The performance of the Yangge opera is mostly in the march or in the square, the Yangge team marching in a more spacious square, in situ around a "field", surrounded by a good, some of the Yangge team will be in the middle of the field by two or three actors to perform a number of simple episodes, witty and humorous small segments, and long time ago, "Yangge opera" was born. The "rice-planting opera" was born.
The form of Yangge opera is more flexible and free, and it is good at expressing real life. Even though it is a mountain village opera, it is not inferior in terms of characterization, action performance, plot structure, characterization, and language features. The roles of Yangge Opera are similar to those of Peking Opera, which are divided into Sheng, Dan, Jing, Mou and Chou, with Sheng divided into Lao Sheng, Xiao Sheng, Wu Sheng, etc., and Dan divided into Lao Dan, Xiao Dan, Wu Dan, etc., which make the roles comprehensive. The costumes, lines, and faces of the characters are roughly the same as those of Peking Opera, while the faces of individual characters such as Xu Yanzhao and Bao Zheng are slightly different in details.
Yangge inherited the tradition of being small and short after it became an opera. Small means small roles and few actors. A small student, a small Dan, and at most a clown can become a section of the play, so it is often called "three small plays". Later, on this basis, the "three gates" of Sousheng, Huafang and Qingyi were added. Short is a short play, Yangge opera does not have the cost of a "big play", mostly reflecting daily life, family life "small play". Its music and singing absorbed the characteristics of the clapper chamber, the formation of the song body and the board cavity body compatible system, the performance also has a greater richness and improvement.
The Yangge opera also has some of its own characteristics, such as acting was mostly a "modern opera" at that time, the performance costumes, props, simple, flexible, singing is a local ditty, the road with the local dialect, the language is funny and humorous, close to life and so on. Yangge opera has a long history, the singing voice is majestic and heavy, the local dialect slang and living customs into the distinctive local characteristics, is the Ming and Qing dynasty popular music and local tunes, language fusion style representative. Yangge opera is a sound cavity type opera, its singing cavity has been "nine cavity eighteen tunes" said, this is not the exact number, very much, mainly: water beard, dolls, the first line of the board, crying Mizi, soul piece, Qing Yangzi, Qing Yangzi, flinging gun, bald paw dragon, Guizhixiang, goat, Lotus Flower Drop, the two boards up cavity and so on.
The two most sung tones in the Yangge opera are the "Shuihu" accent and the "doll" accent, which are divided into male Shuihu, female Shuihu, and male dolls, female dolls. Also divided into male and female cadences are the first line of the board, crying rice and soul piece, each divided into men and women, the rhythm is different. Some tunes because the male voice usually sings more, the female voice is slowly being forgotten, such as the big Qing Yangzi, two Qing Yangzi, flinging cannon, bald paw dragon, Gui Zhixiang, goat, mostly male; usually sung by the female Lotus Flower Drops and two boards to start the cavity. The characteristics and functions of these modes are different, for example, Erbanqiqiang has only one sentence, which is used at the beginning of a section of the lyrics, and plays the role of introduction and transition; while Crying Mizi tune is mostly used for singing sadness, and Soul Returning Piece is mostly used for soliloquy of the characters before their deaths.
The rice-planting theater around the rise or popular areas named, these rice-planting songs, some of them to sing folk songs and songs, such as Qitai rice-planting songs, Hancheng rice-planting songs, Shaanbei rice-planting songs; some of the combination of folk songs and board changes, such as Shuo County rice-planting songs, Fanshi rice-planting songs, Weixian rice-planting songs, the main cavity and board from the clapper chamber, the board has a head of the sex (slow), two sex, three sex, the medium board, scattered boards and rolled white, etc., which is collectively referred to as the "white. The folk songs are collectively called "training tunes", including "Siping Training", "Bitter Acacia Training", "Gao Zi Training", "Downhill Training", "Bitter Acacia Training" and "Downhill Training". The songs are sung with the accompaniment of banhu, flute and sanxian, commonly known as "bangtuozi"; some of them belong to the board, and some of them are sung with the accompaniment of banhu, flute and sanxian.
After the rice-planting songs became an opera, the singing voice gradually developed in the direction of "operaization". By the 1980s, there were four kinds of singing styles in Yangge opera.
One is to retain the early form of Yangge folk songs. Singing is still mainly folk songs and ditties, and the performance of a small play, the name of the play is the name of the song. Although this kind of rice-planting opera retains the form of folk songs, but in the process of development has absorbed more "tune" (mainly "Ming and Qing dynasty popular songs") and other regions popular singing, tune gradually rich. This kind of rice-planting opera is represented by Jinzhong rice-planting opera.
The second is to simplify the traditional Yangge ditties into an infinitely repeated cantata with two lines above and below. There is only one or two or three kinds of singing, and the number of words is the basic structure of the singing and the singing tune. This kind of rice-planting opera includes Zizhou rice-planting opera, Pingya rice-planting opera and Fenxiao rice-planting opera.
Third is to take one or several traditional Yangge ditties as the basic tunes, and to board up the tunes of the singing. Although the singing style is called "plate style", it still retains the gene of "four lines of rice-planting song" in the singing style. This kind of Yangge opera is represented by Xiangwu Yangge in Southeast Jin.
The fourth is that although there is still a traditional opera tune, but in the development of not only make their own song plate body singing plate, and the bang bang opera in a variety of plate type of plate complete absorption, and the original tune used in a play. This kind of rice-planting opera is represented by the big rice-planting songs in the north of Jin (including the big rice-planting songs in Shuozhou, the traditional rice-planting songs in Fanshi, and the rice-planting songs in Guangling).
The orchestra of the Yangge opera was mainly composed of percussion instruments in the early days, and it was only in the continuous development that the orchestral accompaniment was gradually introduced to the Yangge opera in various places, and most of the instruments used were those commonly used in the local clapper operas, other operas or folk bands.
Early rice-planting songs were performed in the form of "singing", "playing" and "acting". It is because of the various forms of performance that Yangge has become a Han folk art form of "song", "dance" and "theater". The Longyao Yangge opera was developed from the ancient rice-planting songs of the local working people during rice-planting, harvesting and laboring. Longyao rice-planting song was born in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the formation of the group on stage tour in the Jiaqing period, so far has a history of more than 400 years, is one of the old local theater in Hebei Province.
Based on the different performance characteristics and regions, Longyao Yangge is divided into the north, south and center. The main features of Longyao Yangge are, firstly, the stage performance, complete lines, perfect singing, reading and playing, which is different from the folk dance Yangge. Secondly, it is regional and local, and the performance style is full of local flavor. Third, the repertoire is rich, according to statistics up to more than two hundred. Fourthly, the language is commonplace, the lyrics are simple and vivid, the spoken language is strong, and the singing is simple and clear. Fifthly, the accompaniment is simple, and the songs are sung in a dry manner. In the early stage, there is only a martial arts field, and the drums, gongs, cymbals and bangs are the main ones, and there is no cultural field, and in the later stage, there are additional musical instruments such as strings, shengs, flutes and so on.
Longyao Yangge has a simple and ancient singing style, and there is no silk or bamboo to match. It is of great value to study and discover Longyao Yangge for the study of Hebei and even the history of Chinese opera.
Longyao Yangge is not a compilation, branch or subordinate of any other opera, but has its own unique position in the history of Chinese opera.
Longyao Yangge has accumulated an extremely rich traditional repertoire during its long development. These programs include both the original plays of Longyao Yangge and other repertoires. The old Longyao Yangge artists were mostly uneducated, so its plays were mostly unscripted and passed down orally from one generation to the next by the masters, and the known traditional repertoire, together with the modern plays created after the founding of the PRC, amounted to more than 200 plays.**** The traditional repertoire of Longyao Yangge was very rich during the heyday of Longyao Yangge. During the heyday of Longyao Yangge, there were more than 200 troupes and more than 3,000 practitioners, but with the passing of some of the old artists, or some of them are already old and unable to perform on stage. Young actors and actresses are looking for other jobs because of the recession in the opera, and only individual old artists occasionally organize classes to perform some small plays or folded plays. Longyao Yangge actors and actresses are aging, the audience group is very narrow, the development has fallen into a trough, in urgent need of rescue and protection. Dingzhou Yangge opera, also known as Dingxian Dayangge, is an ancient opera genre popular in the central and western parts of the North China Plain, and is named after its birthplace in Dingzhou. It is said to have originated as a folk tune, which was passed down through the Song Dynasty literati Su Shi.
Dingzhou Yangge has its own unique characteristics in language, singing, tune and repertoire. The text of the opera is simple and easy to understand, and there are a lot of dialects and slangs with a strong flavor of life; men and women's singing styles are based on the Gong style, and the singing is done with the original voice, the real voice shouting singing method. The traditional singing has no musical accompaniment, no fixed key, and the actors start the tune at will, and after adding the orchestral accompaniment, the key value is D. The traditional singing utilizes a lot of liner notes, which are not in the key, but in the key. There are a lot of liner notes and false words in the singing. The melody is more downward melodic, but the singing style is not lacking in wit and playfulness; the rhythm is dominated by the one-board-one-within-a-board, and there are as many as 28 kinds of traditional boards, and it still retains the form of full percussion accompaniment (i.e., the big gong cavity); the repertoire of Dingzhou Yangge is rich and wide-ranging, including the love category, filial piety category, public case category, and the comical category, etc. The traditional singing of Dingzhou Yangge has no fixed tune, and it is sung in D key.
The Dingzhou Yangge has a unique singing style, and the traditional repertoire retains a great deal of folklore and humanistic information, which makes it a first-hand material for the study of Chinese folklore as well as traditional culture.
The Dingzhou rice-planting song opera started to be sung in the fields, but later it was set up in the ground; it started to be sung as a small song, but later it was compiled into a rice-planting song opera.
Dingzhou rice-planting songs were first sung in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, when some folk artists began to wear simple costumes to play the characters under the influence of other plays.1926, a large number of rice-planting songs artists rose, and Dingzhou rice-planting songs were popular for a while.1952, Ding County Rice-planting Songs Opera Troupe was set up, and the troupe reached its peak in 1959.
Several rice-planting songs were sung in the fields and then on the stage at the end of the field.
After a few prosperous years, Dingzhou Yangge gradually went to a low point. 1988, Dingzhou Yangge Theater Troupe was canceled, and the actors began to transfer to folk activities, performing in groups of three or five. Although rice-planting songs still have a number of old and new fans in the countryside, but due to the troupe's manpower, material and financial resources are seriously insufficient, its performance, whether in terms of scale, frequency or quality of performances, have been far from catching up with the former. Some of the old artists died one after another, and many plays were lost.
In order to save this ancient drama, Dingzhou City has set up a leading group for the protection of Dingzhou Yangge, formulated a protection plan, and successfully declared the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage masterpieces, which is a good opportunity for the rescue and protection of Dingzhou Yangge. Shuozhou Yangge opera is a comprehensive folk art form integrating martial arts, dance and opera, popular in Shuozhou City and the surrounding areas of Jining, Hohhot, Baotou and Hetao in southern Inner Mongolia, and Zhangjiakou in Hebei Province and cities and counties in Shaanxi Province near Shanxi Province also exist. Early for the square, the streets of the rice-planting dance team performance of the Shuozhou rice-planting song has a long history, in the Song Dynasty added a martial arts component, the late Qing Dynasty and added the story content, and later to dance and opera two art forms active in the folk.
The dance-oriented Yangge is called "Kick Drum Yangge", and is mainly performed at festivals and celebrations of birthdays, birthday celebrations, son-in-law worship, and return of wishes upon invitation, among other folkloric events. Rice-planting songs that are mainly performed in theater are called "big rice-planting songs". The cantata of Da Yangge focuses on local popular folk songs and ditties, and draws on the cantata structure and tunes of other operas to form a unique "synthesis" of plate cantata and quipai. The repertoire is based on Taoist stories and folk tales.
Shuozhou Yangge has been popular for a long time in the region and has evolved into different art forms, providing vivid materials for the study of the development, transmission and evolution of Chinese folk art.
Shuozhou Yangge was severely damaged in the 1930s and 1940s.
After the liberation, the artists scattered around voluntarily combined and concentrated to perform in villages and towns, Shuozhou rice-planting songs entered a prosperous period, the repertoire in addition to the traditional play, the meeting, this play, but also performs the transplanted repertoire. 1953, the state appointed the relevant personnel to assist in the selection of the more skilled artists, organized the Shuo County New Music Troupe, which became the first organized rice-planting songs performance groups. 1956, the troupe was officially renamed as the
Shuo County Rice-planting Song Troupe. In 1956, the troupe was officially renamed as Shuo County Dayangge Troupe, and recruited the first batch of actresses, and the line was expanded again. 1966, the troupe was forced to stop performing, and was disbanded in the following year, with the artists returning to their hometowns, until the troupe was resumed in 1970, when they returned to the troupe again and recruited the third batch of trainees, and set up 21 amateur rice-planting song troupes in the county. After the end of the "Cultural Revolution", the opera gained a new life, in 1977, the historical drama returned to the stage, in 1979, the Art Research Institute of the Ministry of Culture videotaped the traditional Shuozhou rice-planting song, "Mud Kiln", in the 1980's, Shuozhou rice-planting song was once again revitalized, but in the 1990's, Shuozhou rice-planting song was challenged by many aspects, and faced serious problems in its survival.
Shuozhou rice-planting songs were challenged in many ways in the 1990s, and faced serious survival problems.
Because of the lack of creative personnel, the loss of outstanding actors, the lack of fixed rehearsal space, and the serious shortage of funds, the rice-planting song troupes could only participate in some public welfare performances or social activities, and faced the awkward situation of struggling to make ends meet. Fanzhi Yangge theater is popular in Fanzhi County and the surrounding areas.
"Yangge" tunes were introduced into Fanchi during the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty in the area of Fendi and Baimashi (now belonging to Yingxian County), and at that time, it was just a kind of plaza art sung in the street running stalls, which the masses called "playfulness" and called it by the name of the place. "Fendi Yangge". During the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty, folk artists Zhang Xin and Zhang Dai collected popular Yangge tunes and instrumental songs from all over the world and improved them, and absorbed the singing voices of other operas and fused them into "Yangge", and transplanted the repertoire of other operas and put them on the stage.
There are 86 repertoires of Fanchi Yangge opera, and more than 70 repertoires are often staged, among which there are small folk plays in the early days, and there are big plays with a large book that have been gradually developed. The structure of Fanzhi Yangge singing is composed of a mixture of plate cadences and qu paiqi, of which there are 10 kinds of basic plate cadences, 17 kinds of qu paiqi "training tunes", and a number of minor tunes, and 75 instrumental tunes.
The Fanchi Yangge Opera evolved from folk dance into opera, and its singing voice has integrated the forms of many types of opera singing voice, which is of great value for the study of the history of the development of Chinese theater.
In 1956, the government of Fanchi County organized the scattered artists and formally established the Fanchi Yangge Troupe. After the establishment of the troupe, a large number of excellent performers have emerged and formed their own artistic characteristics and artistic style.
In 2006, Fanchi Yangge was listed as one of the first batch of national intangible cultural heritages by the State Council. Since then, the professional and amateur classes of Fanzhi Yangge have gradually been revitalized, and the traditional repertoire and so on have appeared on the stage again. Huazhou rice-planting song is known as Huazhou rice-planting song theater, also known as cloth play, to Chishui Town, Huaxian Jiangjia Village, Guo Village, North and South will be head of the village, Dongyang Township, Jiang Village and the town of Gautang rice-planting song is the most famous.
Huazhou rice-planting opera has a long history and a long stream. Related information: it originated in the Han Dynasty "Nuo dance", by the Song Dynasty "village field music" evolved, flourished in the Qing Daoguang, Guangxu years. 1957 was named "Weihua rice-planting songs In 1957, it was named "Weihua Yangge" and called "Huazhou Yangge" in "Huaxian Zhi".
From the 1930s to the 1950s and 1960s, Huazhou Yangge was popular for a while, and it participated in provincial and municipal cultural performances many times and won wide acclaim. After a brief pause during the Cultural Revolution, Huazhou Yangge was revitalized in the 1970s, and participated in the province's mass amateur music and dance performances in 1975; and in 1982, in the "Weinan Region Folk Literature Census Reporting Meeting", the "Selling Groceries", "Selling Dances", "Selling Dances", "Selling Dances", "Selling Groceries", "Selling Dances", "Selling Groceries", "Selling Groceries", "Selling Groceries", "Selling Dances", etc. In 1982, at the "Weinan Regional Folk Literature Census Reporting Meeting", the repertoire of "Selling Groceries", "Doing New Year's Goods", "Pomegranate Baby Burning Fire" and "Xiao Xi Receiving Sisters" was well received. But by the late 1980s, with the advance of the times and the development of economy and culture as well as the diversity of culture and art, Huazhou Yangge Opera gradually lost its prosperity and vitality in the past. The creation of repertoire and performance market is in a state of decline year by year, the lack of talent shortage of performers, stagnation of script innovation, making Huazhou Yangge Opera on the verge of extinction.
After 2004, the Huaxian government for census, research, excavation, finishing Huazhou Yangge play information, support the provincial folklore artists, playwrights to collect, excavation, finishing Huazhou Yangge play, printing and publishing the book "Weihua Yangge". Huaxian Culture and Sports Bureau to hire experts, Huazhou rice-planting opera for investigation, demonstration, digging its value, and salvage rehearsal of Huazhou rice-planting opera in more than 30 classic small plays. 2006 to 2007 and organized a special person of Huazhou rice-planting opera again census, collection, sorting out the formation of the text, audio-visual data; artists for audio and video recording, and the establishment of the Huazhou rice-planting opera art archives. And Huazhou rice-planting song will be declared as provincial and national non-heritage protection list. Huazhou rice-planting song is also inherited by teachers and disciples, and gradually embarked on the program of professional group performance. In many villages in the western mountainous area of Pingshan County, the folk custom of singing rice-planting song opera has been circulating in every farming leisure, originating from agricultural production and labor, and the rice-planting song opera in the area of Pingshan County has its own unique style, so it is known as Pingshan Shanxi tune rice-planting song opera.
According to "Ping Shan County Records" records, in 1853 (Xianfeng three years) Yangge is popular in the countryside, often due to the singing of rice-planting songs and delayed farming. As a result, the official issued a ban. East of Shijiazhuang for the East Road rice-planting songs, west of Shijiazhuang for the West tune rice-planting songs, because of the different dialects in the region, sung rice-planting songs have different accents, and thus there is a division of east and west.
Pingshan for the western tone of the rice-planting song, also known as the big rice-planting song, is a native of the local theater, only the martial arts field instruments, drums, gongs, spinners, cymbals. It is the performance form of "seven singing, eight playing, nine not idle, a small jacket over a big shirt, plus a shoulder, a singing door to door, two singing stalls, lines of their own, known as the baggage class".
Every year, the temple will have the masses of spontaneous group performances, almost no literati to participate in, so all for the oral teaching, taught down from generation to generation. Compared with Beijing opera, the five major lines of the opera are ShengDanJingDanQingDanChou, but not the end.
The repertoire of the opera is filled with folklore, legends, family stories, and anecdotes of wife-beating and child-training.
The singing voice of Pingxi Shanxi tune Yangge is pleasant and melodious, and with the varied upper and lower phrases and short and long percussion accompaniment, it has formed the artistic characteristics of being simple, easy to sing, easy to understand, and humorous.
Toward the end of the Qing Dynasty, under the oral transmission of the artist Cui Tianbao, there appeared the rice-planting song heir Li Tongxiang (stage name "Grabbing the heart of the Dan") and so on, and several major schools were formed. Among them, the "Tongxiang School" had the greatest influence, and in 1926 (the 15th year of the Republic of China), Xidiao Yangge was still quite common in Pingshan County, and there were Yangge plays in almost every village. After the liberation, the western tune rice-planting songs have been innovated and developed, adapted and processed some dynasty plays, reformed in the cadence and music, tried to change the tradition of rice-planting songs without strings, and pioneered the precedent of rice-planting songs with trigrams and strings. Later, in Pingshan County, Liujiagou Village, Guyue Town, Bailongchi Village, there are still more than 30 hand-copied Western-style rice-planting song scripts in circulation, and there are still performances in these two villages. But in general, it is in the state of fewer heirs, difficult to develop and in urgent need of protection. Reed water rice-planting opera is the more ancient folk opera in Mentougou District, which is formed by the combination of rice-planting songs with other songs, dances, operas and other art forms. Yangge opera originated around the Jiaqing period of the Ming Dynasty.
Reed water rice-planting opera accompaniment to percussion-based, mainly by a single drum, sandalwood board, etc., the entire play only with the drums and gongs, without the use of silk and bamboo; performances played a "guy", singing a section of the opera; accompaniment powerful, distinctive beats, sings the voice of the Cangjin bold, high-energy, high and passionate. It is also proved that the Yangge opera is very much like the high-cavity opera that prevailed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties (characterized by a solo singer, a crowd of helpers, accompanied by percussion only, with a high pitch and rich recitation), and the singing and accompaniment of the Yangge opera in the village of Reedshui have the characteristics of the high-cavity opera in the Ming Dynasty, with the main singing style of the "falling gong accent", "big Yangge tune", etc. The main singing style is "falling gong accent" and "big Yangge tune". The main singing cavity is "wrestling gong cavity", "big rice-planting song tune" and so on, and some of them are similar to the sound of Hunan flower-drum tune. The repertoire includes "Zhao Yun intercepts the river" and "Zhang Fei catches the boat".
Weizishui village rice-planting opera has a strong local folk theater characteristics, its repertoire content is preserved intact, a long history, simple and ancient style, for the study of western Beijing folk opera has a certain historical value; but also for the study of the history of the western region of Beijing and the outside world of cultural exchanges, trade exchanges to provide historical information. In addition, the rice-planting opera of Reeds Water has enriched the amateur life of the local people and become a unique local theater.
While the props, costumes and musical instruments of the performance team have been renewed with the help of the state and the government, due to the advanced age of the old artists, the performance team also suffers from the dilemma of a lack of successors, and there is an urgent need to cultivate new inheritors. Qitai Yangge is a kind of folk opera originated from Taigu in Shanxi Province, also known as Taigu Yangge and Jinzhong Yangge. Originally originated from agricultural labor, it is a folk tune sung by rural cultivators along with agricultural activities, and its origin can be traced back to the Tang and Song dynasties. With the development of society and economy, this kind of folk tune gradually incorporated movements, dances, martial arts and skills into it. It developed into the "ground rice-planting songs" and "street rice-planting songs" that can be performed and appreciated; and later, it drew on the essence of foreign folk art, and gradually developed from singing on the streets into a local opera with 388 repertoires.
Qitai Yangge is a comprehensive art that combines music, dance, singing, reading (dawai), doing (acting), and fighting (wu yangge), and is mainly sung. Or a play a song, or a play more songs, beautiful tunes, lively language, the content mainly reflects the Qixian, Taigu County and Jinzhong peasants' labor, love and other rural life, the plot is simple, the lyrics are mostly platitudes, and the dance movements are lively and diverse. The performance is plain, simple and rugged, with a lot of life flavor and local characteristics.
In the early days of the founding of New China, Qixian County **** there are 71 amateur rice-planting song troupes, more than 2,000 artists. From the old society left behind the rice-planting songs, the essence and dregs and coexist. In the performance of both the essence of the art from the life distilled, but also ingested the ugly and obscene dregs of life.
November 1951, sponsored by the Qixian Cultural Center, the establishment of the "Qitai Yangge Research and Reform Society", in the performance of the reform, to do a lot of "new" work. Thus, weeding out the unhealthy things, sorting out and adapting a number of traditional rice-planting repertoire, transplanting and staging "picking a son-in-law", "dowry" and other modern plays, "and in the voice, music, strengthened the rhythmic, enriched with gongs and drums. Some of the plays are accompanied by strings. Since then, Qitai Yangge has gradually moved towards a healthy development.
Because of the influence of multicultural entertainment and other reasons, the inheritance and development of Qitai Yangge has been subject to a certain degree of constraints, the survival and development of the endangered situation. In order to make Qitai Yangge better protected, inherited and developed, in 2006, according to the recommendation of the relevant departments, Qitai Yangge has been officially approved to be included in the provincial intangible cultural heritage protection list. Xiangwu Yangge is a form of opera circulating in the center of Xiangyuan and Wuxiang in Shanxi Province and Yushe, Zuoquan, and Heshun in Jinzhong, etc. It was firstly a folk tune in the area of Xiangyuan and Wuxiang, and then it merged with Xihuo Yangge, and gradually transmuted under the influence of the local language, and it is a kind of local opera in Shangdang area, which is only secondly to Shangdang Bangkas and Shangdang Luzi.
Xiangwu Yangge began to be sung on dry boards, and the masses called it "dry boards Yangge" and "ground圪圈秧歌", and during the Qing Dynasty (Qianlong) and Jiaqing Dynasties (Jiaqing), there was a semi-professional class activity. After the first year of Xuantong (1909), Xiangwu rice-planting songs from the repertoire, performance programs, accompanying instruments, music, music, costumes, stage equipment, etc. to the Shangdang Bangkok learning, and even appeared in the rice-planting songs between Shangdang Bangkok sung in the form of rice-planting songs, i.e., playing the official sings the bangkok, playing the general public sings the rice-planting songs, or the flower face sings the bangkok, the student, the dan sings the rice-planting songs.
Xiangwu Yangge is the joint name of Xiangyuan Yangge and Wuxiang Yangge. Xiangyuan Yangge belongs to folk songs and dances according to the classification method of the vocal cavity of opera music. The structural form of the cantata is the plate cantata. The singing cavity takes the upper and lower two lines as a basic unit, and changes regularly and repeatedly. There are two major categories of traditional singing: running water and ohlian. The styles of Xiangyuan Yangge and Wuxiang Yangge are different, the former is mainly in the middle register, with the characteristics of low and gentle, beautiful and delicate, while the latter is mainly in the treble register, with the characteristics of high-pitched, clear and bright. According to the evidence, the traditional repertoire of Xiangyuan Yangge*** has 239 books and the modern repertoire has 157 books. Most of the traditional repertoire is based on the three little ones (the little boy, the little girl and the little clown), with easy-to-understand language, strong local flavor and funny and witty image. The representative repertoires are "Lan Ying Goes to the Capital" and "Jade Phoenix Match". The modern representative repertoire of Xiangyuan Yangge is Li Youcai's Board Talk, Xiao Erhei's Marriage, and Old Baji Lu.
The Xiangyuan County People's Theater Troupe is a professional theater troupe of Xiangwu Yangge, to which the local government attaches great importance and gives a certain amount of financial subsidies every year. The troupe mainly focuses on the performance of rice-planting songs, and sometimes also performs clappers, songs and dances. Compared with other county-level troupes in Shanxi Province, its survival situation is relatively good. Weixian Yangge, also known as Weizhou Bangzi, originated in Weixian County, Hebei Province, and is popular in Zhangjiakou area of Hebei Province, Yanbei and Jinbei areas of Shanxi Province, as well as some flag counties in Inner Mongolia. It was born in the folk, developed from field ditties and folk songs, and absorbed a large number of ancient opera voices circulating in the northern region in the early days, forming a more complete type of bangkang opera. Wei County Yangge highlights its own characteristics with its "dialect vernacular" and the clever combination of plate cadence and "training tune" repertoire singing.
Weixian Yangge arose in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and during the Kangxi period, it formed the clapper-cavity theater with its own repertoire, music, performance and singing. By the Qing Dynasty, the same, light years to the development of the heyday of the folk community up to more than 210. The performance market reached as far as Ulan Bator, Mongolia. After the liberation, the professional Wei County Yangge Troupe was established. In the late Cultural Revolution, the troupe was reorganized as a cultural troupe, and later changed to the Wei County Jin Opera Troupe. 2005, the troupe resumed the excavation, inheritance and innovative performance of the Wei County Yangge Opera. Han Cheng Yangge is a folk art that integrates song, dance, storytelling and tableau, and is a prototype of song and dance opera with elements of opera.
There are 60 songs in Hancheng Yangge, and the actual songs are about 40, excluding the beginning, the end, the number of plates and some variations of songs. These songs have different moods and styles, different rhythmic lengths, and the lyrics are strictly limited by the songs, which can be improvised and played at will, and can be long or short, and are witty and interesting. Hancheng Yangge is called "singing Yangge" or "Yangge opera", not "twisting Yangge" or "jumping Yangge". The reason is that it is always sung, and the main body is a folk song.
Hancheng Rice-planting Songs are usually performed by 2-4 people, and the programs are short, lively and simple, with beautiful songs and cheerful dances. With the development of the rhythm of the plot, the dance movements are "starting" with the posture, "bearing" with the flash, "turning" with the twist, and "combining" with the jump; sometimes "starting" with the posture; sometimes "combining" with the jump. "; sometimes "big set of small", that is, the big action contains small action, such as body swing, head small shake; arm big fling, hand small around; leg big stirrups, wrist small turn and so on. In short, the dance movements of Hancheng Yangge are summarized as: flashing, twisting, turning, running, shaking, swinging, jumping; slow release and tightening, big set of small, just return to the beginning of the clever, the next shock on the winding, phase in a hurry, the state of the singing road.
Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, is the stereotyped period of Hancheng Yangge. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, some Hancheng literati in Zhejiang, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou and other places as an official, around the servants returned home, the southern Yangge ditty back to Hancheng, and drew a lot of nutrients from the Qinqiang, Pu Opera, Meitu and other operas, so that the Hancheng Yangge learns from all the strengths, thus unique.
Hancheng Yangge entered its heyday during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty. Guangxu two years (1876 AD) Hancheng rice-planting song artist Han Minqing led the rice-planting song class to Beijing, was the Empress Dowager Cixi recruited into the palace performances, and set up a "rice-planting song coach" specializing in teaching and performing rice-planting song in the palace. In the 25th year of Guangxu, Ji Guanying, the governor of Hancheng, organized a Hancheng Yangge performance in order to receive Zhang Qihua, an official of the Qing court, which showed the charming charm and exquisite art of Hancheng Yangge.
During the Spring Festival of 1926, the red artists of Xuefengchuan, Jiande and Tianbao, each of whom was the leader of his village's rice-planting class, set up a stage to sing rice-planting songs against each other. At one time, it was difficult to distinguish between the two. In the 1940s, as Meidu, Pu opera and Qinqiang took over the stage in urban and rural areas of Hancheng, Hancheng rice-planting songs went downhill step by step, and in the 1950s and 1960s, it was rare to see rice-planting song performances in the local area of Hancheng.
After the establishment of the new China, Hancheng Yangge was excavated and injected with new vitality by the provincial, local and municipal art workers, who created a number of Hancheng Yangge repertoires with new forms and contents, which made Hancheng Yangge very popular for a while. Especially on May 1, 1963, "Flat Stretcher Song", "female members of the community" and other rice-planting song repertoire was performed at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, and then went to Zhongnanhai for a performance, which was a great success, and was recorded on a record.
After more than ten years of silence during the Cultural Revolution, the reform and opening up made the Hancheng Rice-planting Song come back to life. 1985, the Hancheng Rice-planting Song Society was established, and a series of books were published and distributed, which had a great influence on the Hancheng Rice-planting Song. The books were published, and the repertoire and music of Hancheng Yangge were widely collected and organized.
In June 2008, Hancheng Yangge was listed in the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage protection list. Shaanbei Yangge is mainly distributed in Yulin, Yan'an two urban areas Suide, Mibi, Jiaxian, Wubao, Zizhou, Qingjian, Yanchuan, Ansai, Zhidan and other areas, and Suide County's Shaanbei Yangge is the most complete, the most systematic, more representative. Sui De County Shaan Bei Yangge can be divided into North Road Yangge and South Road Yangge in terms of artistic style, of which the representative folk artists of North Road Yangge are Wu Jiye and Li Zengheng, and the representative folk artists of South Road Yangge are Su Shuwang, Su Guitang and He Junyi.
In 2006, Shanbei Yangge was named a national intangible cultural heritage protection project by the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China. Jiaozhou Yangge is a representative of Jiaodong Yangge, which is mainly circulated in Jimo, Huangdao, Jiaonan, Gaomi and other areas in Shandong. It is prevalent in the 50-mile radius around the county seat of Jiao County, especially in the area of Dagu River.
Jiaozhou Yangge was originally known as "Ground Yangge", "Running Yangge", "Three Way Bend", and "Twisted Waist". "After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to differentiate it from the Yangge of other regions, it was collectively called "Jiaozhou Rice-planting Song" because it was mainly active in the suburbs of Jiaozhou. The basic establishment of Jiaozhou rice-planting songs is 24 people, if the number of people increases, it must be an even number of increments, and the rice-planting teams need to have one or two people to organize the leader, who is responsible for the affairs of the whole team, and is commonly known as the "rice-planting master". There is also a person by the rice-planting team of coaches or old actors to act, called "umbrella head". The head of the umbrella must have the ability of quick eyes and hands, flexible mind, articulate, read some jingles or say some auspicious words before the performance, the language must be funny and humorous. In addition, the Yangge team must have 3 to 5 coaches, specializing in the training of actors and actresses. The roles of Yangge are divided into "Cuihua", "Fan Girl", "Little Man", "Drum" and "Mallet", There are five kinds of roles: "Cuihua", "Fan Girl", "Little Man", "Drummer" and "Mallet". Generally, there are two or four people in each role, and the number of roles cannot be singular. Cuihua is a young woman and a girl, who performs with generous and expansive movements, showing women's spiciness, cheerfulness and generosity, but also their gentle and tranquil character. Little Man is a young girl who performs with innocent, lively and playful movements. The drummer and mallet are both middle-aged and young men. The drummer is witty and the mallet is vigorous.
The musical accompaniment of the Jiaozhou Yangge is generally beautiful, varied in pitch, fast-paced, and full of local flavor. The music and dance movements of the rice-planting songs are closely coordinated, and the eighth notes used in the music to express the rhythmic characteristics of the rice-planting dance "slow to do and fast to close" are apt and typical, and the music is flexibly used according to the mood of the dance, and the two are in a high degree of harmonization in terms of strength and speed.