declines. Some jasmine gardens or individual plants cause premature aging due to poor management and slow growth, so they should also be updated. . The specific method is: use large pruning shears to cut off all the parts above 3-5 cm from the ground, or make large flat cuts to the ground, and then apply fertilizer and soil to encourage the above-ground parts to re-grow branches.
6. Fertilizer and water management
Jasmine is an economic crop for the purpose of harvesting flower buds. The annual flowering period in our county is 9 months (about 200 days). Adequate fertilizer input is required throughout the flowering period.
1. Material management
According to the first issue of "Jasmine High-yield Cultivation Technology" of Guangxi Agricultural Science and Technology in 1993, the demand ratio of jasmine for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 2.4:1: 2.9, the amount of fertilizer used per mu throughout the year is equivalent to 28.4 kilograms of pure nitrogen, 11.6 kilograms of phosphorus, and 33.7 kilograms of potassium. Three rhizosphere fertilizations are carried out throughout the year. Spring fertilizer accounts for 50% of the total fertilizer amount, summer fertilizer accounts for 15-20%, and autumn fertilizer accounts for 15-20%. Fertilizer accounts for 30-35%. At the same time, according to the soil test analysis conducted by the County Soil and Fertilizer Station in 1999 on the soil of Lijiang Town, where jasmine is planted in our county, it is dog shit soil soil type, which has the characteristics of "a knife when dry and a mess when wet" Characteristics: serious lack of organic matter, medium available phosphorus, and medium available potassium. After comprehensive consideration, a jasmine fertilization plan is proposed in our county. (1) Apply 1,000 kilograms of farmyard manure, 40 kilograms of urea, 100 kilograms of ordinary calcium, and 50 kilograms of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per mu throughout the year. (2) 160 kg of special fertilizer for jasmine and 50 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer. (3) Jasmine is fertilized three times throughout the year, namely, winter fertilizer, summer fertilizer, and autumn fertilizer. Winter fertilizer accounts for 50%. It is combined with winter pruning. Apply 1,000 kilograms of farmyard manure, 20 kilograms of urea, and 50 kilograms of calcium per acre. , 25 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer or 80 kg of jasmine special fertilizer and 25 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer. Summer fertilizer accounts for 25%, combined with summer pruning. Apply 10 kg of urea, 25 kg of calcium, and 15 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per acre, or 40 kg of jasmine special fertilizer and 15 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer. Autumn fertilizer accounts for 25% and is carried out in early August every year. Apply 10 kilograms of urea, 25 kilograms of ordinary calcium, and 10 kilograms of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per mu, or 40 kilograms of jasmine special fertilizer and 10 kilograms of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer. In 2001, the County Soil and Fertilizer Station conducted a fertilizer efficiency experiment on jasmine organic and inorganic compound fertilizers on a village group in Xizhuang, Lijiang Town. Three treatments were set up. One treatment was a one-time application of 160 kilograms of jasmine organic and inorganic fertilizers; 160 kilograms of jasmine organic and inorganic fertilizers were applied per mu. Kilogram, fertilize three times throughout the year (i.e. 50%, 30%, 20%), apply 40 kilograms of urea, 100 kilograms of calcium per mu, and 100 kilograms of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per acre as one treatment; Treatment 2 (apply organic and inorganic fertilizers in three times Special fertilizer) has the best effect. At the same time, another farmer in the same group conducted a comparative test of fertilizers on 1 mu of the same field. Treatment 2 (applying organic and inorganic special fertilizers in three times) showed better growth than conventional methods and an increase in yield. It is recommended to promote the application of three fertilization methods with organic and inorganic special fertilizers. In 2002, more than 70% of farmers used this fertilization method.
2. Water management
After the jasmine seedlings are planted, water enough to establish the roots. In the future, according to the water requirements of the jasmine, keep the soil moisture content between 60-70%. It will often lead to root rot, yellow leaves, and severe black root death. Drought will cause leaves to wilt and flowers to shrink, so pay attention to irrigation during drought and dig drainage ditches to prevent water accumulation in rainy days. Once the leaves of a flower tree appear slightly curled, water should be sprayed or filled with horse water in time.
3. Soil management
Cultivating and weeding is to create a breathable, water-retaining, loose and weed-free environment for the jasmine tree. Cultivating and weeding should be carried out more than 6-7 times throughout the year. Deep plowing should be done far away from the base of the seedlings, and shallow plowing should be done nearby, generally about 7 centimeters into the soil. After cultivating during the dry season, a layer of sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane leaves, straw, etc. is spread on the soil surface to prevent weeds and drought.
7. Prevention and control of diseases and insect pests
The main diseases of jasmine include white silkworm and twig blight. The main pests include jasmine bud borer (flower heartworm), whitefly, leaf roller, and thistle. Horses, spider mites, etc.
1. White silkworm disease
White silkworm disease (white silkworm disease) is a disease caused by fungal infection. Main manifestations: First, the base branches and lower roots near the ground spread and expand, forming a white silky film layer, and gradually form white and yellow oil seed particles, namely sclerotia, which are the main symptoms of identifying white silkworm.
After the seedlings become infected, the cortex of the stems and roots of the diseased areas rot, and plant nutrition is blocked; the leaves wither and fall off, and finally the entire plant dies.
Prevention and control methods: Strict quarantine, eliminate the source of bacteria, do a good job in garden drainage, spray 1000 times of Spokane during the flowering period, and seriously diseased plants should be dug out and burned, and the original soil Use sclerotium to disinfect and then replant.
2. Branch blight
It is more common in spring and autumn, especially in autumn, and has a great impact on post-autumn yields. This disease first produces small brown spots at the base of new branches that year. At this time, the upper part of the branches maintains normal growth. As the disease spots expand, when the nutrient transport of a certain side branch is endangered, the upper branches and leaves begin to wither, and then turn into brown diseased branches. When the lesions expand to the entire cortex at the base of the branch, all branches and leaves above the affected area die.
Prevention and control methods: Prune dead branches in time to prevent the spread of infection, and spray chlorothalonil 1000 times after picking flowers.
3. Main pests of jasmine
The main pests that harm jasmine are jasmine bud borer (flower heartworm), whitefly, leaf roller, thrips, spider mite, etc.
Prevention and control methods: ① Prune in winter, clear the garden, eliminate overwintering sources, and remove damaged flower buds and branches in combination with flower picking. ②After each crop of flowers is harvested, remove diseased and insect-infected branches and burn them together with topping short sections. ③For drug control, use high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides such as Tiantai, high-efficiency Dagongchen, Yiyijing, and Kedifen.
8. Harvesting, storage and transportation of jasmine
The purpose of planting jasmine is to pick flowers with good quality and large quantity for scented tea processing. Therefore, in addition to strengthening management, the last one The key measure is to harvest, store and transport flowers in a timely and reasonable manner.
1. Criteria for harvesting flowers: The flower buds are mature and can open and smell fragrant at night (including bags waiting to be released). The specific requirements are: the flower buds are mature, full and plump, white in color, and short in length. There are no pedicles, no flowers damaged by pests and diseases, no raw flowers, no blooms, no stems, leaves and other debris.
2. Picking method: Clamp the flower stem with the tips of your thumb and index finger, place the palm of your hand diagonally upward, and apply a little force with your index finger to pluck the buds.
3. Storage and transportation method: When picking flowers, use bamboo baskets or cloth bags to hold flowers to avoid direct sunlight. After collecting the flowers, they should be packed in bamboo baskets or nylon mesh bags and transported to the purchase location in time.