Ludwig van Beethoven (1770.12.17.-1827.3.26.)
In 1792, at the age of twenty-two, Ludwig van Beethoven traveled from Bonn to Vienna, and from the time of his death in 1827 he never left the city that was particularly attractive to musicians in particular. Beethoven composed the vast majority of his works here. All nine of his symphonies were premiered in Vienna. In 1805, his only opera, Fidelio, was premiered at the Vienna State Opera. Beethoven is regarded by posterity as the greatest symphonic writer of all time. His Heroic Symphony is full of passion. His Ninth Symphony, taken from the German poet Schiller's Ode to Joy, is now the EU's anthem.
The splendor of Beethoven's compositions did not disguise a difficult life. In 1802, Beethoven wrote what may have been a testament to his brother, in a fit of grief over the gradual loss of his hearing. His passionate endowment forced him to move frequently. He left dozens of residences in the northern part of Vienna's city center, where there were hot springs. But the spas ultimately could not save him from deafness, and in 1819 Beethoven's hearing was completely lost. In 1827, he was buried in the Waehringer Friedhof cemetery. In 1888, Beethoven's remains were interred in the Central Mausoleum in Vienna.
Visiting Beethoven
Beethoven moved around a lot in his later years, and although he left behind a number of homes, many of them are not open to visitors as exhibition halls. Beethoven liked to live in a place called Heiligenstadt, far from the city, directly north of the city center. In 1802, Beethoven resided in this part of town and composed his second symphony here. In October of that year, Beethoven wrote his "Heiligenstadt Testament", a letter to his two brothers, which was not sent and is still intact today. This site of Beethoven is now known as the 'Heiligenstadt Will House' and is open to visitors from Tuesday to Sunday.
Address: Probusgasse 6, 1190 Wien
The Paqualitihaus was one of Beethoven's longer residences. Between 1804 and 1815, Beethoven left the house several times, but eventually returned to it. The owner of the building, Pasquivaldi, was a good friend of Beethoven's, and each time Beethoven left, he instructed the servants not to rent out Beethoven's room because "he would always come back". It was here that Beethoven experienced his creative heyday, with his Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Symphonies, the Fourth Piano Concerto and the opera Fidelio all composed here.
Address: Moelkerbastei 8, 1010 Wien
When Beethoven died in 1827, numerous friends and admirers came to pay their respects. Beethoven was buried in the Weihringer cemetery (Waehringer Friedhof). Literary giant Grillparzer once said in his eulogy "Beethoven gave everything he had to the multitudes, and from them he gained nothing, so he turned away from them." The one thing that will make Beethoven rest in peace is that Schubert was also buried here in 1828 to be with him. A Schubert garden (Schubertpark) was built next to the Wehringer cemetery in honor of Schubert, a talented young musician. Today, this Schubert garden on Wehringerstrasse is a place where many tourists hang out.
Address: W ringer Stra submission, 1180 Wien
In 1888, the coffins of the two masters of music were moved together to the central mausoleum. Today, Beethoven is buried in the Central Mausoleum's Celebrity Cemetery, 32A, in grave 29.
Address: Zentralfriedhof, Simmeringer Hauptstra?e 234, 1110 Wien
In 1880, the admirers of Beethoven also built a monument to him. Since then, the area has been renamed Beethovenplatz. The statue of Beethoven is surrounded by nine cherubs, symbolizing the master's monumental nine symphonies.
Address: Beethovenplatz, 1010 Wien
Wen Yiduo's Life
Wen Yiduo (November 24, 1899-July 15, 1946), whose real name was Wen Jiahua (huá), and number was You San (友三), was a renowned poet, scholar, and patriotic democracy fighter. He was born in Xishui County, Huanggang City, Hubei Province. He was born in Xishui County, Huanggang City, Hubei Province. He has a family history and has been a hobbyist of classical poetry and fine arts since childhood.
In 1912, he was admitted to the Tsinghua School in Beijing, where he was fond of reading ancient Chinese poems, poems, historical books, and notes, etc. In 1916, he began to publish a series of reading notes in Tsinghua Weekly, collectively known as February Lodge Memoirs, and at the same time wrote poems in old style. He also wrote poems in the old style, and actively participated in the student movement during the May Fourth Movement in 1919, representing the school at the meeting of the National Union of Schools (Shanghai).
In April 1920, he published his first vernacular text, "The Traveler-Style Student". In September of the same year, he published his first new poem "West Coast".
In November 1921, he initiated the founding of the Tsinghua Literary Society with Liang Shiqiu and others. In March of the following year, he wrote A Study of the Bottom of Rhythmic Poetry, which was a systematic study of the theories of the metricalization of new poetry.
In July 1922, he was sent to the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts to study. At the end of the year, he published "Review of the Winter Night Grass", co-authored with Liang Shiqiu, which represented Wen Yiduo's early views on the new poems.
The first collection of poems, "The Red Candle", published in 1923, exemplarily combined anti-imperialist and patriotic themes with aestheticist forms.
After his return to China in May 1925, he served as a professor at the Fourth National Sun Yat-sen University, the National University of China, and the Wuhan University (the first Dean of the Faculty of Letters and the first Dean of the School of Literature and Arts at the Wuhan University). (he was the first dean of the Faculty of Letters and designed the university logo), Qingdao University, Beijing Art College, Politics University, Tsinghua University, Southwest United University, and was the provost of Beijing Art College, head of the Foreign Languages Department of the Fourth Sun Yat-sen University in Nanjing, Dean of Literature at Wuhan University, and Dean of Literature at Qingdao University.
In 1928, he published his second collection of poems, Dead Water, which showed deep patriotic passion in decadence. Thereafter he devoted himself to the study of classical literature. His research on the four major ancient texts, namely, Zhou Yi, Shijing, Zhuangzi, and Chu Rhetoric, was described by Guo Moruo as "unparalleled in the past and unmatched in the future".
Beginning of the war in 1937, he taught at the United Southwest University in Kunming. During the eight years of the war, he grew a beard and vowed not to shave it off until he won the war, expressing his determination to fight to the end.
During the period of the Southwest Associated University, especially after 1943, Wen Yiduo, under the influence and leadership of the Chinese ****productivity party, was actively involved in the torrent of the struggle against the dictatorship of the Kuomintang regime and for people's democracy. In 1944, he joined the Southwest Cultural Research Society and then joined the China Democratic League. From then on, he actively participated in social and political activities as a professor of democracy and a leader of the Yunnan branch of the CDL, and became a mentor and friend who was sincerely loved and immensely respected by the revolutionary youth.
During the student patriotic movement of "12 January", he was the first person to be elected as a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
During the student patriotic movement, Wen Yiduo always stood on the side of the majority of patriotic students, guided and inspired them to dare to struggle, good at struggle, and made a great contribution to the victory of the "12.1" movement. He made an important contribution to the victory of the movement.
Wen Yiduo, a member of the China Democratic League and head of Yunnan Province in 1945, and president of the Kunming Democracy Weekly, was killed by Kuomintang agents in the afternoon of July 15, 1946, after delivering his famous "Last Lecture" at a memorial meeting for Mr. Li Gongpu.
On the 21st, the alumni association of Southwest United University held a memorial service for Mr. Yiduo, Zhu Ziqing attended and spoke. At the beginning, he said indignantly: Mr. Wen Yiduo was assassinated in Kunming, which aroused the grief and indignation of the whole country. This is a great loss for the democratic movement, and a great loss for Chinese academics.
Next, he described in detail Mr. Wen Yiduo's great academic contributions. First of all, he told people that Wen Yiduo was "the only new patriotic poet" in China before the war, "and the one who created a new meter for poetry", "he created his own language for poetry and his own language for prose. ". He also describes in detail the achievements of Wen Yiduo's research on various aspects of mythology, Chushu, Zhouyi, and the Book of Poetry. By highlighting Wen Yiduo's great academic achievements, he aimed to tell people what a valuable scholar the Kuomintang reactionaries had brutally killed, destroying a rare talent in Chinese academia! Stirred up a greater indignation against the enemy. Finally, he said sadly: he has a strong vitality, often told us to live to 80 years old, now less than 48 years old, but died tragically in that vile and vicious gun! A student once visited his body, see him "covered with blood, hands holding his head, the whole body spasms". Alas! He was resigned, and so are we!
He secretly resolved to Wen Yiduo's entire posthumous publication, which is a method of struggle against the enemy. He wrote to his student Wang Yao that the death of Mr. Yiduo was a source of grief and indignation. Mr. Yiduo's death is very saddening. His posthumous manuscripts are to be compiled by the Institute and put into print. It was later compiled into the four volumes of the Complete Works of Mr. Wen Yiduo.
Zhu Ziqing once wrote a poem in praise of Mr. Wen Yiduo:
You are a fire that illuminates the abyss; instructing the youth to seize themselves in disappointment. You are a fire that illuminates the ancient times; singing, dancing and competing, powerful and fierce as a tiger. You are a fire that illuminates the devil; burns itself! Out of the ashes burst a new China!
Wen Yiduo's two turns:
1. From exuberance to quietness
In 1912, at the age of 13, Wen Yiduo came to Beijing's Tsinghua School from a well-to-do family in Hubei's countryside and began to be exposed to Western culture.
In 1922, he went to the U.S. to study abroad and specialize in art. From the time he enrolled at Tsinghua to the time he returned to the U.S. in 1925, Wen Yiduo was basically immersed in art and literature, and only occasionally dabbled in politics.
When he returned to China for nearly two years, Wen Yiduo heard and witnessed conspiracies, wars and massacres, and in the face of the nation's great disaster, he could no longer suppress his grief and indignation, and published poems full of patriotic fervor and bitter attack on the social reality, such as Contribution, Guilt, Retraction, Swear to the Sun, Heartbeat, and One Sentence. But after the volcanic eruption, he felt helpless, and finally took the traditional path of the literati, hid in the study, into the pile of old paper, and became a calm scholar who asked little about world affairs and only sought to be alone.
2. From "free scholar" to a fighter
The outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War brought about a fundamental change in the situation of intellectuals such as Wen Yiduo and other academics. During the great transfer from Beijing to Kunming, Wen Yiduo participated in a walking tour that lasted more than two months and covered more than 3,000 kilometers across Hunan, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces***. The real understanding of the life of the lower strata of society planted the opportunity for his ideological change. At the same time, his own standard of living fell sharply and was rapidly impoverished, which led to an extremely important change in his perspective on the issue.
Wen Yiduo's change began in the spring of 1943 when Chiang Kai-shek's book The Fate of China went on sale in Kunming. In this book, Chiang openly preached the authoritarianism of one party, one doctrine and one leader. He was not only against ****productivism, but also intolerant of liberalism, considering both to be "the greatest crisis of cultural aggression and the greatest danger to the spirit of the nation". This is difficult for people who have always believed in democracy and freedom to accept. Wen Yiduo wrote: "The publication of the book China's Destiny was a very important key for me personally. I was shocked by the spirit of the Boxer Rebellion in the book. Did our wise leaders think like this? The May Fourth had too deep an influence on me, and the fact that China's Destiny openly challenged the May Fourth was too much for me to bear in any case."
Soon, Wen Yiduo happened to read a few poems by the Yan'an poet Tianmai, and was y shocked by the fighting spirit in them. He immediately wrote the article "Drummers of the Times--Reading Tianmai's Poetry" for public publication, which caused a wave of fluctuation in the big backyard. He then wrote a series of miscellaneous essays directed at reality and began to cry out. At the same time, he eagerly read all kinds of left-leaning books and learned in detail about the various situations of the ****production party. Zhao Chaojiu's "January in Yan'an" described that there were only "four policemen" in the whole of Yan'an, which impressed him y, and he thought that "only in that new social order can young people receive democratic education without any obstacles."
Wen Yiduo, a poet with a romantic temperament, made a swift and radical change. In the summer of 1944, he secretly joined the ADL under the introduction of Luo Longji and Wu Han, and said, "In the future, I will certainly ask to join the ****anufacturing party". From then on, he devoted himself to the movement for democracy under the secret leadership of the ****production party. Of course, deep in his heart, he could not completely forget about academics, and he told people many times that he felt a little empty and wished to return to his study for ten or twenty years after the realization of political democracy. But this could no longer be realized, and on July 15, 1946, he was assassinated on the streets of Kunming after bravely delivering his Last Lecture.