The Qing dynasty's school government is the central government sent to the provinces to manage the education and science and technology affairs of the officials, its system originated in the Song dynasty. The Song Dynasty had set up the Division of the school, in charge of all the way to the state and county of the school government, and inspect the Ministry of Confucianism of the merits of the scholar's diligence and idleness. In addition to the Ming dynasty in the provinces set up Buzhengzhi Secretary and the Secretary of the Ministry of Justice, but also set up a variety of Taoist, which has a Commander of the Commander of the Secretary of the Ministry of Justice to supervise the school of the Taoist, known as the Road to the School, generally by the Beijing officials briefly. This system continued in the Qing dynasty, after the Yongzheng collectively referred to as the "imperial order to supervise a province," generally referred to as the "school government". School by the court in the Hanlin Academy, Zhanzifu officials selected by other Beijing officials selected by the Hanlin Academy or review of the title; because the school also has the duty to send to the province in the examination of martial arts students, and therefore add the title of Governor. The Qing dynasty, the school government three years a term, meet the son, d, wu, you countryside examination year of August release, its basic tasks are three: the first is to preside over the "hospital test" (detailed below), the admission of the provinces, states, counties, students; the second is to preside over the examination of students around the school of the "year examination "; the third is to preside as a preparatory examination for the township examination "examination". School Department of the court envoys, not subject to governor control, high status. The following will be in the imperial examination system, the three series of students, lifts and scholar examination program to do a general description:
(a) students (Xiu Cai) series of exams.
Children to get a student shall be the county, the prefecture (or the state directly under the state, the Office) and the school government of the three examinations:
1. County examination by the county officials, the date in February. Its procedures, students to the county government office of the ceremony room registration, fill in the parents, grandparents, great-grandparents three generations of survival, death, has served, has not served the curriculum vitae; or issued with the examination of the five people to each other, or issued by the County Grange of the bond, to ensure that his family is clean, does not belong to the superior advocate of subordinate soaps of the children and grandchildren, as well as no fraudulent registration, anonymous funeral, replacement, false fabrication of the name and so on, and then allowed to apply for the examination. County exams generally **** five exams, one per day, before dawn roll call, the same day to hand in the paper. The first field for the main field, test "four books" text two, five six rhyme test post a poem; title, poem, text writing method have a certain format and word limit. The first admitted to be allowed to apply for the government examination, the rest of the reference whether the candidates listen to their own discretion. The first county examination is called the first county case, the customary admission to the hospital examination.
2. Prefectural examination by the governor, directly under the prefectural governor, directly under the Office of the Tongzhi presided over the date in April. Those who did not take the county examination for some reason can make up a test before the prefectural examination, and can also take the prefectural examination. Other enrollment, with insurance, the field, the content of the examination and the county exam is the same. The first admission is allowed to take the hospital test, the rest of the field whether the reference to listen to the candidates at their own discretion. The first name of the government examination, the first name of the government case, the customary admission to the hospital examination enrollment.
3. The college exams by the school government presided over. Provincial school government in the three-year term of two tours, called according to the Lin, presided over the age of the student examination and the examination; at the same time, the examination of the school for children. For some reason did not participate in the government test as well as the county test, the government test are not participants, can be made up after the examination to participate in the hospital test. House test enrollment, the end of the insurance, the examination content and county, the same test, but before the main test by the ancient one, the test to solve the Bible, history, poetry and fugue, etc.. House test field rules are more strict. Entered by the school government personally named, recognize the insurance, send the insurance of the granary students lined up next to the seat of the school government, if there is a false test, the replacement, find out the investigation; in addition to mutual insurance of the five students must be aware of each other, such as allowing hidden harboring, five people even sit down. Candidates enter the examination basket, containing ink and food. In order to prevent entrapment, to carry out a rigorous search, and even to solve the hair, bare clothes, even shoes and socks, stationery should also be checked, not allowed to carry a piece of paper into the examination room. After the roll call, the examination room was sealed and access was prohibited. In order to prevent favoritism of the examiners, the examination paper was sealed and glued. The new students admitted to the hospital test must fill out the pro confession, the book age, place of origin, three generations, as well as height and appearance characteristics, by the state and county school officials issued a seal knot, reported to the school government. The school administration convened the new students in the hall to perform the hairpin ceremony, and then assigned them to study in the county, state, and prefectural schools. Those who stayed in counties were called county students and those who were assigned to prefectures were called prefectural students. The government, state, county to the school government issued a list of new students, that is, notify the new students regularly wear a bird top blue robe, gathered in the hall of the government office to host a banquet hairpin; then in the government, state, county officials under the leadership of the Confucian Temple to visit the Holy, and then to the Palace of the school to visit the school officials. Thereafter, it is the beginning of enrollment to study.
School government according to Lin everywhere, in addition to presiding over the entrance examination, but also has the responsibility of rectifying the school spirit, inspecting the character and behavior of the students and examine the students' studies. To this end, he must also preside over the following activities: the imperial examination candidates statue
1. view the wind, visit the temple and put the notice. After the school government according to visit a place, often the first to draw up the scripture, strategy, thesis, poetry, fugue and other topics, so that students and students selected, and sometimes to the nearest school to test the students. These activities are aimed at examining the culture and customs of various places, called the wind. College examination before the day, the school government in court dress to visit the Temple of Literature, in the Dacheng Hall steps three kneeling and nine kowtow ritual; rituals after the rise of the Hall of Minglun, by the school official read the court promulgated to regulate the conduct of the scholar "lying tablet" and "Oracle wide training", the students stood in silence to listen to the ring; thereafter, by the student switches to sign speech, each speaking the "four books" a chapter. After the end of the book, according to the results of the visit to the conduct and academic excellence of the students to be rewarded and punished in public; and then check the Temple wall, if there are broken, that is, to repair. After visiting the temple, the school government back to the prefectural and county offices to release, that is, the people are allowed to complain of grievances, accusations of unlawful civil and military students, tributary students, supervisors. Complaint has nothing to do with the school is not admissible, to the local government to deal with. Tributary students, supervisors and civil and military students violate the law, the circumstances of the light punishment, the heavier reprimanded leather.
2. yearly examination. The first year after the appointment of the school government according to the Lin everywhere, in the presidency of the court before the examination of students, aimed at checking their learning situation, the government, state, county school attached to the students, students, government grants are required to participate in the examination, said the year. The yearly examination to implement the "six-class deputation method", that is, the examination results are assessed as six, according to the results of the identity of the student deputation, such as students, attached to the students to make up for the granary, the granary down to the students, attached to the students, and so on. In addition, the results of the examination listed five, six, there are two kinds of punishment and deposition of the blue shirt and hair society. With a blue shirt is a symbol of the identity of the student, "green" punishment even if the student was punished to change the green fir, said "green"; "hair society" that is, from the county school into the township community school; the most serious punishment is The most serious punishment is to be dismissed as a citizen.
3. Section examination is a pre-screening examination, the second year after the arrival of the school government. Achievements are divided into three levels, the first two and three of the top ten in large provinces, small and medium-sized provinces in the top five allowed to apply for the township examination. In addition to the examination, aimed at selecting and sending to participate in the examination of the countryside there is a member of the student, the tribute to the student, the supervisor of the "recorded section" and "recorded legacy". The so-called record section, that is, the science examination results of three did not get to participate in the qualification of the countryside test, for some reason did not participate in the science examination, as well as in the supervisors, yin student, government students, students, because of the name is not listed in the local school and do not participate in the science examination, are required to countryside test in July of the year by the school government exams recorded section, can be sent to the examination; Recorded section of the provinces have a fixed quota. The so-called record, that is, by recording the examination still failed to qualify to participate in the township examination and did not participate in the recording of the examination, you can take another examination, the admission of the township examination is also permitted. There are some people who can directly qualify for the rural examination without taking the examination, the Recorded Section or the Recorded Legacy. Among these people, the current school officials allowed by the school directly sent to the examination; in the State Prison undergraduate students and supervisors, by the supervisors directly sent to the examination; seal official brother, brother, son, nephew with the official in the study of the tribute, supervisors, permitted to send the reference; the school officials, the state and county Zuo II by the local officials sent to refer to the application.
(ii) the examination of the series, that is, the township examination.
The Qing dynasty through the township examination to select candidates, is to take the meaning of the ancient "township". "Xiangju" is a phrase in the "Zhouli", said the township doctor to the court to promote the virtuous. The Han Dynasty Chaju system to raise filial piety and honesty, to raise literature, to raise the Mingjing have the road, is the township cited, without having to go through the examination. After the establishment of the imperial examination system, the countryside must pass the examination, and thus developed into the countryside examination system. After the Ming and Qing scholars passed the countryside examination, that is, to obtain a permanent merit --- Lujin, according to the section of the unlimited period of time to participate in the examination of the Ministry of Rites.
1. The time and content of the examination. Qing dynasty township test three years a section, meet the son, afternoon, d, you held, said the section; meet the emperor's birthday, enthronement and other celebrations, an increase of one, called the section. If the celebration of the year coincides with the year of the main section, then change the year of the main section for the section, the original main section before or after the year held. There is a system of three years of Dabi in the Zhou Li, so the year of the township examination is also called the year of Dabi. Township examination held in August, also known as the autumn exam. Township examination is divided into three. To the first nine, twelve, fifteen for the field, the candidates in each field before the day before the field, the day after the field. Examination content, the early years of shunzhi regulations, the first exam "four books" "five classic", with the eight-legged text, known as the system of justice, also known as the system of art, the art of the time, the time; the second exam on a judgment of the five, edicts, enjoined, the table to choose to make one; the third exam on the history of the economy, the history of the current affairs of the policy of the five. Qianlong fifty-two years later, changed the first test "four books" text three, five eight rhyme poem; the second test five scriptures; the third test five questions, questions and answers for the history, current affairs, politics. Shun Tian rural examination of the "four books" questions and post test poem questions by the emperor, the rest of the examination content by the main examiner, the same examiner officials; provincial rural examination by the main examiner questions.
2. The reference personnel of the rural examination. Qing dynasty township examination center in Shun Tianfu and the provinces. Shuntian township examination is also known as the Northern Examination, reference to two parts of the people: one for Zhili, Fengtian, Jehol and other provinces and the Manchurian and Han Chinese military students and students, supervisors; two for the provinces of the students, supervisors. Provincial township examinations in the provincial city, the reference for the province's students.
3. The examination room of the rural examination. The examination room of the rural examination in the Qing Dynasty was called Gongyuan. Tribute to the architectural structure, the end of the Qing dynasty A Chen (1904) section of the bachelor's degree Mr. Shang Yanliao in the "Qing dynasty imperial examinations in the record" in the account: Shuntian Tribute to the southeast corner of the capital built in Chongwenmen, there is a "Tiankai Wenyun" in front of the main gate, and the other provinces and the Tribute to the basic the same. Provincial Tribute House are built in the southeast of the provincial capital, the Tribute House on the front door hanging "Tribute House" ink plaque, the gate east and west of the establishment of the two Square, respectively, the book "Mingjing take Shi" and "for the country to seek the wise". Gongyuan gate for the east and west two yamen, the gate is divided into the center, left, right three doors. Into the gate for the Dragon Gate, the door and open four doors, take "Shangshu? Yu Shu" "open four doors" to recruit the meaning of the wise and handsome. Dragon Gate straight into the Hall to the public, is the supervisor of the Office of the Provisional and external curtain officials. In the Dragon Gate and to the public hall in the middle, there is a building towering, called the Mingyuan building, from above, the whole door inside and outside the situation at a glance. Supervisors and other officials can climb the building to look out, inspecting the students have no personal contact, the officers have to pass on behalf of the malpractice. To the public hall and then back there is a flying rainbow bridge, across the bridge that is the inner curtain door. The back of the inner curtain is the place where the examiners and house officers read the examination papers. Longmen, Mingyuan building on both sides of the examination is the scholar's number of houses, the number of houses from the south to the north of a number of rows, each row of dozens of rooms and even nearly a hundred, ShunTian and some large provinces GongYuan's number of houses up to more than 10,000, small and medium-sized provinces also have thousands of rooms. Tribute to the four walls all over the thorns, four corners of a building, thought? Lookout. During the examination period, the Tribute House around the military section of the garrison patrol.
4. The countryside examination regulations. Qing dynasty countryside test field rules are extremely strict, before the test, after the test, in the field, outside the field, are strictly prohibited. The scholar's entrapment prevention is particularly strict, when entering the field for strict search and inspection. In order to prevent entrapment, the provisions of the scholar must wear dismantled sewing clothes, single-layer shoes and socks, leather shall not have a face, felt carpet shall not have a lining; prohibited to carry wooden cabinets and wooden boxes, double benches, loaded with cotton mattresses; ink stone is not allowed to be too thick, the pen tube must be hollowed out, the wax table must be hollow through the bottom, cakes and biscuits are to be cut. Strictly prohibit the examiner traffic entrusted, bribe selling joints, strictly prohibit the scholar and the staff of the service in collaboration with the cheating, violators of the strict penalty. 1858, Shuntian Township Examination fraud case, the examiner, the co-coordinator of the University of Park? In 1858, the chief examiner and co-director of the university, Mr. Pai, was beheaded, and dozens of officials and scholars were severely punished, including the death penalty.
5. The examiners and the marking and admission of the countryside examination.
The examiners of the Qing dynasty township exams were the main and deputy chief examiners, one for each province (the deputy chief examiners of the Shuntian township exams after the Daoguang period were three), who were responsible for proposing the questions, marking the scrolls, and accepting the exams. The deputy examiners are ordered by the emperor to release, dedicated to the Hanlin bachelor's degree of officials. Among them, the Shuntian township exams used the first and second grade officials, while the other provinces used the officials of the ministers, the cabinet ministers, the Hanlin Academy, the Zhanzheng Office and the Ducha Academy. In addition to the main and deputy examiner, the provincial township exams also appointed with the examiner to help read the papers, with the examiner is also known as the "house officer", each province ranging from 8 to 18 people. Shuntian township exams with the examiner by the Ministry of Rites in conjunction with the Ministry of Justice to select officials from the Section A as the provincial township exams with the examiner by serving as the township exams "Supervisory Pro" of the Governor of the examination, dedicated to neighboring provinces outside the boundary of the 300-mile in the registration of the jinshi, lifelong. "Supervisor" is responsible for monitoring, general registry of the affairs of the examination room. Shuntian countryside test to Shuntian Prefect for the Han Supervisor, appointed two or three Manchu officials for the Manchu Supervisor; provincial countryside test to the Governor, Governor for the Supervisor. In addition, the countryside examination also set up supervisors, transfer, curtain officer and other personnel responsible for the management of the examination room. Scholar with an ink pen to answer the original scroll called ink scroll, out of the handover by the 弥 sealing personnel will be rolled on the name of the origin of the 弥 seal. In order to prevent the examiner to identify the candidate's handwriting of the evil, will be sealed after the ink roll number to the transcriber with vermilion sand transcription, called the vermilion roll. After the transcription of the Zhu volume, the readers and the ink volume proofreading, respectively, sets of sealing, ink volume stored in the outer curtain, the Zhu volume to the inner curtain reading. The head and deputy head examiners read the recommended scrolls of each room, mainly in the first field, and after reading them in combination with the situation of the second and third fields, they read and discuss with each other to determine the number of candidates. On the day of the release of the list, according to the Chinese style of the red number of red ink rolls, open the seal, fill in the name of the list, release the list announced. After the release of the township examination, the provincial examination papers were transferred to the Ministry of Justice for rechecking, which was called "grinding survey". Room officials did not recommend the volume and the main examiner did not take the volume, are said to drop the volume, but also shall be slightly added to the criticism, after the test to the candidates. Between the Qianlong, sometimes the governor, the school government on the Chinese lifts for retesting, after the Jiaqing became customized, after the Daoguang fixed to go to Beijing for retesting.
6. The amount of the rural examination.
The Qing dynasty countryside examination in the amount of provinces vary, according to the high and low style, the population of more or less, the weight of the Ding Fu. Such as the Qianlong period *** take more than 1200. The countryside examination is taken in the list of people called lifts, in addition to each positive list of five to take the deputy list of a, also known as the deputy tribute. Release the period in September, the first name Xieyuan, Shuntian countryside examination of Xieyuan example for the Zhili people.
7. The release of the countryside examination.
The Qing dynasty countryside test in September, more than the c, c day branch, to c is a dragon, c is a tiger, take the meaning of the dragon and tiger list; and because of the fall, osmanthus flowers bloom, so also known as osmanthus list. When the list, the deputy chief examiner, supervisor, house officer, transfer, supervisor of the test gathered in the public hall, tear down the ink scrolls 弥封 verification of the Chinese name, place of origin; verified and handed over to the clerk of the name of the singers, sing after filling out the list. List from the sixth to write up, the end of the name after writing and then write the first five, from the fifth to the first name, called the "Wuxingui". Fill in the list to this point, when it was night, the public hall up and down the huge red flower candles, by which one of the room out of the Kui official will be a pair of red candles placed in front of the case of the room official, in order to show the honor. Jing Kui sing the name of the voice is very high, said haunted five Kui. Fill out the secondary list after the completion of the five Jing Kui. The whole list is filled out, the list will be stamped with Shun Tian Fu Yin or the province Governor Guan Guan, loaded with yellow silk color hall, in the drums and music ceremonial guards, sent to the Shun Tian Fu Yin Department or the provinces Buzhengzhi Department, the governor's office in front of the hanging. Issued the next day, in each province governor Yamen held "deer Ming Banquet", by the examiner, supervisor Lin, inside and outside the curtain officials and the new section of officials to participate. The new candidates to visit the examiner, supervisor of the Lin, the school government, the house officer, and then in order to sit down to open the feast, playing the "poetry" in the "deer" chapter, as the Kuixing dance. The new section of the first name Xieyuan, the second name Yayuan, the third, fourth, fifth name Jingkui, the sixth name Yakui, the rest of the Wenkui, are awarded by the state 20 two paikou silver and the top of the hat and coat plaques. The plaques are hung above the front door of the house and a plaque can be erected in front of the door. Newly enrolled in the second year can go to Beijing to participate in the Ministry of Rites test; will test a section or three sections do not win, you can also go through the Ministry of "selection" or "big pick" on the low-level officials.
(3) the examination series, including the examination, re-examination and the Palace Examination.
The term "jinshi" was first used in the Book of Rites. Wang system", refers to the person who can be awarded a title and salary, to the Sui dynasty began to become a subject, and then used for successive generations. After the Qing Dynasty, the candidate was qualified to participate in the examination, the examination, retesting and the Palace of the examination to take the winner, said the scholar.
1.
The Qing dynasty will be held in the spring in the capital Gongyuan, test period in March, so also known as the spring test (spring exam); presided over by the Department of Rites, also known as the Rites exam. Will test every three years a section, ugly, un, e, hu year held; meet the countryside test Enke, the following year's test will be the test Enke, is the year of the main section or in advance or delayed a year. Will test examination, marking, field rules and examination content is basically the same as the countryside test, but the first "four books" three questions by the emperor's order. Examiner in March released in March, the first six Cabinet members 4 to 7 people; Xianfeng customized 4 people, a positive president, three vice president, to the university and Hanlin Jinshi origin of one or two officials to fill; 18 people with the examiner, and the examiner at the same time released, with Hanlin Jinshi origin of the actual vacancy of the Beijing officials. Qing dynasty will test quota for each section of different amounts, generally more than a hundred or two or three hundred, the most a section of 406, the least a section of 96. Examination in April, the list, the winner is called Gongshi, the first name will be yuan.
2.
The test was taken by the gungshi, then to participate in the re-examination. Early Qing dynasty tributary this is not a retest, the Kangxi fifty-one years due to the occurrence of the case, after the test was conducted after the retest. Yongzheng, Qianlong two dynasties, retesting between the line, to the Jiaqing initial customized, the location of the Palace in the Baohe Temple. Retest test "four books" a text, five eight rhyme poem, the same day to hand in the paper. The next day to send the minister of the assessment results, divided into one, two, three, listed in the equal that is allowed to participate in the Palace Examination.
3.
The Palace Examination in January after the release of the list, the twenty-sixth year of the Qianlong fixed April 21 held on the twenty-fifth day of the Canglu (announced the name), known as customized. Palace test initially outside the Tiananmen Square, Shunzhi fourteen years in the Imperial Palace, Taihe Temple, East and West Pavilion steps, in case of wind and rain, in the Hall of the East and West two hipped. Qianlong fifty-four years, and changed the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Hall of Baohe. The content of the temple examination for the current affairs of a policy, by reading the minister proposed a number of questions, sent to the emperor to determine the circle, as the test questions. Palace test paper review, appointed by the emperor to read the paper minister (because the Palace test is nominally the emperor as the chief examiner, so called read the paper and not read the paper). Read the scroll minister ***8, first by the Ministry of Rites to open the list of university and bachelor's degree of Shangshu, minister of honor, the left imperial historian, the left vice imperial historian, the Cabinet of Bachelor's list, and asked the emperor to send from the simple. The day after the examination, the minister of the reading of the scrolls set in the Hall of Wenhua read the scrolls. The reading of the paper, all the test papers will be evenly divided into eight reading ministers, each first read their own share of the volume, and then look at each other's rounds, said the turn of the table. The approval of the final grade is generally pushed to the chief reading minister, others to participate in the opinion. After the results of the assessment, on the 24th to the emperor into the first ten books, the name and announced the citation, said the small biography. On the 25th in the Hall of Supreme Harmony announced all the rankings, said pass on. The arrangement of the name of the temple test is divided into three a, a **** three, the first name of the first scholar, the second name of the first prize, the third name of the flower, give the first degree and the second a number of names, give the first degree; third a number of names, give the same first degree. The temple examination passes on the oracle issued, a first place awarded the first Hanlin Academy compilation, the second and third place awarded the Hanlin Academy editorial. Scholar's clothing test pass on the ceremony was very grand. Early in the morning, by the Luanyiwei in front of the Hall of Supreme Harmony set halogen book driving law, under the eaves set up in the and Shao music, in the door of Taihe Gate set up DanHei DaLe; by the Ministry of Rites and HongLu temple in the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the east pillar and DanHei above the center of the yellow case, DanHei set up under the cloud plate, set up in the Noon Pavilion outside the colorful Royal battle drums and music. Princes and Ministers of civil and military officials dressed in court dress in the Dan陛 under the left and right order, the new science scholar dressed in court dress, wearing three branches of nine leaves top crown, according to the name of the odd and even sequence of standing in the end of East and West Dan Di. Ceremony time to, the Ministry of Rites Hall Officer at the Qianqing door to ask the emperor dress moped, introduced into the Hall of Supreme Harmony seat. At this time, the and shao music played Long Ping music chapter; steps under the whip three times. Whip with leather, long more than a zhang, the Secretary of the whip handle by the lower flying, circling back and up, whip sound crisp and pleasant, resonating through the clouds. Whip after, DanHaiDaLe played QingPing music chapter, read the volume of ministers and other officials to the emperor line three kneeling and nine kowtow salute. University of the yellow case from the east pillar of the yellow list taken out of the temple, awarded to the Secretary of the Ministry of Rites, Chen in the center of the yellow case in the Dan陛 above. At this time, the dan ah big music and play, Honglu Temple officials to lead the new scholar in place, read the Letters Patent: "a certain year, a certain month, a certain day of the world test tribute to the scholar, the first a gift of jinshi and the first, the second a gift of jinshi, the third a gift with the jinshi status." Croak officer sang the first a first person, leading out of the class kneeling on the left side of the Royal Road; sing the first a second person, leading out of the class kneeling on the right side of the Royal Road a little later; sing the first a third person, leading out of the class kneeling on the left side of the Royal Road and then a little bit back. Then sing the second a number of people, etc., the third a number of people, etc., do not lead out of the class. Singing after the name, drums and music, the university professor to three or more officials and new entrants are three kneeling and nine kowtow ritual, and shao music played in the show flat music chapter. Ceremony completed, the emperor returned to the palace by moped. Secretary of the Ministry of Rites with a cloud plate yellow list, placed in the color pavilion, in the ceremonial music under the ceremonial out of Taihe Gate to the East Chang'anmen, in Chang'an Street hanging for three days. The new left Zhaode Gate, right out of the door of the Chingdu, a three-person list with the Pavilion by the Noon Gate out of the center. Because of the Dan Sheng in the stone only the emperor can step on the trample, so the middle of the noon unless the emperor never open travel, the Palace exams pass the pass after the permission of the civil and military a scholar out of this door, which is even the Prince of the Prime Minister can not enjoy the grand treatment. 4. Five days after the pass of the Palace Examination, held in the Hall of Baohe scholar Chaokao, in order to select the Hanlin Academy of concubine Jishi, said the Museum election. Chaokao content for the imperial edict, thesis, negligence, poetry, fugue and other forms, before and after; results are divided into one, two, three, etc.. The admission of the common people's scholar to synthesize the results of the three examinations of the retest, the temple test and the examination of the results of the grade, and the results of the examination of the dynasty is given priority to. Generally speaking, the examination of the four numbers (i.e., the temple test two a, reexamination, the examination of the first class) can certainly be admitted; the examination results are also the basis for the award of the official. Resumption of the test, the test, the test are emphasized in the Regular method, calligraphy is not good, it is difficult to take the best.
(d) martial arts examination.
The Qing dynasty imperial examinations in addition to the Arts, there are martial arts, held in the Forbidden City Square in front of the Arrow Tower. Children in the martial arts to get a student of the children's test, the county test, the government test is slightly the same as the arts; its hospital test held every three years, in the age of the test held at the time of the examination of the martial arts children's test, the year of the test is not a test of the martial arts children. Martial arts children's test is divided into internal and external field, the first and second field for the external field, the test horse shooting, foot shooting, hard bow knife stone; the third field for the internal field, the test of writing "martial arts scriptures", such as "Sun Zi", "Wu Zi", "Sima Law", "Yuliao Zi", "Li Jing asked the right", "Huangshi Gong three strategies" and "Jiang Taigong six Towers" and so on. In its quota, there were 20 in the Prefecture, 7-8 in the small states and counties, 12 in the medium states and counties, and 15 in the large states and counties. Martial arts of the township test and will be divided into three exams. The first test horse arrows, the second test foot arrows, and then test open hard bow, dance knife, pick up stone, etc., this is the outer field; the third test strategy, thesis, after the Jiaqing changed to write the "martial arts scripture", this is the inner field. Martial arts countryside test for the October test period, the provinces in the amount of less than the liberal arts. Martial arts exams for those who failed, can go to the Ministry of war selection, appointed to the green camp soldiers, such as low-level military officers. The martial arts examination in September, the amount of one hundred to two hundred ranging. After the examination by the re-examination, the palace examination, one a granted first-class guards, two, three granted second-class guards; two a selected ten granted third-class guards, three a selected sixteen granted blue-plume guards, the rest of the guards (green battalion officers) registered in the ministry of war selection.
(E) system section. Above the student, the candidate, the examination series, all for the imperial examination system in the regular examination. In addition to the regular section, the Qing dynasty imperial examinations also have system section, or system, held very few times. The system of science by the emperor in the palace court personally. Kangxi seventeen years, the first year of Qianlong two open erudition Hong word section, so that the central and local officials recommend both academic and behavioral excellence, words of excellence, regardless of has not served, can be examined. The test questions for poetry, fugue, judgment, etc., the results listed in the first and second class are awarded the Hanlin officer. In addition, every year when the emperor ascended to the throne of all places to raise filial piety Lian Fangzheng, the emperor's tour called for the test, also belongs to the system.
Four, the abolition of the Qing dynasty imperial examination system
Ming and Qing dynasties, there are people constantly attacking the eight shares can not be selected talent. After the opium wars, the western capitalist powers to the east, China is facing "thousands of years without change"; on the other hand, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and other domestic people's resistance to the rise and fall. As a result, the Qing Dynasty was in the midst of "internal and external troubles", and urgently needed talents who could adapt to the world in order to maintain its rule. However, the imperial examination system, which was based on the eight-legged system, could not adapt to the requirements of the times, and the western science and technology, as well as many other knowledge needed for domestic and foreign affairs, were out of the old school vision of the scholars of the imperial examination. In this case, the reform of the imperial examination system was put on the agenda. The reform of the imperial examination system initially began to focus on current affairs. In 1862 (the first year of the Tongzhi), the Qing government recognized that the State Prison "specializing in literature and art, not conducive to practical learning", ordered "both thesis and strategy", "rewarding those who pay attention to the current affairs". 1871 (Tongzhi ten years), ordered to take the student of the children's test plus arithmetic; 1895 (Guangxu 21 years), and ordered to add a test of current affairs, and arithmetic either one. In the Hundred Days Reform Movement, the abolition of the Eight Schools was a basic idea of the reformists. Hundred Days Reform in the Guangxu Emperor issued an oracle, pointing out that the eight-legged text can not "motivate the real learning and pull the real talent", and ordered that "from the next section for the first time, the township examination and the students of the age of the section of the examination, to the use of the "four books" of the text, and all change the test of the essay". Soon, according to Zhang Zhidong, Chen Baozheng's proposal to issue an oracle, detailed provisions of the examination reform specific content: "township examination is still set at three. The first test of Chinese history, the country's political theory of five; the second test current affairs policy of five, specializing in the five continents of the country's government, specialized arts; the third test, "the four books," the right to two, "Wujing" the right to a." Also stipulates: "and then all the exams, are based on real learning and real government, shall not be based on the advantages and disadvantages of the law for the high and low, in order to encourage the great learning and depose the flamboyant." However, soon after the Hundred Days Rebellion, Cixi ordered the abolition of the New Deal, the above reform of the content of the imperial examinations were also abolished. After the Eight-Power Allied Forces, the Qing government began to implement the "New Deal" and initially planned to make so-called "modifications" to the imperial examination system, but soon decided to abolish it completely. The general process is: in 1901, announced the abolition of the martial arts examination; in the same year, the imperial edict to hold the economic special section.
1903, by the central and local officials, selected by the central and local officials, "ZhiqiZhiZhong pure, scale of HongYuan, learning to flood through, insight into the Chinese and foreign affairs of the people" 186 people, in the Palace Hall of BaoHe held a special economic examination. This examination, the main test, retest each one, the examination content for the theory of a, a policy; the current officials to take the slightly to the promotion of classification, lifts Gongsheng to take the appointment for the county, the state Zuo and other officials. For the Liberal Arts examination, the Qing government in August 1901 issued an oracle, the order from the second year in the township exams in the abolition of the eight-legged essay, the first to change the test of China's political and historical theory of five, the second to change the test of the countries of the political and artistic policy of the five, the third to change the test of the "four books," the righteousness of the two, "five" righteousness of the one; the other exams are in accordance with the same example. March 1903, Yuan Shikai, Zhang Zhidong, joint petition, said that the Imperial Examination to obstruct the implementation of the new education system. The implementation of the new education system, requesting that the amount of the imperial examinations by yearly decreasing.