[Keywords] Guangnan Zhuang Guima Drums Copper Drums Copper Drum Handkerchief Dance Reference:
Guangnan County is located in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, due to the unearthed in this place, was found that the copper drums more and more types of the whole and called the "township of the copper drums", so far in the territory of the Guangnan County, the copper drums unearthed and found and registered. There are 38 bronze drums in Guangnan County. Guangnan County is mainly inhabited by the Zhuang people, originating from the ancient Baiyue tribes, is the original ethnicity of the Jurchen Pu people. Zhuang people regard the bronze drum as a "sacred weapon", has been accompanied by the Zhuang more than 2,000 years of history, Guangnan County, where the Zhuang village, there will be heirloom bronze drums, but due to historical reasons, nowadays, although not the village village of the heirloom bronze drums, but in the town of Gui Ma Village, Guangnan County, the town of the Zhuang village on the preservation of a heirloom bronze drums -- "Gui Ma Drums", "Gui Ma Drums".
One of the most important things is that the drums have been preserved for a long time, and they have been used for a long time.
I. The Artistic Charm of Guima Drums and Copper Drum Drums
(1) Guima Drums and Copper Drums for Sacrifices
Guima Drums belong to Majiang Type Copper Drums (Majiang Type Copper Drums). The "Guima Drum" belongs to the Majiang-type bronze drums (Majiang-type bronze drums: a type of bronze drums represented by the bronze drums unearthed in Majiang County, Guizhou Province), with a sun awn on the drum surface.
The drum surface has a sun awn, willow leaf-shaped, leaf tip
facing outward, awn outside the halo, the 2nd, 4 halo decorated with twelve kinds of Chinese zodiac phases; the drum surface has a frog decorated with squatting frogs are smaller, about 4 centimeters high, stagnant appearance; drum surface and nipple pattern to the drum surface of the sun as the center of the circle arranged in a circle with an equal spacing, nipple halo for the cloud and thunder pattern, constituting the star between the clouds of the group; foot with a wave pattern, between which are fish and other animals in the water.
"Gui Ma drum" by the Gui Ma village Dai family custody inheritance, has been passed to twelve generations. Every year on the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar to the fifteenth still retains the custom of beating copper drums, jumping copper drum dance. On the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar, the Dai clan personally pick the first bucket of fresh water for the new year for the drum "wash face", "wash the body", burning incense to sacrifice drums, with duck blood and wine drops on the drum surface, the whole village according to the generation to suck the blood and wine, and pray for the next year's peace of the clan, the grains of the harvest, the people flourish. After completing the sacrifice of the drum, it will be hung on the eaves in front of the door of the house, rotating for divination, the drum surface stops towards the side, that is, to determine the year, the side of the great fortune. After the divination, the patriarch strikes the drum, and the rhythm is to strike three times in a row to stop once, which is said to be a dialogue with the gods, praying for the gods and ancestors to bless peace and prosperity.
(2) Copper Drum Handkerchief Dance
On the third day of the first month of the lunar calendar, the Dai clan with a copper drum and the villagers *** jump copper drum handkerchief dance. Hand towel dance, the Zhuang language for the "Shni mom", "拢阿拉", "拢阿耶", "拢耶唱", because the dancing It is named because the dancers hold a handkerchief in each hand when dancing. The handkerchief dance of Guima Village has twelve sets of movements: opening the way, sowing seeds, transplanting rice seedlings, gripping rice seedlings, planting cotton, worshipping ancestors, weaving cotton, picking grains, celebrating a good harvest, and winding up, etc. The rhythm of the dance is downward squatting and trembling. The rhythm is downward squatting and trembling. Formation: two lines, cross each other, circle. Foot movements include: foot stomping and leg hopping. Hand movements include: throwing one hand upward, drawing a circle on the side of the body with one hand, throwing both hands upward, throwing both hands downward, and crossing the hands. Dressed in festive attire Guima villagers, in the sound of brass drums and cattle horns, accompanied by the sound of joyful dance, every jump after a group of movements, will call "yoho" and then jump the next set of movements, shouting to symbolize the hope for a better life, full of pride.
Second, the cultural implications of the copper drum dance
(a) Mysterious primitive religious culture
1, the concept of the spirit of all things
The copper drum dance before the ceremony of the copper drum sacrifice, reflecting the strong Zhuang ancestors of the concept of the spirit of all things on the one hand. During the primitive society, people were in the chaos of the universe, and believed that all things in the world could protect and harm human beings, so they were in awe of all things. And the sound of copper drums, can be transmitted to thousands of miles, prompting them to think that the copper drums are "divine weapons", can reach heaven and earth. Therefore, the ancient concept continues to this day.
2. Frog Totem Worship
"The occurrence of any distinctive regional culture is often associated with special local cultural conditions." The Zhuang people use frogs as totems, and the four squatting frogs on the edge of the drum surface of the Guima drum also reflect this idea.
There are two legends about frogs in the Zhuang region, one is: frogs are the children of the sky god, punished on earth for violating the rules of the sky, responsible for reporting on the earth's wind and rain, and monitoring human behavior, so the Zhuang people fear frogs. The second is: in ancient times, there was a year of drought without rain, crops withered and yellowed, people asked the God of heaven to rain, but the God of heaven should not. Finally, people invited frogs, let it sit on top of the bronze drum as a respectable object, and kill pigs and ducks in honor of the frogs to make the frogs touched, and truthfully reported to heaven on the drought on earth, and begged for wind and rain to lift the drought. From then on, people's worship of the frog became fixed, and the frog cast on the drum. Therefore, in the hearts of the Zhuang people, the frog is an animal that can call the wind and the rain. The casting of frogs on drums can convey good wishes to heaven through the sound of drums, praying for favorable winds and rain, and people's well-being. In addition, the frog's strong reproductive power is also the reason why the Zhuang people worship the frog in order to pray for their own reproduction.
3. The cosmology of the three elements
The creation epic of the Zhuang people, "Buloduo," clearly states: "The universe is a sphere that was originally stained together. Only later was it separated into the upper, middle, and lower realms, consisting of the three elements of heaven, earth, and water; the upper realm is heaven, inhabited by gods; the middle realm is earth, inhabited by human beings; and the lower realm is water, the world of the Dragon King of the Sea and the Water Demons." This is also true on the Guima drums, which are decorated with a sun pattern, cloud and thunder pattern, breast nail pattern and frogs, representing the upper realm; and at the bottom of the drums, there are patterns with images of waves, water plants and fish, representing the lower realm. In the Azhang drum unearthed in 1919 in Azhangzhai, Guangnan County, Wenshan Prefecture, the body of the drum is depicted with a strong warrior holding a sword ready to kill a cow, a dancer with a feather in his head, and a crowd of people paddling in a dragon boat traveling on a dragon boat, which is a picture of ancient life, symbolizing the life of human beings in the middle realm.
(2) Strong rice culture
"Labor creates man himself." (Engels: "The Role of Labor in the Transformation from Ape to Man") The Tonggu Handkerchief Dance is a typical simulation of labor and rice farming. From the handkerchief dance's "rice-planting" and "rice-gathering" movements, we know that the Zhuang mainly cultivate rice, and that they have changed from the rough type of self-growing to the delicate type of rice-gathering and plowing. From the "cotton planting", "cotton weaving" that the Zhuang people also mastered cotton planting, weaving technology and techniques. The Zhuang people have accumulated some experience in farming production, and the productivity level has developed greatly. The Tonggu Handkerchief Dance is mainly a female dance, reflecting the division of labor in Zhuang farming: women engaged in fine, light labor work, men engaged in heavy work such as digging, plowing, and picking rice seedlings. "From these dances, we know not only about rice farming today, but also about rice farming yesterday, and the long and arduous journey from yesterday to today." (Liu Jingo, "Chinese Folk Dance and Rice Cultures," p. 1, Yunnan People's Publishing House, 1997 edition.)
(3) The long history of copper drum culture
Academics say that the historical status of the copper drum is "honored by the tripod in the Central Plains and the copper drum in the South". Copper drum is an irreplaceable "sacred weapon" in the social life of the Zhuang people. In festivals, they will beat the copper drums and dance the copper drum dance, and in celebrations such as marriages, births and building new houses, they will also beat the copper drums to drive away evil spirits and pray for the best and prosperity of the people. Such as Zhulin Township, the Zhuang people of the Rabbit Township Keye village, whenever a wedding, the happy family will send a wine to sacrifice the drums, and then the drums will be invited home to beat, in order to congratulate the newlyweds can grow old together and give birth to a son early. In the funeral, will also beat the copper drum, not only to take this to report the funeral, but also hope that by beating the copper drum, the soul of the deceased will be introduced to the immortal world.
Three, the social function and value of the copper drum dance
(a) The copper drum dance is a simple means for the Zhuang people to pray for the blessing of the gods
The copper drum dance is a simple means for the Zhuang people to pray for the blessing of the gods.