The ancient saying goes: "The land of Youzhou, the north pillow Juyong, the west embraces the Taihang Mountains, the east faces the Bohai Sea, and the south overlooks the Central Plains, which is honestly the land of heaven." Jundu Mountain in the north of Beijing belongs to the Yanshan Mountain Range, and Xishan Mountain belongs to the Taihang Mountain Range. The Taihang Mountains and the Yanshan Mountains meet at Guangou, near Nankou, and form a large mountain bend that unfolds to the southeast, and the Beijing Plain is encircled by the mountain bend. The Beijing Plain resembles a semi-enclosed bay, so it has always been called "Beijing Bay". The topography of Beijing is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, with the plains accounting for 1/3 and the mountains accounting for 2/3.
Beijing, referred to as Beijing, is an ancient capital with a long history, the world's cultural city, and the capital of the People's Republic of China*** and the country. Since more than 500,000 years ago, Zhoukoudian's "Beijing people" ignited the fire of human civilization, more than 3,000 years ago, the construction of the ancient city of Yan Ji, until the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties built their capitals in Beijing, the footsteps of human civilization has never stopped, and the lineage is the same.
Beijing is located at the northern end of the North China Plain. Geographically speaking, Beijing borders the North China Plain in the south, the Loess Plateau in the west, and the Inner Mongolia Plateau in the north, right at the intersection of the three levels of China's terrain ladder.
Beijing is 160 kilometers wide from east to west and 176 kilometers long from north to south, with a total area of 16,807.8 square kilometers. Among them, mountainous areas account for about 62% (10,417.5 square kilometers) and plains account for about 38% (6,390.3 square kilometers). The planning area of the city is 1041.0 square kilometers, from Dingfuzhuang in the east to Shijingshan in the west, Nanyuan in the south and Qinghe in the north.
Beijing's geographic coordinates are: 39. 28'-1. 05', longitude 117. 30'-115. 25', north-south across latitude of about 1. 37', east-west across longitude of about 2. 25'. , east-west across the longitude of about 2. 05'. The geographic coordinates of Tiananmen Square are 39.54'27" N, 116.23'17" E, which are the standard central coordinates of Beijing. Tiananmen Square is 44.4 meters above sea level.
Beijing's northernmost point is located in the north of Shidongzi Village in Huairou District, its southernmost point is on the banks of the Yongding River in the south of Yufa Town in Daxing District, its easternmost point is located in the east of Dajiaoyu in Huayuan Village in Miyun County, and its westernmost point is at the top of the Dongling Mountain in Mentougou District. Beijing is surrounded by the cities of Hebei and Tianjin.
Section I: Landscape
The overall characteristic of Beijing's geomorphic landscape is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, with a large vertical difference in terrain. Western, northern and northeastern Beijing is surrounded by mountains on three sides, and the southeastern part of Beijing is the Beijing Plain that slopes gently toward the Bohai Sea, with the Yongding River, Chaobai River, and Wenyu River meandering from northwest to southeast, laying down the geographic features of "nine rivers in front of the yi, and ten thousand mountains in the back".
The western mountains of Beijing are commonly known as the Western Mountains, which are the remnants of the Taihang Mountains; the northern and northeastern mountains are collectively known as the Jundu Mountains, which are the Yanshan Mountains. Peak is located in the northwestern border of Beijing, the first peak Dongling Mountain elevation 2303 meters. The second peak Haituo Mountain elevation of 2241 meters, the third peak Hundred Flowers Mountain elevation 2218 meters.
Beijing Plain is mainly formed by the Yongding River, Chaobai River and other water systems formed by the alluvial fan accumulation, the elevation is generally not more than 100 meters, most of the 20-60 meters, the lowest elevation is only 8 meters, the city of Beijing is located in the Yongding River alluvial plume fan of the ridge.
Beijing's geographic coordinates are 2.05' apart in longitude and only 1.37' across in latitude, with little difference in horizontal zonation. But the vertical zoning changes are very obvious, the vertical height difference of 2295 meters, within a short distance to form the plains, plateaus, hills, low mountains, low mountains, mountains in different vertical landscape zones, coupled with Beijing's back of the mountains facing the sea topography of the special habits, so that the climatic conditions of Beijing than the same latitude in other areas to be much more complex for the three-dimensional development of the tourism in Beijing to mention with the natural conditions of the unique. Examination of the big
Beijing's main mountain peaks average altitude of about 1000-1500 meters, the territory of the three major mountains are Dongling Mountain, Haituo Mountain and Hundred Flowers Mountain. In addition, Wuling Mountain, Yunmeng Mountain, Miaofeng Mountain, Shangfang Mountain and Wushu Peak are also tourist attractions.
One, Beijing's peaks
1. Dongling Mountain
Dongling Mountain is located in the west of Mentougou District, neighboring Huailai, Zholu and Laishui County of Hebei Province, with an elevation of 2 meters, which is the first peak in Beijing. The high altitude creates the unique mountain climate of Dongling Mountain, and the lowest temperature on the top of the mountain can reach zero degree Celsius in summer. At the peak of summer, Dongling Mountain is a sea of flowers, beautiful purples and reds. The forest is divided into three layers: the tree layer, mainly composed of larch, green poplar, poplar, oak (li), maple (qi) and other cold-resistant trees; the middle layer is the shrub layer, mainly thorns, hairy hazelnut, and other low shrubs; the lowest layer is the herb layer, with deer hoof grass, dancing cranes, and so on. A spruce with a diameter of more than 80 centimeters growing at an altitude of about 1400 meters is extremely rare in North China. The reproduction of plants provides good living conditions for the growth of animals, there are wild goats, foxes, badgers, roe deer, squirrels, and a large number of grouse, orioles, cuckoos and other birds.After 1982, hundreds of yaks were introduced from Gansu, Qinghai and Tibet, and the "yak welcoming" has become a new highlight of the tourism products in Dongling Mountain.
2. Haituo Mountain
Haituo Mountain is located in Songshan Nature Reserve in the northwest of Yanqing County, bordering with Huailai and Chicheng counties of Hebei Province, with an elevation of 2,241 meters, the second highest peak in Beijing.
"Haituo Flying Rain" is one of the eight scenic spots in Yanqing, mountain meadows and large natural yellow cauliflower are extremely rare in North China, and the mountaintop stone sea and birch forests are also very. Haituo mountain summer cool, pleasant climate is Beijing's summer resort.
There is the most complete natural ecosystem in the suburbs of Beijing, and the vertical belt spectrum of plant growth is very obvious. 1000 meters below the main artificial forests, 1000-1600 meters for the second-generation oil pine forests, 1600--1800 meters for the oak and birch forests, and 1800 meters above the mountain meadows. Haituo Mountain is rich in animal and plant resources and medicinal herbs. Plants mainly include North China larch, walnut rowan, mountain poplar, etc.; medicinal resources include Codonopsis pilosula, prickly five ginseng, etc., and animals include money leopard, spotted antelope, roe deer and badger.
3. Hundred Flowers Mountain
Hundred Flowers Mountain is located at the junction of Huangta Township of Mentougou District and Shijialing Township of Fangshan District, with an elevation of 2,218 meters, which is the third highest peak in Beijing.
The 130-hectare meadow at the top of the mountain is covered with luxuriant plants and mountain flowers, and a variety of species are distributed at different altitudes, which is known as Beijing's natural botanical garden. At the high altitude are mountain meadows, North China larch forests and birch forests, among which the North China larch forests are the existing North China larch communities in Beijing; at the low altitude is a deciduous broad-leaved forest belt, which is mainly composed of mountain poplars and oak forests, etc. The seasonal scenery of Baihua Mountain is different. Hundred Flowers Mountain has different sceneries in four seasons, in spring, the green layer deepens from the bottom up, hundreds of flowers, colorful; in summer, green, birds and flowers, fresh air, pleasant climate; in autumn, the leaves are red and frosty, colorful, beautiful flowers; in winter, the pines stand tall, proudly in the snow.
Hundred Flowers Mountain is also a natural zoo, there are more than 150 kinds of wild animals, mainly zebra antelope, brown grouse, and wild boar, foxes, hares and other protected animals. There are more than 20 kinds of poultry animals, mainly oriole, cuckoo and so on. The eight scenic spots of Hundred Flowers Mountain are "Sunrise on the Cloud Top", "Evening Sunset in Cui Cui", "Hundred Flowers Waterfall" and "Ten Thousand Years of Ice Muscle", "Hundred Flowers Meadow", "Ancient Trees", "Sea of Clouds", "White Python". Sources in the test
Two, Beijing's water
(a) five water systems
1. Yongding River system
Yongding River is by the Yanghe, Sanggan River and Guishui River in the Guanting Hall Reservoir near the confluence and become the confluence of the Haihe injected into the Bohai Sea, the total length of 681 kilometers. Yanghe has three sources, the East and West Yanghe River originates in Xinghe County, Inner Mongolia, South Yanghe River originates in Yanggao County, Shanxi. The Sanggan River originates in Ningwu County, Shanxi. Yongding River flows through Yanqing, Mentougou, Shijingshan, Fengtai, Fangshan, Daxing and other counties and districts in Beijing, with a length of about 170 kilometers and a basin area of 3,168 square kilometers. Yongding River was once called Lugou River, Hun River and Wuding River. Because of its large sand content, it is known as the "Little Yellow River".
2. Rejecting Horse River System
The Rejecting Horse River originates from Laiyuan County in Hebei Province, and flows through the scenic area of "Shidu" at the entrance of Duyagou and Zhangfang, and divides into South and North Rejecting Horse Rivers near Zhangfang. The north rejects the horse river accepts the big stone river, the small clear river, flows eastward to the Hebei Zhuo city nearby converges to the white ditch river; The south rejects the horse river from the Zhangfang to the south, accepts the easy water in the Hebei Tingxing county after the river converges with the white ditch river, begins to call the big clear river finally converges to the sea river injects into the Bohai Sea. Refugee River in Beijing basin area of 2,219 square kilometers.
3. Wenyu River System
Wenyu River is the upper source of the North Canal, which originated in Changping, and converged with the southern foothills of the Jundu Mountain and the small rivers of the western mountains, by the East Shahe, North Shahe, South Shahe convergence in Shahe Town, out of the Shahe Reservoir, known as the Wenyu River; the river flowed through Changping, Shunyi, Chaoyang, and the northern pass of Tongzhou District, began to be called the North Canal. The North Canal is the northern section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, which used to be a waterway for transportation of grain, and grain ships entered the Tonghui River in Tongzhou to arrive at the Jishuitan dock in the Yuan Dynasty. The Wenyu River is the only river originating in the city, with a watershed area of 4,423 square kilometers, and is the most important drainage channel in Beijing.
4. Chaobai River system
The Chaobai River system consists of two waterways, the Chao River and the White River, the Chao River originated in Fengning County, Hebei, Beijing Miyun Gubeikou entry; White River originated in Guyuan County, Hebei, the White River in the Yanqing Baihebao people in the city; the two rivers one south and one east into the Miyun Reservoir, and then respectively, outflow, in the Miyun City, south of the Hechuan Village confluence, began to be called the Chaobai River. To Tianjin, said Chao Bai Xinhe, injected into the Bohai Sea. Chao River and White River is an important water source of Miyun Reservoir, is the main source of water supply in Beijing, the territory of the watershed area of 5,613 square kilometers, is the city's watershed area of the water system. The river system in Beijing river basin area of 1,377 square kilometers, is the city's smallest flow area of the water system, Haizi Reservoir (Jinhai Lake) downstream of the inclusion of the generals off the river, the Tumen River, Huangsongyu River, the Beizhai River, Yuzhishan River, Baoziyu River, the wrong river and the Shunyi District Jinji River and other rivers.
(2) Five major reservoirs
1. Miyun Reservoir
Miyun Reservoir is located in the northwest of Miyun County, built in 1958 - 1960, with a total capacity of 4.375 billion cubic meters, is a reservoir in North China, is a mega-reservoir with integrated functions such as flood control, irrigation, power generation and urban water use, and is the most important source of supply for the water used by the capital.
2. Guanting Reservoir
Guanting Reservoir is located at the border of Yanqing County and Huailai County of Hebei Province, built in 1951-1954. The total capacity of 2.270 billion cubic meters, in 1988 the capacity was expanded to 4.16 billion cubic meters, a comprehensive use of the reservoir.
3. Haizi Reservoir (Jinhai Lake)
Haizi Reservoir is located in Pinggu District, east of the city, built in 1959 - 1960, expanded in 1973, with a total capacity of 121 million cubic meters. For the Pinggu industrial and agricultural water and tourism, has been changed to Jinhai Lake Park, the 1990 Asian Games water events held here.
4. Huairou Reservoir
Huairou Reservoir is located in the southwest of Huairou District, built in 1958. The total capacity of 0.98 billion cubic meters. After reconstruction, the total capacity of 115 million cubic meters. Mainly for urban water supply and Huairou, Shunyi farm irrigation, but also the Jingmi water diversion transmission and distribution hub, is one of the main sources of water supply in the capital.
5. Thirteen Ling Reservoir
Thirteen Ling Reservoir is located in Changping District, southeast of Thirteen Ling, built in 1958, with a total capacity of 0.81 billion cubic meters is a flood control, power generation, irrigation, aquaculture, tourism for the purpose of a comprehensive medium-sized reservoir. The center of the reservoir is built with nine dragon palace open to visitors.
(C) Beijing's historical rivers and lakes
1. Lotus Pond
Lotus Pond, formerly known as the West Lake, wash the horse gully, is located in the east side of the middle of the Western Third Ring Road in the capital, is a typical urban water system in today's Beijing City Heritage Park. The ancient history of Lotus Pond can be traced back thousands of years, complementing the development history of Beijing. From the beginning of the city of Beijing, the city of Jicheng, to the capitals of Liao and Jin, all of them relied on the Lotus Pond water to survive and develop, and the city of Jicheng was built more than 3,000 years ago with the spring water here as the water supply source. After flowing southward, the Lotus Pond water is injected into the Liangshui River, which passes through Zhangjiawan in Tongzhou District and then into the North Canal. Ancient Lotus Pond water is quite abundant, when the lake is very considerable, "Water Classic", "Lake East and West two miles, three miles north and south, cover the old pool of Yan also. Green water clarification solution, Chuan Ting look away, but also for the sound of the tourists also." Jin Zhongdu era, more play the role of the Lotus Pond, not only for its water supply, but also for the foundation of the landscape garden, such as the West Garden and Tai Liquid Pond (in the city of fish and algae in the pool) are this lake as a water source.
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal from Tianjin to Beijing Tongzhou Beiguan section, called the Northern Canal. The Wenyu River is the upper source of the Northern Canal. The Ming Dynasty built many huge warehouses in Tongzhou City and Zhangjiawan, where more than half of the grain shipped in the canal was kept. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, when the Tonghui River was silted up or dry, people and materials from the south and north used Zhangjiawan wharf as a transfer station, and Zhangjiawan showed a prosperous scene of thousands of sails converging and department stores gathering.
At present, most of the rivers in the suburbs of Beijing are injected into the North Canal, which is the most important drainage channel in Beijing. In recent years, Tongzhou District has built a Grand Canal tourist area along the North Canal from Beiguan to Zhangjiawan.
3. Tonghui River
Tonghui River is the northernmost section of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. In order to solve the problem of transporting grain from the south of the Yangtze River to the metropolis, Yuan Shizuo Kublai ordered Guo Shoujing to be the water supervisor and preside over the new river project. In the 29th year of the reign of Yuan Dynasty (1292), the construction of the new river was officially started. Guo Shoujing first tried every possible means to open up water sources, he started from Baifu Village in Changping County, dug water collection canals along the foothills of the mountains and southward according to the terrain, and collected water from Baifu Spring, Shuangta River, Yuquan River, and other rivers into the Jingshan Pool (present-day Kunming Lake). Jingshan Po The following, the use of jade River (South Changhe) for the diversion channel, from the and Yi Gate (now Xizhimen) North Watergate into the city, injected in the Jishuitan. Guo Shoujing then presided over the excavation of Jishuitan below the navigable section of the river. Navigable section of the river from the Jishuitan to the east,
Then along the east side of the Imperial City south flow, out of the southern wall of the city of Metropolis, and then along the Jin Dynasty Jinkou River to the east, to Tongzhou to the North Canal.
This new river is 82 kilometers long, after more than a year of construction, the main project was completed. Kublai gave this new river named Tonghui River. The completion of the Tonghui River, so that the south of the grain ships can sail directly into the Jishuitan, metropolis of the grain transportation problem is basically solved.
Tonghui River shipping section in the early Ming Dynasty silt waste, followed by a number of repairs, but ultimately due to insufficient water, less effective than the Yuan Dynasty, the number of locks is also greatly reduced. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the river was enclosed within the Imperial City, so the canal boats took the Datong Bridge outside the Dongbaimen Gate as the terminal pier. Therefore, the Tonghui River only refers to the 26-kilometer-long section of the river from the Dongbimen sluice gate to Tongzhou. Recently, a section of the ancient canal wharf has been restored on the bank of Tonghui River in Gaobeidian, Chaoyang District, which is listed as a district-level cultural relics protection unit.
4. Gaoliang River
The Gaoliang River is another important river in Beijing. The Gaoliang River has an important connection with the development of Beijing, and the establishment of the Yuan Capital City was the transfer of the city from the Lotus Pond water system to the Gaoliang River water system. The ancient Gaoliang River has two sections. The western section was a tributary of the Yongding River that emerged from the mountains and branched out near Shijingshan, but this section was gradually silted up due to the shift of the Yongding River. The specific location of the eastern section of the ancient Gaoliang River in today's Zizhuyuan, it came out of the Zizhuyuan after crossing the Baishi Bridge, Gaoliang Bridge, Xizhimen, to the De Shengmen Branch of the two branches, one continues to flow eastward along the line of the present North Moat to the east, through the Dongzhimen Dam River people Wenyu River. Another southward, from the south of Deshengmen, over the present Jishuitan, Shichahai, Beihai, Zhongnanhai, through Chang'an Street, through the front door, goldfish pond, Longtan Lake, out of the left Anmen, over the ten miles southeast of the village, by the Majuqiao people Yongding River. According to recent years on the underground buried ancient gaoliang river channel detection, the widest place up to 600 meters, was the pre-history of the Yongding River channel.
5. six sea water system
In the eastern part of the Xicheng District, there are six interconnected lakes in the inner city of a huge water system. Six sea refers to the back of the three seas (West Sea, the back of the sea, before the sea) and the front three seas (the North Sea, the Middle Sea, the South China Sea). At present, the Beijing tourism industry and collectively referred to as the latter three seas for the Shichahai. Six Seas was originally a depression in the former course of the ancient Yongding River (Gaoliang River), which later formed a lake due to water retention, and was known as Bailiantan in the Jin Dynasty.
During the period of Yuan Shizuizu Kublai, Guo Shoujing presided over the new river project and drew the water from Baifuquan and Yuquan into Jishuitan.
The Jishuitan in the Yuan Dynasty not only covered the three seas after today's, and the water is deep and wide, east and west as wide as two miles, the southeast side and the Tai Liquid Pond (today's Beihai and the Middle Sea, there was no South China Sea at that time) connected to the "ocean such as the sea", "water and sky a color" of the scene. At that time, the grain ships coming from the south of Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal could sail into the Jishuitan of the Yuan Dynasty through the North Canal and Tonghui River. Jishuitan then became the terminal of transportation, showing a busy shipping, "poopdeck sheltering the water" of the prosperous scene.
In the early Ming Dynasty, due to the transformation of Beijing, part of the city's rivers were circled within the Imperial City, and the canal ships no longer entered the city, coupled with the reduction of water sources, the water surface of the Jishuitan shrunk, and the name of the lake also changed. Today's West China Sea was still called Jishuitan; today's Houhai and Qianhai then collectively known as Shichahai. Taiyiquan south of the South China Sea was added. In the late Ming Dynasty, Taiyi Pond began to be called the North Sea, the sea, the South China Sea according to the geographical division. Exam
Qing Dynasty, the first three seas were called the North Sea, the Middle Sea, the South China Sea; after the three seas were called the Jishuitan (that is, today's West China Sea), Shichahai (that is, today's back sea), before the sea. Now six sea water system of water from the Miyun reservoir, six sea on both sides of the numerous attractions, Beihai Park and Shichahai scenic spot has become an important attraction in Beijing.
6. Changhe River
The Changhe River is divided into two sections: the North Changhe River and the South Changhe River. North Changhe is located in the Haidian District, Yuquan Mountain and the Summer Palace, originated in the Yuquan Mountain "the world's first spring", through the Qinglong locks flowing people Kunming Lake. After the spring water of Yuquanshan Mountain stopped flowing, the North Changhe River became a drainage channel. The South Changhe River starts from the Xiuqi Gate of Kunming Lake in the north, and goes to the mouth of Sanqiao River in the north of Xizhimen in the south, connecting with the North Moat. South Changhe is the diversion channel of the ancient Tonghui River, with a total length of 10.8 kilometers. South River in the late Qing Dynasty, also known as the Royal River and the Jade River, is the Empress Dowager Cixi from the water to the Summer Palace of the main traffic. Gao Liang Bridge near the "Qihong Hall" Royal Pier was when Empress Dowager Cixi boarded a boat to the Summer Palace starting point. 1966, when digging the Jingmi Diversion Canal, the use of the South Changhe River from Xiuqi gate to Changchun Bridge channel, in Changchun Bridge at the construction of an 8-meter-wide Changhe River Diversion Lock - Changhe At Changchunqiao, an 8-meter wide lock was built to divert the Changhe River, so the current starting point of the South Changhe River was changed to Changhe Lock, and the current length of the river is 5.5 kilometers. From Xiuqi Gate through Changchun Bridge to Yuyuantan, this section of the Beijing-Miami Diversion Canal is also known as the Kunyu River, and water tourism programs have been opened on the South Changhe and Kunyu River.
7. Tube River
Tube River is the moat of the Forbidden City, 3.5 kilometers long, 52 meters wide. Shenwumen, Wumen for the north-south axis, East and West Huamen for the east-west axis, the barrel river is divided into northwest, northeast, southwest, southeast four parts. Donghuamen, Xihuamen and Shenwumen door under the road surface have culverts will be connected to the four parts.