Introduction of blueberries
Blueberries, scientific name lingonberry, also known as ? American blueberry? The fruit is blue or red, the size of the fruit varies according to the species, the general weight of a single fruit is 0.5 ~ 2.5 g. Its fruit flesh is delicate, the seed is very small, sweet and sour taste, and has a refreshing and pleasant aroma. Among them, the large fruit type is the best fresh food, in the U.S. market, 70% of the blueberry fruit for fresh fruit sales. In addition to its fruit contains conventional sugar, acid and vitamin C, but also rich in vitamin E, vitamin A, vitamin B, SOD, arbutin, anthocyanosides, proteins, fats and other fruits in the rare special ingredients and rich in potassium, iron, zinc, manganese and other trace elements. According to recent research, blueberry fruit has the unique effect of preventing cerebral nerve aging, enhancing heart function, brightening eyesight and anti-cancer, etc. Therefore, the International Food and Agriculture Organization (IFA) classified it as a human food. Therefore, the International Food and Agriculture Organization (IFAO) has listed it as one of the top five health foods for human beings. It is because of the unique flavor and nutritional health value of blueberries, its fruits and products are popular in the world, demand exceeds supply, and expensive in the international market. In the main producing areas of the United States, fresh fruit purchase price of 2.0 ~ 2.5 U.S. dollars / kg, the market retail price of fresh fruit up to 10 U.S. dollars / kg. In Japan, the blueberry fruit as a high-grade fruit supply market, only 20% of the rich class consumption and consumption. Although Japan's existing 400 hectares of cultivation area, but still far from meeting the market demand, a large number of imports from the United States each year, imported 800 tons in 1997, 1998 imported 15 00 tons, 1,999 imported 3,000 tons. Japan imported from the United States to the port price as high as 6 ~ 8 U.S. dollars / kg, the market retail price of 10 ~ 15 U.S. dollars / kg. blueberry fruit juice concentrate of processed products in the international market price of 30,000 ~ 40,000 U.S. dollars / t, is the apple juice concentrate of 1,000 U.S. dollars / ton of 30 ~ 40 times. 1998 ~ 2000 years, China's foreign trade departments from the Changbai Mountain, the size of the Hinggan Mountains to acquire Wild blueberry processing frozen fruit export price of 2000 U.S. dollars / t. Blueberry fruit is a good raw material for processing, can be made into fruit sauces, candied fruit, candy, ice cream and so on. The most processed products are juice drinks. In the United States, blueberries are often processed into composite beverages with other fruits, such as blueberry orange juice, blueberry grape juice, blueberry apple juice, etc.
Many blueberries are processed into composite beverages with other fruits.
Many blueberry varieties are very resistant to cold, such as dwarf bush blueberry variety group of ? Meden? and? Swecker? can withstand temperatures as low as -40 degrees Celsius. Another outstanding characteristic of blueberry is that it prefers strongly acidic, moist soil. Therefore, it has a great potential for development in the high alpine mountains and the large acidic bogs of the Changbai Mountains and the large and small Xing'an Mountains. Blueberry fruit trees from the temperate zone to the frigid zone have distribution, after nearly a hundred years of breeding work, has been selected to adapt to the tropical, temperate, frigid climate conditions of a variety of excellent varieties. Our country can use different kinds of introductions to test planting.
The cultivation history of blueberry fruit trees is less than a century, the earliest began in the U.S. In 1906, F?V?Coville first began the wild selection work, in 1937, the 15 varieties selected for commercial cultivation. At present, blueberry has become the main fruit tree species in the United States. By the 80's, more than 100 varieties of blueberries had been selected and bred to adapt to the climatic conditions of various places, forming the main economic production areas in Maine, Georgia, Florida, New Jersey, Michigan, Minnesota and Oregon, with a total area of 1.9 million hectares and a production of 200,000 tons. Following the United States, countries around the world are competing to introduce cultivation. According to their own climate characteristics and resource advantages, countries have carried out blueberry research and cultivation work with their own characteristics. Holland, Canada, Germany, Austria, Denmark, Italy, Finland, Britain, Poland, Romania, Australia, Bulgaria, New Zealand and Japan and other countries have entered commercial cultivation.
China's blueberry cultivation started late. the early 80s, Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province, the collection of wild resources processing wine, drinks. Anto County, Jilin Province, the production of blueberry wine factory has won the Ministry of Agriculture Silver Award, its products on the market is very popular. However, due to the unstable supply of raw materials from wild fruits and the decline of the fruit wine market, it failed to form a stable industry. On the basis of collecting wild resources, some forestry departments have made domestication cultivation of wild Dusky blueberries, but due to the low yield and production value, poor cultivation efficiency, production is also difficult to promote. In response to this problem, Jilin Agricultural University took the lead in 1983 to carry out the introduction of blueberry cultivation in China, and introduced more than 70 cold-resistant and productive blueberry varieties from the United States, Canada, Finland and Germany in 1997, including rabbit-eye blueberry, highbush blueberry, semi-highbush blueberry, shortbush blueberry, cranberry and cranberry in six major types. 1989, solved the blueberry tissue culture, factory nursery technology, expansion and multiplication of blueberry, and the development of the blueberry planting technology, and the development of the blueberry planting technology. In 1989, after solving the problems of blueberry tissue culture, factory seedling breeding technology and expansion, 5 blueberry cultivation bases were established in Changbai Mountain, and in 1995, 4 blueberry varieties suitable for cultivation in Changbai Mountain were initially selected and started to be promoted to the production. In 1995, four excellent blueberry varieties suitable for cultivation in Changbaishan Mountain were selected and started to be popularized to the production. Some basic cultivation techniques, seedling nursery and soil management were also researched. Although these researches are mainly carried out in cold areas, they are also of reference significance to the introduction and cultivation of cranberry in other areas of China. In the rabbit eye blueberry research, Nanjing Institute of Botany in 1988 from the United States to introduce 12 excellent varieties, and in Nanjing and Lishui two test planting, after 10 years of research, confirmed that the rabbit eye blueberry is suitable for cultivation in China's southern red soil area.
The daily management of blueberries
1, timely loosening of the blueberry garden:
Because the blueberry root system is shallow, and slender, no root hairs, so the requirements of the soil is loose, good aeration.
It can be cleared from early spring to August, and clearing after fall is not good for its overwintering. Highbush blueberry cultivation in sandy loam soil commonly used clear plow method. The depth of clearing is 5 to 10 centimeters, and it is easy to hurt the root system too y.
You can also use the soil cover method, widely used in blueberry production, it has increased soil organic matter, improve soil structure, regulate and maintain soil moisture, reduce soil pH, control weeds and other roles. To dwarf bush blueberry soil covered with 5 to 10 cm sawdust, in 3 years the yield can be increased by 30%, single fruit weight increased by 50%. Leaves, straw and other crop stalks can also be applied, but the effect is not as good as sawdust.
2, blueberry garden weeding:
In the blueberry garden management, weeding is a very important part, do a good job can make the yield increase by more than 1 times. In blueberry production, chemical herbicides are widely used. This is because of the high cost of manual weeding, but also easy to hurt the root system, especially the dwarf bush blueberry cultivation, due to the rhizome string walking, a few years after the whole orchard connected to a piece, it is simply impossible to manual weeding. The herbicides commonly used in blueberry gardens are diuron, simazine, chlorpheniramine, 2,6 dichlorobenzene, glyphosate, paraquat and so on.
3, blueberry fertilization methods:
blueberry nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium composite fertilizer than the effect of a single fertilizer; nitrogen, phosphorus, potash fertilizer ratio of 1:1:1 appropriate; ammonium sulfate ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is good, it is not suitable for nitrate nitrogen fertilizer; blueberries are sensitive to chlorine, do not choose ammonium chloride, potassium chloride and other chlorine-containing fertilizers.
High bush and rabbiteye blueberry available furrow method, the depth of 10 to 15 cm is appropriate; short bush blueberry into the garden after a piece, to spread the main. Fertilizer in early spring before budding, but also in the berry ripening period and then apply 1 time.
Excessive fertilization is very easy to make the blueberry tree body damage or even death of the whole plant, therefore, the determination of the amount of fertilizer to be very careful, must be based on soil fertility and tree nutritional status.
Blueberry planting management methods
1 Preparation work before blueberry planting
1.1 Garden selection.
Blueberries need to be planted before the selection of suitable garden conditions, the standard is: garden slope not more than 10?, more than 15? to build 2m wide terraces; soil requirements of organic matter content of 8% to 10% (at least not less than 5%), pH value of 3.8 ~ 5.5 between, loose, good aeration and drainage, wet but not waterlogged; to try to choose no shade cover, sunny environment. Mountain should try to choose the sunny slopes in the middle and lower, the type of land to barren slopes, low-yield ponytail pine woodland is the best, followed by the slope of the fallow land.
1.2 Land preparation.
Before planting must be first ground, ground (planting hole) specifications for: 1.0m (length)?1.0m (width)?0.5m (depth), planting half-high bush blueberry and short bush blueberry can be appropriate to narrow the specifications, the rabbit eye blueberry can be increased to mu planting 330 plants. After digging a good planting hole, the soil will be taken out and mixed with ground pine bark and peat (or humus under the pine forest) and so on, mixed well and backfilled into the hole, backfill soil should be higher than the ground 20 ~ 30cm, in the case of insufficient acidity in the soil can be mixed with an appropriate amount of sulfur powder.
1.3 Soil improvement.
Blueberries like acidic soil, north highbush blueberries require soil pH value of 4.3 to 4.8, rabbit eye blueberries for 4.3 to 5.3. If the soil pH value is high, you need to reduce the soil pH value for soil improvement, the northeast region generally use the adjustment of the grass charcoal, the Wanda Mountains area of the grass charcoal pH more than 5.0, so you need to mix 1kg of sulphur powder in each cubic meter of grass charcoal to reduce the pH value of grass charcoal to 5.0, so that every cubic meter of grass charcoal is mixed with 1kg of sulfur powder. Therefore, it is necessary to mix 1kg of sulfur powder with each cubic meter of charcoal in advance to lower the pH value of charcoal to below 4.0, and then mix it evenly into the hole when planting. The soil pH value in Jidong County is between 6.0~7.5, so it is necessary to adjust the soil pH value with sulfur powder 3~4 months before planting, and when digging planting holes, the dug out part of the original soil is added with the same volume of acidic charcoal, 20g of potassium sulphate compound fertilizer, 20g of soil fungicide, and a fixed amount of sulfur powder and evenly stirred to backfill it. After improvement is to promote the planting of blueberries.
1.4 Variety selection.
Heterogamous pollination is one of the important factors to improve the yield and fruit size of blueberries, in the production of multiple varieties must be considered with the establishment of the garden, the garden needs to be configured with at least two varieties of pollination each other, in order to improve yield and quality. The north must choose the United States, North Village, Northland, North Blue and other cold resistance is very strong, can withstand minus 40 ℃ low temperature of the good varieties. Pollination tree configuration ratio is generally (2 to 3): 1, that is, 2 to 3 rows of main varieties, pollination varieties 1 row. [1] If conditions permit, you can also put the bee class of insects to assist pollination.
2 planting technology
2.1 Planting time.
Blueberry planting in the spring, fall and winter seasons, but the northern regions are generally planted in the spring, planted in the fall is easy to suffer frost damage due to improper winter management. Spring planting is usually in March to April, before the sprouting of new shoots of seedlings. Potting seedlings can also be planted after sprouting, but planting can not hurt the roots. Between Jidong County irrigation is convenient and dry in the fall of the special circumstances, can also be properly planted in the fall.
2.2 Planting density.
In China, blueberry planting due to varieties, land conditions, management and climate differences between the north and south and choose the appropriate density; in foreign countries, the actual cultivation density is also often based on the degree of mechanization; in general, the highbush blueberry (1.0 ~ 1.5) m? (2.0 ~ 3.0) m appropriate; rabbit's-eye blueberries are often selected 1.5m? Choose (0.6 to 1.2)m?2m.
2.3 Planting.
Northern planting generally choose 2 to 3 years of developed root system, branching, seedling height of 30cm above the quality of the seedlings, so that the survival rate of the seedlings is higher. When planting seedlings, in the planting hole or planting bed digging depth of 15 ~ 25cm, amplitude of 20 ~ 30cm of the small pit, in the small pit filled with some wet acidic charcoal soil or pre-prepared planting soil, and then planted the seedlings and the root system to unfold, so that add to the mix of charcoal soil surrounded by the roots of the seedlings and gently upward to lift the seedlings once, in order to enable the root system to fully combine with the planting soil, and then finally mulched to the ground level, gently step on the tight. Finally, mulch the soil to the ground level, gently step on the compaction, righting and watering, to do? Three help two stepped on a seedling lifting?
2.4 Ground cover.
After planting, we should take materials nearby, and cover the surface of the planting hole with a layer of straw, leaf-rotting soil, bark, wood chips and other organic materials. Surface covering has the effect of regulating the ground temperature, preventing the evaporation of surface moisture, maintaining soil moisture and promoting the growth of the root system. The thickness of the mulch is about 10cm, not less than 5cm.
3 Post-planting management
3.1 Pruning at the beginning of planting.
Pruning immediately after planting. Because the transplanting process caused damage to the root system. In order to maintain the growth balance between above and below ground, it is necessary to inhibit the growth and development of the above ground. The amount of pruning is to reduce the original branches of 1/3 to 1/2, and at the same time, the stunted weak annual branches should be cut from the base. Flower buds should be removed completely.
3.2 Fertilization.
Blueberries are sensitive to fertilizer and low demand, in the case of soil acidity to meet the general need to apply only a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer, but also according to the analysis of the leaf or lack of vegetative symptoms of the symptomatic fertilization.
1) Fertilizer type. Application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium composite fertilizer than the effect of a single fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash fertilizer ratio of 1:1:1 appropriate; blueberries are ammonium nitrogen species, the application of nitrogen fertilizer to the application of urea, ammonium sulfate and other ammonium nitrogen fertilizer for the best, prohibit the use of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer; blueberries on the chlorine sensitivity, do not choose ammonium chloride, potassium chloride and other chlorine-containing fertilizers.
2) Fertilization methods and periods. Highbush and rabbiteye blueberries can be applied in furrows, with a depth of 10 to 15cm. The soil is relatively loose using the whole sprinkler; more viscous soil fertilization depth of 10 ~ 20 cm; can also be sprayed through the foliar fertilizer containing certain elements as a supplemental fertilization method. Fertilizer is applied 3 times a year. The first time in early spring before budding, and then every 30 ~ 45 days to apply a time, three times.
3) Fertilizer amount. Blueberries are oligotrophic plants, and over-fertilizing or improper fertilization can harm the root system and cause plant death. All must be based on soil fertility and tree nutritional status of careful fertilization, general conditions after planting the first year of fertilizer 10 grams / plant, 20 ~ 30 grams / plant in the second year. The third year 40 ~ 50 grams / plant, 5 years after 80 ~ 100 grams / plant.
3.3 Moisture management.
Blueberry root distribution is shallow, like wet, new blueberry garden timely irrigation is necessary to improve the survival rate of planting, irrigation is also one of the important factors to increase production. Blueberry irrigation need to pay attention to the water source and water quality, deep well water PH value is generally high, and sodium and calcium content is high, long-term use will affect the growth of blueberries and yield, can be used in the irrigation of dilute sulfuric acid will be adjusted to the PH value of 4.5 ~ 5.5 or so and then irrigate, but it should be spaced out about 3 times to irrigate and then irrigate an acidic water. Generally more drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation methods, these two methods of water supply for a long time, high water utilization, and does not lead to drought or excessive water supply.
3.4 Weeding.
Weeding in blueberry orchards is an important part of orchard management, and weeding in the orchard can increase production by more than 1 times compared to not weeding. Due to the shallow root system of blueberries, soil tillage is easy to hurt the root system, especially the dwarf bush blueberry rhizomes scurry walking, the whole orchard is connected to a piece, can not be manually weeded, and artificial weeding costs are higher. Therefore, chemical weed control is widely used in blueberry cultivation. Spraying herbicides should be depressed nozzle, sprayed on the ground, to avoid spraying on the tree.
3.5 Light and nurturing pruning.
Highbush blueberry should be cut about 1/2 of the above ground part in the year of planting, almost no pruning in the 2nd and 3rd years after planting, and in the 4th year after planting, it is necessary to shorten the vigorous branches to control the height of the tree, cut off the dense fruiting branches, and keep 50% flower buds on the whole plant to ensure the good condition of the tree and the quality of the fruits. The first 3 years of the rabbit eye blueberry is the same as the highbush blueberry, but when the tree grows vigorously, it should be pruned to shorten the strong branches, do not have to cut off the fruiting branches intentionally, but cut off the over-dense basal branches. The period of plastic pruning can be divided into winter pruning and summer pruning, and the degree of pruning is mainly in winter, supplemented by summer.
3.6 Disease, insect and bird pest control.
Blueberry common insect pests are mainly leaf-eating species of moths, stem-boring species of aspen, golden tortoise larvae (grubs), etc.; diseases are mainly leaf chlorosis, leaf blight, stiff fruit disease, etc., the onset of the period of time began in March and April each year when the temperature rises; bird feeding is also a major hazard to blueberries. Artificial prevention and control: cut off diseased branches in late November, insect branches, eliminate weeds, eliminate overwintering pests and diseases; December will be 20 centimeters of soil deep turning to eliminate overwintering pests in the soil; the best way to prevent birds is to set up bird netting during the ripening period of blueberry fruits, it is best to set up a network of the whole garden. In addition, scarecrows, electric bird repellers, firecrackers and other ways to drive away birds. Chemical control: Diseases include fungal (stem ulcer, branch wilt) diseases and viral (scorch, leaf spot, foliar disease) diseases. In early spring, before flowering interval spraying generation of manganese zinc, each application interval 10 ~ 15 days. Insect control can be sprayed in early spring with diluted sulfur phosphorus broad-spectrum insecticide. Blueberry is edible fresh fruit fruit trees, should minimize the amount of pesticides, advocate the use of biological pesticides and high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue performance of pesticides and scientific and reasonable alternation of drugs is appropriate. Fruit ripening before 20 days to the end of the fruit picking period can not use drugs.