Origin
Jiangxi tea-picking opera, mainly originated in Gannan Xinfeng, Anyuan area, tea-picking opera and tea production. Ming Dynasty, Gannan, Gandong, Gannan tea area every rainy season, working women go to the mountains, while picking tea while singing songs to inspire the enthusiasm for labor, the songs circulated in the tea area, known as "tea-picking song". This kind of song is called "Tea Picking Song". It was developed from the folk tea picking song and singing of tea picking lamps, and then became a kind of folk opera with characters and storylines, which is also called "Triangle Class" because it usually has only two dans and one clown, or the performances of the three persons of the student, the dan, and the clown. After the formation of Gannan Tea Picking Opera, it was developed in several ways, fused with local dialects and tunes to form five major genres, namely, Gandong, West, South, North, and Central, each of which has a different local accent. The general characteristics of Jiangxi tea-picking opera are: cheerful performance, witty and funny, singing and dancing, strong comedy, rich in rich local flavor, quite popular with the masses.
There are several stages in the development of tea-picking opera from singing tea-picking songs. The earliest tea-picking songs were sung only in ditties, with only four lines per line, such as "Picking tea in spring is a long spring day, and white tea flowers are all over the roadside; the eldest sister goes home to report to the second sister, and the first tea is not more fragrant than the evening tea." This kind of song is lively and pleasant to listen to. Tea-picking song through the development of the tea from the tea song composed of "tea-picking song", called "December tea-picking song". Such as "tea picking in the first month is the new year, sisters into the tea garden, share the tea garden twelve acres. The book was written in front of the two pay money. February tea picking ......." Later, "December tea-picking song" and folk dance combination, into the Lantern Lantern ranks, become "tea-picking lamps", "tea-picking lamps" is the main singing [tea yellow tone], [picking tea song], [look at the tea tone], [tea name] and so on. It is by the pretty children dressed as tea picking women, each team of eight or twelve people, another two young elders for the team leader, holding a flower basket, singing and dancing, singing "December tea picking". This "tea-picking lamp" form of simple, purely collective performance of song and dance, but it has been a step towards the tea-picking theater.
Ming Dynasty, the tea production of Gannan Anyuan County, Jiulongshan tea area, tea farmers in order to receive the Cantonese businessmen tea guests, often used the form of tea light improvisation performance to tea as the content of the program. That is, from the "tea-picking lamp" in eight (or twelve) tea-picking women in two people, for the role of the first sister, the second sister, and then leave a team leader for the role of the clown, just two Dan a clown "triangular class". Sisters two perform on the mountain tea picking, holding a tea basket, singing and dancing, singing the "December tea picking song" (six months per person); dressed as a clown holding a paper fan in the middle of the interspersed jokes. This is the original program "sisters picking tea". Then added the opening of the tea mountain, tea, fried tea, send brother to sell tea, plate tea and other details, the clown dressed as dry brother to sell tea, it was renamed "send brother to sell tea". The performance of this kind of tea picking lamp (also known as "tea basket lamp") has been the prototype of tea picking theater. Gannan's "Tea Basket Lights" continue to add new content, and the emergence of performances of other labor life, by the two Dan and a clown or once a clown played a small play, such as "rice wheat", "digging bamboo shoots", "mending shoes", "picking up snails", "selling flowers and threads", "grinding tofu", and so on, because of the tea singing, singing and singing, and there is no orchestral accompaniment, will be collectively known as "tea-picking opera". Tea Casting Opera is a local opera developed from folk songs and dances and lanterns, and its repertoire reflects the lives of the working people, and its music and singing is flavored with folk songs, so it is very popular among the people.
Influence
If there is no tea picking and other tea labor, there will be no tea picking songs and dances; if there is no tea picking songs, tea picking dances, there will be no tea picking opera, which is widely popular in many provinces and regions in the south of China. Therefore, tea-picking opera is not only related to tea, but also tea culture in the field of opera derived or opera culture absorbed tea culture to form a splendid cultural content.
The formation of tea-picking opera, not only in the tea-picking song and tea-picking dance, but also and lantern opera, flower drum opera style is very similar to the relationship with the interactive influence. Lantern Opera is popular in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangxi and other provinces and regions of the lantern theater category of the collective name; to the most varieties of Yunnan Lantern Opera. The time of its creation, a little later than the tea ceremony and flower-drum opera, mostly formed in the late Qing Dynasty. Flower Drum Opera to Hubei, Hunan Province, the most varieties of theater, its formation time and tea ceremony is similar. These two kinds of operas, too, originated from folk songs and dances. Because the origin, formation and development time, style and so on of tea-picking opera, lantern opera and flower-drum opera are relatively close, so between these three, there is naturally a cross-relationship of mutual absorption and nutrition.
The influence of tea on the opera, not only directly produced a tea opera this opera, more importantly, it can also be said that all the opera have an impact, is the playwrights, actors, the audience prefer to drink tea; is the tea culture is immersed in the various aspects of people's lives, and even the theater can not leave the tea. Such as the Ming Dynasty, China's playwrights have a school of art, called "Yu Mingtang faction" (also known as Linchuan faction), that is, because of the great playwright Tang Xianzu tea, will be named Linchuan's residence for the "Yu Mingtang" and caused. Tang Xianzu's plays, focusing on the emotions of the characters, pay attention to rhetoric, his work "Yu Ming Tang Four Dreams" after the publication of the theater at that time and later generations, has an inestimable impact on the creation of drama. At this point, the tea so that Tang Xianzu role in the history of China's theater, when it will not be limited to the genre of a name.
And as in the past not only singing, comedy, drums, commentary and so on most of the performing arts in the teahouse, is a variety of theater performances of the theater, and both sell tea or initially also in the teahouse. Therefore, in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, wherever the business theater performances, generally referred to as "tea garden" or "teahouse". Because of this, the income from the performance of opera actors, earlier paid by the teahouse. In other words, the early theater or theater, its income is based on the sale of tea; only tea money, do not sell tickets to the theater, the play is for the entertainment of tea customers and attract tea customers services. Such as the last century, Beijing's most famous "Chajia Teahouse", "Guanghe Teahouse" and Shanghai's "Dangui Teahouse", "Tianxian Teahouse", etc., are all tea houses and theaters. "and so on, are all performance venues. This kind of tea garden or teahouse, generally in the middle of a wall to build one, in front of the flat ground called "pool", three sides around the building corridor for the audience, set up tea tables, tea chairs, for the audience to watch the opera while sipping tea. Now the professional theater, is the Xinhai Revolution before and after the emergence of the then also specially named as "new-style drama tide or" theater "," theater ". The word "garden" and the word "pavilion" came from the tea garden and teahouse. Therefore, some people also figuratively said: "opera is our country with tea watering up an art." In addition, the production, trade and consumption of tea, since it has become an important aspect of social production, social culture and social life, naturally, it is impossible not to be absorbed and reflected by the theater. Therefore, many famous ancient and modern Chinese and foreign plays, famous plays, not only have the content of tea, scenes, and some even the whole play that tea as the background and subject matter. For example, in the opening words of our traditional drama "The Story of the Western Garden", there is "buying Lanling wine, cooking new tea in Yangxian", which leads the audience to a specific local flavor.
Introduction of several tea-picking operas
Gannan Hakka Tea-Picking Opera
Jiangxi opera theorist and opera historian Liusha once said, "Gannan is the home of tea-picking opera," and Gannan Hakka Tea-Picking Opera is the tea-picking opera born and raised in Gannan.
The tea-picking song is the embryo of the tea-picking opera, which is especially popular in the mountainous areas of Gannan, and its singing form is relatively simple, firstly, one person sings dryly without accompaniment, and then it develops into the form of "December tea-picking song" sung by a group of people with bamboo beatings, and it is the beginning of the introduction of the song into courtyards and household rooms for singing. Ming Wanli years, there are folk into the mansion of the gentry officials singing (see Shicheng County, Yaling Xiong six repair genealogy "Mr. Xiong Tifu biography"). After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the "December Tea-Picking Songs" sung in conjunction with Gannan folk lanterns and other forms of art under the influence of the further development of tea-picking lanterns with paper-drawn tea baskets, fans, handkerchiefs and other props, sung and danced while singing, also known as the "Tea Basket Lanterns" (see the end of the Ming Dynasty Zhusheng Qu Dajun's Guangdong Xinyi (New Words of Guangdong) by the late Ming scholar Qu Dajun and Lingnan Miscellany by Wu Zhenfang during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty.
After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the tea-picking lanterns of Guangdong and Gan Province had frequent exchanges, and in the mutual exchanges, the tea-picking in Gannan got a new development, and the tea-picking lanterns of the original twelve tea-picking women and the two male team leaders were changed into two women and one man, i.e., the eldest sister, the second sister, and the tea boy. And will be the original singing and the "December tea-picking song" changed to the form of sisters singing, the performance of holding a tea basket on the mountain tea picking, singing and dancing joyful mood, while the tea boy both hand-waving paper fans, gags, regulating the atmosphere. This formed the first original traditional repertoire of Gannan Hakka Tea Picking Opera, "Sisters Picking Tea". Later, on the basis of the tea-picking lamp, a bench was created to imitate the dragon lamp play, "Bench Dragon", which was played by two dancers and one clown, the two dancers were the eldest sister, the second sister, and the clown was called Sanlangzi. These two plays are known as the earliest and oldest tea-picking theater.
The circulation of Gannan Hakka tea-picking opera: Ganzhou regional opera record: "tea-picking opera was born in Gannan home, in addition to the widespread circulation in Jiangxi Province, but also branch successively to Fujian, Guangdong, Hunan, Gui and other provinces flow. Its route is as follows: 1 from Gannan into western Fujian and then divided into 2 branches: one along the Wuyi Mountain flow conduction Gan Dong, Ganzhong and Gan Bei, and even across the Yangtze River, into Hubei Huangmei; the other popular to the Zhangzhou area, and spread to Taiwan, and became the basic factor in the formation of the song opera." 2 From the Gongshui basin into the middle and lower reaches of the Gan River in the area of Wan'an, Suichuan, and then along the Luoxiao Mountains to the west of Gan and central Hunan.3 It spread to southern Hunan and southern Gui via eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong.
The Gannan tea-picking opera "Sisters Picking Tea" was called "Sisters and Sisters Picking Tea" or "Monk Hoeing Tea" in Wuning, Jingdezhen and Huangmei in Hubei Province; and it was called "Sending Brother to Sell Tea" in Hepu in Guangxi Province. Bench Dragon" was called "Three Sisters Watching Lanterns" or "Three Dwarfs Watching Lanterns" after it spread to Gandong and Ganzhong; and it is still called "Bench Dragon" after it spread to Guangxi and Yunnan. There are also plays such as Mending Leather Shoes, Mending Porcelain Bowls, Picking Fungus, Picking Snails, Digging Bamboo Shoots, Selling Spending Money, Selling Small Vegetables, Selling Paper Flowers, Tailoring by a Blind Man, Blind Men in a Shop, Grinding Copper Mirrors, Cotton Trousers, Persuading Husbands, Persuading Husbands in Smaller Sizes, Four Sisters' Counteracting Love and Selling Groceries, etc. These plays have been combined with the local flavors and folklore to evolve, and some of them have become the traditional dramas of the local community. Some of these plays have become local traditional repertoire.
The Tea Casting Opera of Northern Guangdong
(1) History. Caicha Opera in northern Guangdong was formerly known as Singing Lanterns, Singing Flower Drums, Caicha Opera, Dacha, or Three-legged Class. Is originated in the northern mountainous areas of Guangdong festivals lanterns singing and dancing local folk opera. Shaoguan City as the center, mainly popular in northern Guangdong, Nanxiong, Shixing, Qujiang, Renhua, Lechang, Milk Source, Xinfeng, Lianping, Peace, Longchuan, Heyuan Fogang, Qingyuan, Yingde, Lianxian, Liannan Lianshan and other counties. The original Nanxiong lamp, Shaonan big tea, Lianyang tune and three other genres, after 1950 gradually blended and convergence, in 1959 unified known as the northern Guangdong tea opera.
The history of the formation and development of the tea-picking opera in northern Guangdong also has a history of more than two hundred years. According to the Qing Dynasty Qianlong Li Tiao Yuan (South Vietnam Notebook), "Guangdong custom of the first year of the year, decorated with children for the picking women, for the team of twelve people, people holding a basket, the basket burning a treasure lamp, covered with reddish-red veil, with a large circle of the edge of the ???????????????????????????, step song, song December tea picking." Qing Dynasty, Qian, Jia years, northern Guangdong and northeastern Guangdong popular singing tea-picking, prefectural and county records and writings of the literati more than "singing tea-picking song", "song December tea-picking", "tea-picking song especially wonderful" and so on. The writings of the literati and the writings of the writers are often described as "singing tea-picking songs", "singing tea-picking songs in December", "tea-picking songs are particularly beautiful", etc. Rural artists organized tune class, light class, big tea class, the land for the field, by a man and a woman or a man and two women on the stage, singing folk tunes while holding a fan or colorful scarf dance, commonly known as singing lanterns, singing flower drums. Later, the artists used the tunes of lantern songs and dances to sing the stories of labor and production, love and marriage, such as "Carving" and "Tea Picking by Couples", etc., which formed the programmed movements with fan flowers, short steps and hanging horses as the main features, and was then known as "Three-legged Class" and "Tea Picking Opera". At that time, it was called "Three-legged Class" and "Tea-picking Opera". According to the investigation, in the Qing Dynasty, there were the Hejiaziditang Tune Class in Lianxian County, the Rixi Lamp Class in Nanxiong County, and the Laole Qunying and Le Qunying Dacha Class in Qujiang County. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the tea-picking opera in the northern part of Guangdong Province was gradually performed by the rural areas to the cities and towns inside and outside the province, and some kinds of dramas in the province and other provinces often came to perform in these mountainous counties, and through the exchanges with some kinds of dramas in Jiangxi and Hunan Province, the music and performances of the tea-picking opera were enriched, and the characters and plots of the complex ancient costume dramas, such as the Jug Bottle Chronicle, Nine Lotus Lamps, and Eight Treasures Mountains, etc., were arranged one after another on the basis of the original two-minor and three-minor dramas. and "Eight Treasure Mountain" with more complex characters and plots. Later investigations unearthed more than 150 popular operas at this time, such as "Chai Tou Cutting Luki", "Grinding Beancurd", "Shuang Shuang Matching", "Selling Groceries", "Beating Dogs to Persuade Husband", "San Looking at Sister", etc., as well as a small number of mythological operas and public case operas. When the tea-picking opera in northern Guangdong was at its peak, there were more than 30 professional troupes and more than 200 professional artists, among whom Liu Jizeng, Shen Song, Pan Jinfeng, Liu Ronghua, Zhong Nanshi, Tang Renxi, Xie Qiji and so on enjoyed a good reputation. After the 32nd year of the Republic of China (1943), due to the war and turmoil, the tea-picking opera in northern Guangdong gradually declined. After the founding of the Republic of China, due to the attention of the Party and the government, the Northern Guangdong Folk Art Troupe was formed in 1957 and renamed the Northern Guangdong Tea Picking Opera Troupe in 1959. At the same time, Qujiang, Wengyuan, Nanxiong, Lianxian and other counties also established professional tea-picking troupes. These tea-picking troupes collected and organized the traditional art of northern Guangdong tea-picking opera, ****got more than 200 traditional repertoires and more than 200 musical tunes, and at the same time held training courses for actors to carry out research and innovation of the traditional art. In the 1950s and 1960s, the repertoires of northern Guangdong tea-picking opera were quite rich, and part of them were the traditional repertoires which were adapted and organized, and which had the characteristics of the opera type, such as Mending Leather Shoes, Pretending to Paint Eyebrows, Wang San Fighting Birds, Whistling Birds, Wang San Fighting Birds, and Wang San Fighting Birds. Wang San Bird", "whistle sister", "fishing clams", "borrowing relatives with", etc.; the other part is in order to expand the artistic expression of the drama transplanted and adapted plays, such as "Cowherd and Weaving Maiden", "Liu Sanjie", "Red Leaf Poetry", etc.; and a part of the modern theater reflecting real life, such as "Liu Jiemei", "Agate Mountain", "Blood List Hate" and so on. Through multi-faceted artistic practice, serious inheritance and innovation of traditional art, and extensive reference to the strengths of other opera genres and drama, the art of Guangdong North Tea Casting Opera has been comprehensively improved. Luo Fabin, He Yaozhu, He Shengxiang, Xie Fusheng, etc. became popular actors during this period, and in 1966, the northern Guangdong tea-picking opera was stopped because of the "Cultural Revolution", and it was not until after 1976 that normal performances, researches and innovations were carried out, and after the 1980s, a number of plays were created, adapted and organized, After the 1980s, through the creation, adaptation and organization of a number of plays, such as "Daughter Goes to University", "Flower of the Heart", "A-San Plays the Master", "The Road of Life" and "The Legend of Qingfeng Mountain", etc., which were well received by the general public, and also won a number of prizes in a number of awards in Guangdong Province. A number of outstanding young and middle-aged actors and actresses, such as Wu Yancheng, Chen Lianfeng and Lan Xinglang, have also emerged on the stage.
Gao'an Tea-picking Opera
Gao'an, known as the "right county on the Yangtze River", has a deep cultural deposits, and the tea-picking opera of Ga'an is a piece of ancient land on the hard-working and intelligent people nurtured a pot of old wine, spewing an intoxicating aroma. Gao'an farmers or in the sericulture cultivation, or in the harvest celebrations, the feeling, mouth quote, a call, the people and, strings to help, cymbals to take the fun, Nuo Nuo Pheasant head, get together and happy, so an ancient theater will be in the farmers inadvertently playful was born.
Throughout the development of the formation of the high tea opera scroll, the most striking and exciting or the part since the founding of the country, after hundreds of years of interpretation of the development of the high tea opera formed the language of vulgarity and simplicity, the singing cavity of the simple and clear Yue, the performance style is also the artistic characteristics of the Zhuang and harmony. The wild music, which had been denounced as "misbehaving with rituals and customs", has risen to the hall of artistic elegance and become one of the four major local dramas of Jiangxi Province with considerable influence in the whole country. So far, Ganzhong, Ganxi and other places in many counties and cities troupes performing theater for the Ga'an tea-picking opera.
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