Shaanxi folk songs--a picture of the folk customs of the Loess Plateau
In northern Shaanxi, people's joys, anger, sorrows and joys can be expressed in the form of folk songs. Whether you are standing on the top of the mountain peaks, or walking in the curved mountain road, or traveling on the main road, everywhere you can hear the melodious songs floating in the wind. This is the folk song of northern Shaanxi.
"The women are sad and cry, the men are sad and sing songs." In fact, both men and women, young and old, like folk songs in northern Shaanxi. On the Loess Plateau, that is, there are aunts such as a bit like a low voice, and there are students "stopping the voice of the sheep back to the sound of the cattle," the echo of the high song. The north of Shaanxi, is the world of folk songs, the sea of folk songs.
There are many kinds of folk songs in northern Shaanxi, including the four seasons song, the five shifts of the tune, the Range of the tune, the wine song, rice-planting songs, labor horn, song and dance song, Yulin song, Shaanxi set of songs, two people Taiwan, custom songs, religious songs and visit the family tune, etc., to the small tune and the letter of the journey is the main one.
The ditties, which are mainly narratives, usually have scenes, characters, storylines, and detailed descriptions. For example, "Harming the Doll", "Visiting Sister Yu", "Sending the Lover", "Sipao Rangong" and "Lower Willow Forest" are all long narrative folk songs.
Xindayou (called "Shuntianyou" in areas bordering Inner Mongolia and "Shanqu" in the Shenmu-Fugu area) is a kind of folk song widely popular in northern Shaanxi Province, with a relatively short length, a product of improvisation, and can be sung freely according to different scenarios. It can be sung freely according to different situations. For example, when villagers work in the fields, go up the mountains to herd sheep, go into the forest to cut wood, or drive donkeys to pull coal, they will let go of their voices and sing when they feel like it. It is a simple language, obvious rhythm, rhyme, generally for the two-stanza structure, the upper and lower sentences rhyme, do not rhyme every other sentence, based on the 7-word sentence or 10-word sentence, the upper line of the main than the Xing or write the scene, the lower line of the main point of the idea of the combination of the real and the imaginary, the tune of the melody is melodious and high-spirited, bold and expansive, rhythmic distinctive, rhymes harmoniously, strong lyrical color. It fully embodies the bold character of the northern Shaanxi people. It is a two-sentence paragraph, paragraph and paragraph can be divided into a joint, can also be independent of a song, similar to the "loose song".
Songs and dances mainly refer to the various forms of singing in the rice-planting activities, such as boat songs, lamp songs, New Year's Day (also known as the big set of stilts) and so on. This kind of work is mostly improvisation, some forms in the long-term singing activities have formed a relatively fixed program, singing only have to sing the content of the temporary addition can be sung to a leader of the crowd.
Yulin Xiaoqu is a form of folk song circulating in the city of Yulin. Can be divided into two categories: one with the ditty is almost the same, just a different score; the other to reflect the city life, girl's love, incense building grief content is mainly, the city flavor enough, the language is also crepuscular. In the form of singing, the general use of sitting singing, joint singing form, with music interlude, a lead singer, a chorus, paragraphs and paragraphs, emotional ups and downs.
The two-man stage is a form of folk song circulating in the Shenmu, Fugu area, as the name implies, is a role-based singing form, the role is limited to two people, a man and a woman, usually playing a husband and a wife, the role of the dress in the rice-planting songs, sung in the rice-planting activities, and the northwestern part of the Jinbei, Nei Ronggu area of popularity of the two-man stage is similar, is a folk song, folk dance and folk theater in the form of a combination of the three types of forms. It is a combination of three forms of folk songs, folk dances and folk plays with a theatrical flavor.
North Shaanxi folk songs against rice planting social life is very rich. Now popular in northern Shaanxi folk songs, most of which were produced in the late 19th century to the 1940s, both reflecting the content of social change, but also the content of the "long work song", reflecting the people of northern Shaanxi Province on the oppression of the feudal ruling class, the exploitation of the resistance, especially the revolutionary history of the folk songs, is a batch of precious revolutionary historical data. Like the famous "when the Red Army's brother came back",
"Shandandandan blossom red color" and so on is very valuable. However, among the more than 8,000 Shaanxi folk songs, such works are, after all, a minority. Most of the works reflect ordinary people and ordinary things. For example: a small daughter-in-law wants her mother's home, a big girl looking forward to getting married, the girl child fortune-telling, drummers to welcome the bride, out of the people miss their hometown, young people talk about love, couples quarrel and tease, and so on. Also, the stonemasons with song to decorate the monotonous sound of the hammer; farmers with song to expel loneliness and sadness; drive the livestock people will be the melodious song sprinkled all over the rugged lanes; sentimental little daughter-in-law with song to pour the heart of the sadness. These are basically the expression of feelings. In addition, people in northern Shaanxi also use folk songs to serve their daily lives: the goods man with songs to sell, farmers with songs Lu to pray for rain, the New Year's festivals with songs to celebrate, entertainment, men and women with songs to celebrate the wedding ceremony, drinking with wine songs to guessing, with songs to into the historical story, with songs to socialize, with songs to recount major historical events, men and women with songs of young people to talk about love, songs to recount the newcomers new things, and even on the graves! The song is also used as a substitute for crying, and even scandals are rumored to be spread by the song; strange people and strange things are praised by the song.
Among the 8,000 northern Shaanxi folk songs, those reflecting love life, marriage problems, or works related to this content account for 80 percent of all folk songs. Almost all of them, known as the masterpiece of the laboring people, reflect this content, and therefore, Albatross is also said to be "the ocean of love".
Shaanxi people usually favorite folk songs are love songs. In the old society, young men and women could not be independent in love and marriage, so they had to express their dissatisfaction with the feudal marriage and the pursuit of love through songs. Due to natural conditions and other reasons, once upon a time, the economic backwardness of northern Shaanxi, farmers live a hard life, men in groups to the provinces to people to solicit labor, that is, "go west". Before the husband left, his wife urged many, moving, affectionate, lyrical color is very strong. See the popular "Going West":
Walk on the big road,
Don't take the small road.
There are a lot of people on the main road, pulling jobs to ease your worries.
It's a good idea to take a job.
Stay in a big store,
Don't stay in a small store.
There are a lot of thieves in small stores,
worrying about stealing from you.
Sleep in the center,
Don't sleep on either side.
Worry about the thief who digs the wall,
Controls you.
Drink water you drink long flowing water,
don't drink spring water.
The snake in the spring water is swinging its tail,
worrying that it will spoil you.
Eat cigarettes and make your own fire,
don't fight with others.
The green horse in the forest,
Worry about the sweat pill.
"Going to the West" people go for years without returning, the wives of the family when they think of their husbands, or hand-cranked spinning wheels, rocking and singing, or standing in front of the door, murmuring and singing, to express their love for their loved ones far away:
Peas blossomed a little red,
Take a needle sewing clothes want to brother.
Wanting my brother so much that I can't see him,
It's like a bitter yellow fever when you have rock candy in your mouth.
There is no water in the river to feed the fish,
My sister can't live without you.
A pair of larks are flying in the sky,
and I'm looking forward to seeing you.
Shaanxi folk songs reflecting local wedding customs have different characteristics in different historical periods. For example, "Orchid Flower", "big women want to Han" and "I'll find you a good in-laws" and other three songs on the way of marriage are depicted, but because of the different times, the way of marriage is also different. In "Orchid Flower Flower", it is the old traditional way of marriage, buying and selling marriage, the new daughter-in-law has to sit in a sedan chair, and there are also "three teams blowing and two teams beating". By the time of "Big Woman in Want of Han", the anti-feudal ideological sentiment has formed a trend, "big woman" dares to say and do, dares to ask her parents to get married, and the wedding has been simplified, riding a horse instead of sitting in a sedan chair. And in the song "find you a good in-laws", the heroine has been "their own ideas to take their own", the way of marriage is not the head covered, feet wearing embroidered shoes, but "riding a horse, wearing flowers", and the groom "! The first time I saw this, I was in the middle of a conversation with my mother-in-law," he said.
Shaanxi folk songs close to life, reflecting the reality of life, strong emotional color, love songs, especially so.
The protagonist of the song "Thinking of You, Thinking of You" is a young girl who has not yet left the house, and one of the verses expresses her feelings in this way:
Thinking of you, Thinking of you, Thinking of you,
Thinking of you, Thinking of you, All over my body;
Thinking of you, Thinking of you, The tips of your hair,
Red woolen threads and headbands, Hard to earn ah;
Brain, Thinking of you;
Elm comb, Hard to comb ah;
Eyelashes, Eyelashes and eyelashes.
The eyelash hair misses you,
it's hard to close day and night;
The eye Renren misses you,
it's hard to collect the tears;
The tongue tip misses you,
it's hard to taste the sweet, sour, bitter and spicy;
......
If it is just a revelation of the inner thoughts and feelings of the characters, then the song "La Handshake" is a description of the characters' behavior and actions:
You want to pull my hand,
I want to kiss your mouth,
La Handshake, Kissing Mouth,
La Lai Lai Lai, the two of us.
The four lines of the song are easy to understand, and although the hero and heroine are big and bold, their movements are natural and their emotions are relaxed, so it can be said that it is one of the best songs in northern Shaanxi.
Because of historical and natural conditions, northern Shaanxi is economically backward and culturally underdeveloped, coupled with a sparse population and dispersed settlements, and thus the rule of feudalism over the area is relatively weak. Some remote mountainous areas had once circulated the "three strange" ballad: "sand hit the wall wall does not fall, aunt married Han Han not annoyed, johns jumped the wall dog does not bite". It can be seen that one of the ideological spot in northern Shaanxi.
Before the 1970s, some places in northern Shaanxi Province, because no one can write, on New Year's Day, we had to use the bottom of the bowl dipped in ink on the red paper strips of buckles instead of a couplet, locally known as the "buckle couplet". In some rural areas, even if someone can write out, no one knows it, write and what good? Before liberation, in the eyes of farmers in northern Shaanxi, black circles and black characters are no difference. For a long time, the peasants did not have any cultural entertainment life, even if they occasionally watch a small theater, they do not call it a theater, but called "see the red fire" (lively). They had to rely on their own singing voice to recite things, to express their thoughts and feelings. So the folk songs of northern Shaanxi, came into being. This is an easy to grasp, but also easy to spread the form of literature and entertainment. Over time, folk songs have gradually formed different relatively stable genres and forms, such as the above mentioned ditties, albatrosses, rain prayers, wine songs, labor horns, magistrates, and so on.
Of course, with the development of the times and the changes in life, each genre and form also developed and changed. For example, the famous song "The East is Red" developed from a pure love song to an ode to the Party leader. The original lyrics of the earliest traditional folk song, "No One Can Sell His Conscience," read:
Kerosene lamps, bright and bright,
Red bean horns with double cramps.
Red beans and horns are cramped, coughing,
No one can sell his conscience.
This is a love song, on the basis of which the new feed, and became "riding a white horse":
Buckwheat flowers, red dengdeng,
We two for friends for a what?
The third brother has become a member of the Eighth Route Army,
and is determined to fight Japan.
......
Riding a white horse and carrying a foreign gun,
The third brother ate the food of the Eighth Route Army,
and had the intention of going home to see the girl,
and couldn't care less about fighting Japan.
Filling in the new lyrics to the tune of the song "Riding the White Horse", the song became "The Immigrant Song":
The mountains and rivers are beautiful, the sky and the earth are flat,
Chairman Mao is leading Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia.
Welcome the immigrants to open up the forest, Hu'er咳哟,
边区遍地是黄金。
......
In 1943, folk singer Li Youyuan composed the first verse of the Immigrant Song:
The sun rises,
The East is red,
China has a Mao Zedong,
He seeks survival for the people,
......
Soon, Jiaxian immigrant team on the way to Yan'an, Li Zengzheng (Li Youyuan's nephew), who was the deputy leader of the immigrant team, sang the song, and then the immigrants put together one sentence by one sentence all the way to finally create this "immigrant song". Later, on the basis of the "immigrant song", it was changed to "Oriental Red".
Shaanxi folk songs are widely circulated in northern Shaanxi, Shaanxi people in general more or less can sing a few, when working in the fields, traveling, can be heard singing. Farming breaks, tea and dinner, people often get together to sing in turn. In addition to the natural circulation of the masses in daily life, there are two other ways of circulation: one is the circulation of folk singers and artists; the second is the circulation of some customary activities collectively or individually. For example, in the activities of "going through things", welcoming and marrying, offering sacrifices, praying for the time, and rice-planting songs, all of them have to be sung. Another example is the "welcome song" in the "foot song", "walking red felt", "worship heaven and earth", "spread tent", The song of "going up to the head" and "sending off the children" are included in the song. Oil Cake
Made of soft rice and jujube, it is deep-fried in vegetable oil and has a delicate, sweet and savory taste.
Chinqian rice
This is a kind of grain shortage in northern Shaanxi Province, more than rice bran, grain with the cooking, to feed the hungry. And now has become a coarse grain to do the flavor of the diet. The practice is that the black beans soaked in water expansion, on the stone mill crushed into pieces, shaped like copper coins, it is called "money money rice". Cooked according to the bean money into rice 80% of the pair mixed up, one by one into the pot, such as bean money half-cooked, and then into the millet. When the bean money floating on the surface of the porridge can be eaten. Qian Qian rice sticky mouth, thick flavor, especially in winter, drink a bowl of money to keep warm, cozy. It is said that Diaochan is often eat money money rice to become beautiful and moving.
Cool powder
Processed from pure natural plant mung beans or buckwheat, refreshing and delicious, sour, spicy, flavorful, with heat detoxification, quenching the effect of thirst.
Pancakes
Processed from refined buckwheat groats, with dried tofu, hot tofu, a variety of stir-fried vegetables with a variety of ways to eat, cool and fresh flavor, taste and comfort, fat reduction and anti-cancer effects, it is the best food available throughout the year.
Soba
Buckwheat made from refined buckwheat into a powdered form, and Shaanbei sheep fishy soup to eat, the flavor is delicious, have the effect of reducing fat and lowering blood pressure.
Minced mutton
Braised from the head, hooves, blood, liver, heart, intestines, belly and lungs of the sheep, it has a good tonic effect.
Fruit Filling
Oil and mix the flour, roll it into a long sheet, roll it up and press the nest, wrap it in the seasoned filling, and put it into the oven and turn it over and over until it is cooked. It is characterized by its sweetness and crispness. According to the content of the filling, it can be divided into date fruit filling, candy filling, bean paste fruit filling.
Sip Festival
Sip Festival is pronounced "sip jie'er" in the northern Shaanxi dialect, and the sound of the jie'er is childish, so it is also written "sip tip". Sip festival with the noodles is made of peas and wheat grinding mixed noodles, and will be good dough on a special sip section bed densely covered with sieve holes, with the palm of the hand pursed under the pressure, into a one-inch-long knuckle, was twisted. Sip section is nutritious, light and delicious, easy to digest and absorb. When eating, the sip section of the pot cooked, poured with vegetarian soup, soup with tofu, potato, bean curd, etc., and accompanied by leeks, sesame, hot sauce, coriander, etc., the flavor is light and tasty, with a soybean flavor. This is the best of the noodles in northern Shaanxi Province, diners must point of varieties.
Oil bun
Round, ring-shaped, fried, golden like copper, in Yan'an folklore is a symbol of wealth and good luck. Yellow rice flour grinding, fine wok, with soft rice boiled into rolling rice soup hot noodles, placed in a hot bed fermentation. After the surface hair, spread into a small round cake with a hole in the center, into the frying pan can be fried until reddish-brown.
The taro rub
Take a number of taro, with a rubbing into inch-long thin slices, mixed with pepper, green onion, ginger powder, salt, etc., with the flour stirred, steamed on the pot. When consumed, into a large bowl, seasoned with garlic, spicy noodles, sauce, vinegar and onion choking oil, crispy and delicious, eaten for a long time.
Pumpkin with dense juice
With high-quality Shaanbei eight-pronged pumpkin, peeled and deseeded, dissected in half, and then cut into a number of natural melon groove for a number of small petals, spelling back to the whole, into the pot after steaming, poured with sugar juice. Taste soft, sweet and pleasant. Pumpkin is rich in vitamin a, c, cobalt, zinc and other nutrients, diabetes and obesity have unique therapeutic effects.
Bowl weight
Practice is to use buckwheat kernel with water infiltration milling, gradually adding water, mixed into a paste, filtered to slag, consistency to hang the spoon as appropriate. And then the powder paste into a bowl into the cage, steam on high heat and cool, from the bowl into, so the name bowl.
Shaanxi rice wine
This soft yellow rice processed into the wine sweet and sour taste, fatigue and warm the stomach, is a good drink in winter with meals. He Jingzhi once praised it in his poem "Back to Yan'an": "A mouthful of rice wine is ten million words, and the Yangtze River makes waves." This shows the attractiveness of rice wine.