Impressionism, also known as Impressionism, is an epoch-making art school in the history of Western painting, a school of painting that emerged in France in the 1860s and 1890s, when it was named for Claude Monet's painting Sunrise-Impression, which was mocked by a journalist. The image depicts an early morning on the Seine River when the sun has just risen. Since the artist had to complete the work in a very short moment of the morning's beauty before the light had changed, the picture could not have been depicted very carefully. When the academy painters saw this work, they thought it was very rough and too casual, so they mocked the "Barbizon" painters with sarcastic language, meaning that they were a group of painters who didn't know anything about painting, and that "Sunrise - Impressionism" was painted by impression, and other people also agreed and said that these painters were all "impressionists". "Impressionism", I did not expect, these sarcastic words, but to fulfill this group of painters, "Impressionism" was born, "Barbizon School" is slowly being forgotten.
In the 19th century, Paris, France was the center of European oil painting. At this time, the style was dominated by the neo-classicism of the academy, which held an official exhibition called the "Salon" every year. Most of the artists came from the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, and they had a deep foundation in drawing and were well versed in the anatomy of the human body, and their style of painting was rigorous and delicate. At this time, there was another large group of young painters full of ideals, they come from all walks of life, most of them are free men, many of them have a different view of the teaching methods and painting style of the academy, that the classicism is uniform, lack of personal style, they advocate realism, and advocate the outdoor sketching. Because they had the same ideals and views, they gradually gathered in a small village called Barbizon, outside Paris, to depict the fascinating scenery there, they are known as the "Barbizon" school of painting. "The village of Barbizon is now the town of Fontainebleau, one of the satellite towns of Paris. "The Barbizon School was the forerunner of Impressionism.
The first printing press in France was established in the Latin Quarter in 1469, and Paris is still the leading city in the press and publishing industry. Agence France-Presse, one of the world's largest news agencies, is based on the Place de la Bourse, with 150 bureaus around the world. Le Monde and Le Figaro, both published in Paris, enjoy an international reputation. The Latin Quarter is also the cradle of French higher education, with the venerable University of Paris now divided into 13 separate universities*** with more than 300,000 students, five of which are located in the suburbs. Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris, ranked 34th in the latest 2013 QS World University Rankings.
Paris has 50 theaters, 200 cinemas, and 15 concert halls. The Paris Opera House, located in the center of the city on rue Haussmann, covers 110,000 square meters and has both Gothic and Romanesque styles throughout. The French National Conservatory of Music and Dance School are also located here.
Paris "street art" is very active, the city's northwestern Terre des Arts Square is a world-famous open-air gallery, where many painters paint on the spot for sale every day. In the city center of Chartres Square and Saint-Germain-des-Prés Square and other places, young students and citizens often bring their own musical instruments to hold concerts, perform a variety of programs.
Paris is a world historical city, attractions abound, the Eiffel Tower, the Arc de Triomphe, the Elysée Palace, the Palace of Versailles, the Louvre, the Place de la Concorde, Notre Dame, Georges Pompidou National Center for Culture and the Arts and so on, is the domestic and foreign tourists linger on the place. The beautiful banks of the Seine River are dotted with parks and green spaces, and 32 bridges spanning the river make the scenery on the river even more charming and colorful. The city island in the center of the river is the cradle and birthplace of Paris. The boulevard Saint-Michel on the Seine has a used book market that stretches for several kilometers, and every day there are many domestic and foreign scholars and tourists who come here to buy their beloved antique books, forming a major feature of the Latin Quarter, the old cultural district on the Seine.
Paris lives in the details. Parisians, no matter what their age, are like children who are fascinated by the same new thing one or two days. It's not rich, but it's not without its comforts. This got me interested in following the American writer Edmund White into Paris, Memories of a Loiterer.
Cultural people are the soul of social life in Paris. 19th century French writers Balzac, Proust, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, George Sand, Chopin, Wilde, Colette, Genet; 20th century Picasso, Benjamin, Gide, Sartre, Povtava, Camus, Roland Barthes, Foucault, some of the cultural celebrities, make up the Parisian social and cultural people community. They used to live in Paris, a place where the air is full of nothingness, but the creativity of their spirit has enriched the spirit of free France and achieved the highest achievements in the world's cultural history. In the Café Lippe, the Café de la Fleur de Lis, the Café du Soleil, the whole heart of Parisian culture seemed to be jumping there; in the Cannabis Club of the Hotel de la Rozanne, those geniuses, in pursuit of craziness and excitement, smoked "green jam" all night long, and Balzac, the writer, refused to smoke, but didn't forget to interview the smokers about their experiences and hallucinations; that was an era of freedom and excitement, of exploring and discovering the world's most important cultural values. It was an era of freedom and excitement, exploring how the boundaries between art and life could be broken.
France was right in the middle, with their peculiar blend of fashionable art and conservative culture, national uniformity of welfare and extreme individualism, clear-eyed realism and vibrant Romanticism, aspects that have stood the test of time indisputably and subtly. Paris is the center of the educational enterprise. The University of Paris is one of the oldest universities in the world, founded in 1253. There are also many academic and research institutions, libraries, museums and theaters in Paris.
Before the founding of the Université de Paris in the 12th century, Notre Dame was the center of higher education in Paris. King Philip II of the Capetian dynasty coined the term "universitas" (university) in the 1200's as an organization that brought together a community of teachers and students and had the right to operate independently of the king's laws and tax laws.
By the 13th century, the already famous University of Paris was attracting students from all over Europe. The philosophical centers of the Left Bank, later known as the Latin Quarter, were regrouped around the Sorbonne, founded in 1257, and by the 19th century the University of Paris was organized into six disciplines: law, science, pharmacy, medicine, literature, and theology.
The May storms of the spring of 1968 led to a continuing reform of the University's organization and a gradual decentralization of its centralized academic body. The University of Paris was later split into 13 universities in 1971, scattered throughout the city and suburbs. Each new university (Université de Paris I, Université de Paris II, Université de Paris III, Université de Paris IV, Université de Paris V, Université de Paris VI, Université de Paris VII, Université de Paris VIII, Université de Paris IX, Université de Paris X, Université de Paris XI, Université de Paris XII, and Université de Paris XIII) retained a small portion of the old University of Paris.
In 1991, four new universities were established in the suburbs of Paris, giving the Ile-de-France region a total of 17 universities. The four newly created universities were Cergy-Pontoise University, the University of ?vry Val d'Essonne, the University of Marne-la -Vallée) and the University of St. Contin-en-Yveline-Versailles.
The young officers who line up in the front square of the military parade in front of the Arc de Triomphe on July 14, the national holiday, are cadets from this school. The Polytechnic was founded in 1794. Soon after Napoleon saw the school as a military establishment and awarded it a banner with the words "For the science and honor of the fatherland" (Pour la patrie, les Scineces, la Gloire).
In 1814, when the Russian-Prussian-Austrian coalition came to Paris, the students of the Ecole Polytechnique demanded to join the war, but Napoleon, who was faced with the prospect of annihilation, said, "I will not kill my hens for the sake of taking the golden eggs!"
This quote has always inspired the students of the school to study hard, and over the past 200 years, it has produced a great number of talented people for France, such as Foch, the Allied Commander of the Allied Powers in the First World War, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Begulel, the automobile industrialist Citroen, and the President of France, Mr. Destin, among many others.
Today the school has moved to the southwestern suburb of Palaiseau, where it occupies 150 hectares and has more than 1,200 students. The école Normale Supérieure de Paris is so famous that the final decision on the list of new students is made by the Minister of Education. Chemist and microbiologist Pasteur, literary scholar Jean-Paul Sartre and President Pompidou are among its graduates.
Famous sports teams in Paris include the professional soccer team Paris Saint-Germain, the professional basketball team (Paris-Levallois Basket) and the professional rugby team Stade Fran?ais. The Stade de France is located in Saint-Denis, a suburb of Paris, France, and has a capacity of 80,000 spectators. Stade de France was built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup soccer tournament and served as the venue for the 1998 World Cup final. Stade de France is also a large multi-purpose sports venue, which can also be used for rugby and track and field events. The French national rugby team, the French national soccer team and the Six Nations Championships all play at the stadium. In addition to the professional soccer team Paris Saint-Germain, Paris also has amateur teams such as FC Paris, Red Star, RCF Paris and Stade Fran?ais Paris. Paris Saint-Germain used to be a powerhouse in the mid-1990s, but has been on the decline in recent years. Ronaldo played for the team before joining Barcelona, which reached a low point in 2007 and was in danger of being relegated for the first time in its history.
Paris, which currently has two teams in the Top 14 of professional rugby union, Francis and Racing Métro 92, hosted the Olympic Games in 1900 and 1924, the World Cup in 1938 and 1998, and the 2007 Rugby World Cup in Paris. The 2006 UEFA Champions League final was held at the Stade de France in Paris and was won by Spanish soccer rivals FC Barcelona.
The Tour de France is the largest and most influential international free-car race in the sport of road free-car racing, and the finish line is also set in Paris. Since 1975, the Tour de France Freeride has finished at the Arc de Triomphe. Tennis is also quite prevalent in Paris & France, with the French Open being one of the four Grand Slam tournaments and the only red clay tournament. The French Open is held annually at Roland Garros near the Bois de Boulogne. Shopping
Shopping in Paris is enjoyable. What strikes you most about the fashion and cosmetics stores on the Champs-Elysees is that they don't seem to be selling goods, but rather pushing ideas and setting trends. Parisian goods are expensive, but not outrageously so, as long as you don't shop around, you'll generally get your money's worth. Beware of souvenir and craft stores dotted around famous sights, where prices can vary greatly from store to store, from 30-50 percent to double for the same goods, and many souvenirs are actually made in China.
Leisure
In Paris, if you only visit the sights and sounds, you've only seen half of the city. Opera and theater are y rooted in the lives of the French people. To fully experience the life of the Parisians, check out the Parisian nightlife. Performances by the world's leading singers and ballet stars can be seen in many Parisian theaters, and tickets can be booked by phone or purchased at the box office. Suits are appropriate for male guests to see the shows, and women prefer to wear dresses. The famous theaters in Paris include the Opéra Garnier (formerly the Paris Opera), the Opéra Bastille, the Théatre de la Comédie, and the Chaillot, which continues to stage new productions of Shakespeare's classical works. Paris also has small theaters that stage mainly creative plays by young writers.
The cinemas in Paris show not only French and American films, but also films from South America, Africa, and Asia. It's safe for women to go alone. On Mondays and Wednesdays, many cinema tickets are discounted. The cinemas in Paris are all unique, from those with the largest screens in Europe to those that focus on new directors and art-house films to those that offer access to some of the world's most popular films.
In Paris, in addition to the specialized theaters, there are many small shows that can be seen elsewhere. The stage sets, costumes, and performances of any given show are individualized. Performances are usually held at 10:00 p.m. and 12:00 p.m. and must be booked in advance. The Red Windmill, Reed, and Mustang theaters are each unique. Venues that perform folk songs and satirical songs include the French Folk Song Hotel, the Folk Song Artist Hotel, which performs humor and magic, and the Jazz and Rock Club, where even those who don't know much about jazz come to have fun and can dance to the beat while listening.
Discos are not only the main place for socializing and dating, but they are also often used as music performance venues, which are mobile and flexible. It is also a great pleasure to enjoy the funky dress of the crowded crowd.
"Paris By night" is an English phrase that every Parisian knows. "Paris By night" can mean a visit to a brightly lit monumental building, a fancy dinner, a movie or a coffee in a cafe; however, it usually means dancing in a club or taking in a show. The following are some famous venues that are also good for sightseeing.
Food Culture
France is probably the only country that can be compared to China in terms of cuisine. French cuisine is famous for its fine selection of ingredients and elaborate production. Truffles, snails, and foie gras are famous French dishes, and paired with flavorful wines, they are indeed intoxicating and delicious, and of course very expensive. The Michelin-starred restaurants in Paris are world-famous, and the rich and famous spend a lot of money there, but also abide by all the rules set by the restaurant. But the average Parisian is more fond of the unrestrained open-air cafes, street corners, affordable and authentic restaurants, more love a day can not be separated from the croissants, black coffee, perhaps these are more representative of the character of the food in Paris.
The French eat three meals a day
Breakfast: between 7 and 9 a.m. It consists of a croissant or bread (or maybe both), cream, jam, and usually coffee, tea, or hot chocolate.
Lunch: between noon and 14:00, some people settle for a simple sandwich, while others treat lunch as a more important meal, consisting of an appetizer, a main course, and a dessert at the end of the meal, finishing with a cup of coffee.
Dinner: The most formal meal of the day, eaten around 20:00 p.m. Many office workers will go to a cafe for a short while after work. For many families, dinner is a chance for the whole family to get together and socialize and bond.
Coffee: A cup of coffee at any time is a habit for all Parisians, and the open-air street cafes are the Parisian equivalent of the teahouses in Chengdu.
Eating in restaurants
France is a gourmet country, and it also pays special attention to table manners, and there is a particularly grand sense of ceremony when dining in a fine restaurant. The atmosphere is much more relaxed in small street-side restaurants and cafes.
Most restaurants are open from 12 to 15 and 19 to 23 hours. But food can be found anytime during the day in small food stores and sandwich stores, and restaurants near train stations are sometimes open until the early hours of the morning.
Dining in a restaurant usually starts with a basket of bread, which is free and is the equivalent of an appetizer in a Chinese restaurant. The so-called "French meal" is actually very small, and those with big appetites rely on this bread to fill their stomachs.
Restaurant: the formal restaurant: exquisite dishes, expensive, luxurious environment. The most prestigious are the "Michelin Three Stars", the top restaurants chosen by leading gourmets, with an average of 150 euros per person for a meal.
Formal restaurants require formal attire in principle, but there is no need to be overly formal. A suit and tie is fine for men, and the requirements for women are more relaxed.
Menus in fine dining restaurants tend to be very simple, with 3-5 choices for each dish being a lot. The menu price (menu price) "** Euro / person" includes only five dishes, the other items are to be paid separately. If you are unsure, ask the order taker for advice and you will get very professional and courteous help. If there is a man and a woman, it's likely that the woman will be handed a menu with no prices on it - don't be surprised, just follow the custom.
The first time you eat in a French fine dining restaurant is inevitably confused by the myriad of knives, forks and cups in front of you, but in fact, it is very simple to distinguish. Knives and forks in accordance with the order from the outside to the inside of the use can be, after each dish to eat the knife and fork used side by side in the dinner plate waiter will be taken away. Glasses are used for different purposes, and the waiter will pour the drinks ordered into the correct glass and take away any excess.
As a rule, a tip of 10-15% is usually paid to the waiter.
Home-cooked bistro Bistrot: serves traditional home-cooked food at cheaper prices in a more relaxed and cozy atmosphere.
It's a good idea to make reservations at both of these restaurants, even if you know there won't be many customers. This is both a courtesy to the chef and a way to enjoy more attentive service. In particular, if you want to order a dish that is famous or time-consuming to make, it's always a good idea to say hello in advance so that the chef has plenty of time to prepare it.
Cafeteria: There are no waiters to serve the food, so you can pick up your own dishes and pay only for the price of the food, not the tip.
Cafe, Salon, Bistrot au Vin, Brasserie: In addition to wine, coffee and beverages, they also serve simple dishes.
Fast food: There are not many fast food restaurants in Paris, and the prices are not cheap compared to small restaurants. But you won't want to be stuck with assembly-line fast food in Paris.
Sports
Paris Saint-Germain was a powerhouse in the mid-1990s, and although it's on the decline today, Ronaldinho played for the team before joining Barcelona, which reached a low point in 2007 and was even in danger of being relegated for the first time in its history.
Paris successfully hosted the Olympic Games in 1900 and 1924. The Paris municipal government attaches great importance to ecological environment construction. Despite the fact that urban land is very tight, the government has done everything possible to increase green areas, gardens and woods in urban communities to improve the environmental quality of urban communities and the living environment of people. Paris is the city of art and flowers. Whether in the rooms, on the balconies, in the yards, or in the stores, in front of the windows and on the roadsides, there are blooming flowers and charming aromas everywhere. As for the colorful flower stores and flowery parks, they often make people stop to watch and linger.
In 1981, there were 285 public **** green spaces in Paris, totaling about 355 hectares, not counting the 1,850 hectares of the Bois de Boulogne and the Forest of Vincennes, or the decorative green vignettes, cemeteries and roadside greenery.
From 1981 to 1999, the two levels of municipal government, after extremely difficult efforts, so that the area of public **** green space increased by 140 hectares, the total area rose to 496 hectares, plus the area of Boulogne and Vansena forests, the green area of 22.3%, the green area per capita is 13.94 square meters. Among the increased green spaces are the large municipal parks, district parks and neighborhood parks and squares green spaces, as well as parks and green spaces along the Seine and canals. Paris's green spaces continue to grow today at a rate of about 100 hectares a year.
Paris was the first city in European history to effectively protect the city's valuable natural assets - its trees. The "Tree Report" documents the decisions and actions taken by Paris to protect trees. For example, it has adopted local regulations to encourage the protection of public and private green spaces; it has signed agreements with land developers to protect trees on construction sites; and it has created a file and an identification card for every tree in the city in order to make it easier to manage. At the same time, the city's landscape technologists have developed an "Integrated Biological Protection and Control Program" to improve the resistance of plants to pollution, pests and diseases, to increase biodiversity and to achieve a balance in plant health. Instead of using pesticides, the city now uses biological control through the placement of ladybirds; soil permeability is also improved by increasing the number of earthworms.
Paris has 397 parks in its neighborhoods, with a total area of 3.58 million square meters, an average of nearly 20 parks per neighborhood and 1.67 square meters of community parks per capita. The 12th arrondissement has the most parks, with 24; the smallest number of parks is in the 2nd arrondissement, with only three. The smallest park is the Pihet-Beslay Park, also in the 2nd arrondissement, with only 92 square meters; La Vilette Park in the 19th arrondissement is the largest, with 35,000 square meters. Not only that, but more than 100,000 trees have been planted along the streets and boulevards of the city, which has a total length of 350 kilometers***.