The Tibetans live mainly in Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan and other provinces and districts on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, with a population of 38,700,068 (1982 statistics). They practise Mangaism (Mahayana Buddhism). The Tibetan language belongs to the Tibetan branch of the Tibeto-Burman group of the Sino-Tibetan language family, and there are three dialect areas, namely, Weizang, Khampa and Amdo. The Weizang dialect area includes all of Tibet (except for the Chamdo area); the Kang dialect area includes Ganzi
state of Sichuan, Chamdo area of Tibet, Diqing state of Yunnan, and Yushu state of Qinghai; and the Ando dialect area includes Hainan, Huangnan, Haixi, Haibei, and Golo states of Qinghai, Aba state of Sichuan, and Gannan state of Gansu. The customary songs include wine songs, guessing love songs, wedding songs, arrow songs, farewell songs and so on.
①Wine Songs
Tibetan language called "Qiang Harmony", circulating in the Tibetan region, sung at festivals and gatherings to toast. The "Zeruo" of the Amdo region and the "Ge'er" of the Gannan region are all wine songs. The singing form of the wine song is different, some dance and sing, some only sing without dance. The music is cheerful and enthusiastic, mostly in the Gong mode. The following examples:
② guess love song
Wei-Tibetan region called "second plus", Kang area called "Ye Mo" or "Gomo", Amdo area called "Harmony Mo". "harmonic Mo", etc., is the Tibetan youth get together for entertainment or for divination games sung by the song, widely circulated. Sichuan Tibetan district youth game often to ring as a divination token, so also known as "hoop gossip". Guessing the music of the song is relaxed and lively, often used five beats and four beats of the mixed beat, to the palace, feather, levy tuning is common.
3 wedding song. Wedding songs and different forms of singing in different parts of the world, roughly including the bride song, leaving home song, on the way to the song, welcoming song, etc. Some of them are long and melodious. Some of them have a long melody, and some are cheerful with the nature of the dance.
④Arrow song
Tibetan language, called "Da Harmony", mainly popular in Tibet Linzhi area, also known as the "Gongbu arrow song", spring and summer, sung in the Rinka play dams, is the archer to boast of the bow and arrow and archery technology sung by the song. The song is accompanied by dance movements. The music is often accompanied by dots, triplets and syncopations, and is fresh and bright.
⑤Farewell Song
Popular in Sichuan Danba and other places, it is sung by middle-aged and old-aged women when bidding farewell to honored guests, relatives and friends. The songs are sincere and touching, and are mostly in the seven-tone feather mode, which includes a change of the Gong tone and a clear plume tone. Song of Songs is also known as the Song of the Six True Words. In Tibetan, it is called "Manai", and is sung by the Buddhist masses when they are on pilgrimage to worship God and Buddha in monasteries, with different tunes in different parts of the world. In addition, the melody of children's songs is simple and clear, and the rhythm is lively. Bitter songs, known as "Jelu" in Tibetan, are sung at a slow tempo, with a mournful melody. Zhamunie (six-stringed zither) playing and singing, mainly popular in Tibet Rikaze, Linzhi, and Gansu Gannan and other places. The music is relatively fresh and lively, with a slightly danceable character, mostly in the feather mode. There are other hypnotic songs, question and answer songs, witty songs and so on. Song and dance music Tibetan folk songs and dances in various forms, distinctive features. The lyrics of the songs and dances are wide-ranging, such as praising the sun, moon and stars, mountains and rivers, praising women's appearance and costumes, thinking of relatives, blessing the meeting, wishing for good luck and religious beliefs and so on. Since the 1950s, the public has also made up many lyrics reflecting the new life.
Go Harmony
Go Harmony is an ancient form of song and dance, meaning circle song and dance, widely circulated, Sakya region called "Suo", Gongbu region called "wave" or "wave strong ", the northern Tibetan pastoral area, Kang area, Amdo area called "Zhuo" or "fruit Zhuo" (commonly known as pot Zhuang). Fruit harmony in the festival, labor and religious ceremonies sung, the participants pull each other's hands and shoulders, singing and dancing, without musical accompaniment. The music of Tibetan fruit harmony is simple, enthusiastic and concise in structure, generally consisting of two parts: the slow song section and the fast section, the latter being the simplification and tightening of the former's melody, with the feet of the ground for the section, as the prelude, interlude and the end of the piece. The meter is mainly beat-based, but there are often changes in the prelude, interlude, and ending. Most of the pieces are based on the five-tone scale, and individual pieces are in the six-tone and seven-tone scales; the Gong, Fei and Zheng modes are commonly used. Some of the Zhuo passed down in the Kham area have been expanded into a three-part structure by adding a loose lead before the slow section; the slow section utilizes triplets, quintuplets, syncopations, appoggiaturas and ornamental tones, making the music thick and deep, while the fast section has a concise melody and a distinctive tempo, making the music robust and full of dynamics.
Panzhuang
The popular panzhuang in the Jiajon Tibetan area of Sichuan is divided into two types: the large panzhuang and the small panzhuang, which are commonly used in the seven-tone feather and horn tuning style. In addition to the natural sound, there are often variations or clear feather tones in the melody, and the musical style is unique.
Pile Harmony
Pile Harmony is the song and dance of western Tibet. Heap is the meaning of the highlands, referring to the Yarlung Zangbo River basin from Rikaze to the west to the entire region of Ali. Pile of harmony in Lhasa area is extremely popular, initially accompanied only by Zamu Nie, after the development of a small band accompaniment. The structure of heap harmonization consists of prelude, slow song section, interlude, fast song section and ending, the slow song section is beautiful and cheerful, and the fast song section adopts the technique of pulling tightly and singing slowly, which makes the music joyful and compact. The tunes of the prelude, interlude and ending are basically fixed, but the melodies of the slow and fast sections are different. The tune is mostly Gong, but also Fei and Shang, and the tune often alternates between Gong and Fei, with the main tune shifting to a subordinate tune at the end of the piece, making it the unique termination of Pile Harmony.
The following example is a fragment of the heap of harmonic tunes: strings Tibetan called "page", "I" or "Kang Harmonious", popular in the Kang, Wei-Tibetan region. Due to the song and dance men with cow horn beard or erhu in front of the team to lead the dance accompaniment, so called string. The strings originated in Batang, Sichuan Province, which is famous for its beautiful tunes, rich repertoire and stretching dance style. The music of the strings is extremely singable, with a concise structure, mostly in the feather mode, followed by the levy and the Shang mode, with alternating modes often appearing in the music. Songs are composed of 6 syllables as a line, or 4 lines as a song; most of the tunes can be freely filled with new words. As an example, Nangma is mainly popular in Lhasa. The music of Nangma basically consists of 3 parts: the introduction in medium speed, the song in slow tempo and the dance in fast tempo. The music of the song part is elegant and beautiful, accompanied by simple dance movements; the dance part is enthusiastic and lively, the dance is light and stretching, and the performer only dances but does not sing. The introduction of the tune is basically fixed; dance part of the song is similar, most of the business mode, individual music ends in the feather, Gong mode; song part of the tune is different, some songs have close relationship with the transposition; accompaniment form and heap of harmonic the same.
Harmonized Chin
Harmonized Chin circulated in Lhasa, Tibet, Shannan, Shigatse, Ali and other areas of the ancient rituals of song and dance form, more in the grand festival or ceremony when sung. Harmonization of the Chin is generally composed of a number of songs and dances with the title, the first and last music were called "harmonic fruit" (introduction) and "Zazhi" (auspicious), each song and dance by the slow and fast plate, or by the slow, medium, fast plate, music is simple and passionate. The music is simple and passionate. The lyrics include the origin of mankind, historical legends, and praises and blessings. Hot Ba Harmony is popular in the Kangba region of wandering artists performing songs and dances. Including drums and bells dance, juggling, song and dance theater, stick dance, deer dance, knife dance, Reba strings and other forms of performance. Reba string music is the same as the popular folk string, and the music of drum and bell dance includes the male lead singing of loose board and slow board singing, the music is warm and beautiful, rich in charm. In addition, there are also popular in the Tibetan region of the Zhuo Harmony (drum dance), popular in the Yunnan Zhongdian region of the Xiongchong, Zhuo see, popular in the Gannan region of the Duo Di Dance, Gaba Dance and so on. Rap music Tibetan rap music has Zhongxun, folding Ga, Mani Mani and so on several kinds, mostly sung by folk artists and monks. Zhongxun means storytelling song, there are said to sing, widely circulated, the content of the long folk tales or narrative poems, such as "King Gesar biography", "Tibetan Ling - Nimai Gongjue" and so on. The number of singing is very large, most of the characteristics of recitation, the structure is composed of the upper and lower phrases of the section and its changes repeat.
The folding ga: folding ga is a poor wandering artists begging, or traveling monks to perform a kind of rap music. Most of the cow horn huqin accompaniment, self-singing. Some artists only use wooden sticks as props, one side of the rap, one side of the show action. Some of the words told stories, some improvised words, mostly praise for the master of the auspicious words. The music is simple and plain, with rap special: point.
Mani Mani: Mani Mani is an ancient form of rap. The singers are mostly nuns or folk artists, they hang up the scroll depicting the story of the sutra, to the masses to sing the story of the painting. Tibetan OperaTibetan Opera includes four types of operas, including Tibetan Opera (Ajilam), Amdo Tibetan Opera (Nammut), Dege Tibetan Opera, and Chamdo Tibetan Opera, each of which has different characteristics of singing, music, performance, and costumes. Tibetan opera and Amdo Tibetan opera are more widely circulated and have greater influence. Tibetan opera has a long history, its origin can be traced back to the 8th century Chisong Detsen period, in the sang temple inauguration ceremony, the artists will be Tibetan folk dance and sutra stories combined into a pantomime jumping ceremony. In the past, Tibetan opera was performed in squares, accompanied only by drums and cymbals, with human voices helping the actors. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China*** and the State of China, Tibetan opera has been put on the stage, and reforms have been made to the singing and the orchestra, enriching the expressive power of Tibetan opera music. The traditional structure of Tibetan opera***is divided into three parts, the first part "dun", for the opening speech; the second part "heap", is the main drama; the third part "zazhi", is the blessing of good luck and good luck The third part, "Zhaxi", is the concluding song and dance. The traditional singing of Tibetan opera is a free-rhythm loose plate, which is divided into "Darren" (long tone), "Datong" (short tone), "Blocking Lu" (counter-tone), "Juelu" (sad tone), and "Jelu" (sad tone). Jue Lu" (sad tone), "harmonic wood Langda" (folk song type singing) 5 kinds, and a number of folk songs and dance songs. Among them, the long tune, short tune in each program for people set song, singing to the character named, each with its own differences, can not be arbitrarily changed. There are dozens of singing voices, some of which have similar melodies. The antiphon, sad tune and folk song type of singing is a universal singing style, which can be used in any repertoire and characters. Singing words are mostly 7-9 words for a sentence, every two sentences for a paragraph. The first and last part of "Xiongma Rangda" is sung, and the middle part is recited in rhyme, and the number of words is more free, according to the need to master.
Tibetan opera music is closely related to the Harmonized Chin (large-scale song and dance) and the folk songs of the latter Tibet. Tibetan opera singing in the very characteristic "real solid" singing (a kind of decorative flower cavity) originated from the wine song and the Tibetan folk songs. The vocal help of Tibetan opera mainly repeats the ending part of the singing phrase. Tibetan opera singing range is generally within an octave, the female voice sings in true voice, the sound area is mostly between ~; male voice sings in true falsetto combination, the sound area is higher, often between ~; male and female voices focus on the use of the back of the head sound of the singing, the line of the cavity is loud and clear. Musical Instruments
There are many kinds of Tibetan musical instruments, including plucked instruments such as the Zamuni and the yangqin; bowed instruments such as the cow-horn hu, the sticker, the root of the card, the huqin, and the hot-maqin; wind instruments such as the harp flute, the bone flute, the tuba, the trumpet, the oboe, the copper flute, the conch, the mouth-string, the bamboo flute, the mud flute, and so on; and percussion instruments such as the big drums, the hot drums, the Damar drums, the barang drums, the gongs, cymbals, and the stringed bells. Among them, Zamunie, Niuhu, tuba and harp flute are the most characteristic. Zamunie that six-stringed zither, according to legend, has a history of 600 to 700 years, is the folk song and dance heap harmony, Nangma and Zamunie singing the main accompaniment instrument. Cow horn hu, known as "Bi Wang" or "Bi Yong" in Tibetan, is similar in shape to the erhu, but the barrel is made of cow horn, and is mainly used to accompany the strings and folding ga. Due to the short bow, the long tones in the melody are played as eighth notes in the same tone over and over again, and in the weak beat with a large second or small third degree of leaning or re leaning tone, forming the main characteristics of the string music. Harp flute, bone flute in the pastoral area. The harp flute is made of wood, and the bone flute is made of eagle's leg bone or sheep's leg bone, with a high sound area, small volume, and thin voice, often used to play pastoral tunes. Large, the Tibetan language called "with the Chin", made of copper, tube body without holes, about 3 meters long, the lower end of the mouth with a large bla, can blow out the base note and five degrees of overtones, the volume of the grand, more for the monastery ceremonial activities and Tibetan opera music.