How to grow yellow chrysanthemums?

Propagation and cultivation 1. Propagation Chrysanthemums are propagated by cuttings, division, grafting and tissue culture. (1) Cuttings can be divided into bud cuttings, shoot cuttings and leaf bud cuttings. Bud cuttings are taken in the fall and winter from the foot buds of the plant. The standard for selecting buds is that they are far away from the plant, and the buds are full. Remove the lower leaves, according to the plant spacing of 3-4 cm, row spacing of 4-5 cm, inserted in the greenhouse or greenhouse pots or inserted in the bed, to maintain a room temperature of 7-8 ℃, planted outdoors after the spring warmth. Shoot insertion, this method is the most widely used, mostly in April-May cuttings, cut off the shoots 8-10 cm as a spike, at a temperature of 18-21 ℃, about 3 weeks to root, about 4 weeks to planting. Open-air beds, the medium to vegetative sand is good, the bed should be shaded. Full light spray beds do not need shade. Leaf bud cuttings, cut a leaf cuttings with axillary buds from branches, this method is only used to propagate rare species. (2) Dividing plants Generally around the time of the Qingming Festival, the plant is dug out and separated from the roots according to the natural shape of the roots, and planted in another pot. (3) Grafting In order to make chrysanthemums grow strong and healthy, and to be used to make "Ten Auspicious Brocade" or Dali chrysanthemums, Artemisia annua or Artemisia annua can be used as rootstocks for grafting. In late fall, Artemisia seeds are sown in the greenhouse in winter, or seedlings are raised in the hotbed in March, and then transferred to pots or planted in the field in late April when the seedlings are 3-4 cm tall, and then grafted on sunny days in May and June. (4) Tissue culture propagation of chrysanthemums with tissue culture technology has the advantages of rapid propagation, large number of seedlings, detoxification and maintenance of varietal characteristics, etc. The basic culture medium is MS, and the additional culture medium is MS. The basic culture medium is MS, with appropriate amount of plant hormone, pH5.8. Use chrysanthemum stem tip, young stem or flower bud as explant, cut into 0.5cm small section inoculation. The temperature of the culture room was 25℃ + 1℃. Every day light 8 hours, light intensity 3000-4000 lux. After 1-2 months of culture, can be induced into seedlings. Cultivation (1) Cultivation and management of potted chrysanthemums Potted chrysanthemums can be roughly summarized into three ways. A section of the root system cultivation method Yangtze River, Pearl River Basin and Southwest China mostly use this method. The cuttings are taken in May, potted in June, stopped centering in early August, fertilizer and water management are strengthened in September to promote its growth, and it blooms in October-November. Potted chrysanthemums around the world in different ways, there are mainly the following five: cuttings that is potted, the advantages of this method for the root damage is less, the color of the flowers is, long flowering period, but more labor; tile tube on the ground on the pot, cuttings are planted in three tiles surrounded by tile tube cultivation, to be dug up when the buds on the color on the pot. This method is more labor-saving than the former, but it is easy to hurt the roots when digging up seedlings, and the quality of flowers is not as good as the former; ground planting pot method, cuttings are planted in raised beds, and then put on the big hole pots at the beginning of July, so that the seedlings will stick out from the holes of the pots, and then add the soil, and shovel off the underground roots when they appear to be colorful; grafting in the pots method, sowing the seeds to breed Artemisia seedlings in March, and grafting the chrysanthemums on the seedlings of Artemisia in May, and then the management is the same as that of the method of cutting cuttings in pots; the propagation by this method will result in the robust plants, large flowers, and earlier blooming. Earlier, but more labor intensive, ground planting grafting pot method, March will be well-fostered Artemisia seedlings planted in the bed, grafting in May, buds now color when moving people in pots. The advantage is that the management is convenient, the plant is strong and healthy, and the flower is also big. The disadvantage is that it hurts the roots more. The second section of the root system cultivation method This method is commonly used in the northeast, in Jiangxi, Hunan and other places are also applied. In May-June culm insertion, seedlings after survival on the pot, add soil to the pot depth of 1/3-1/2. late July to early August to stop picking. To be lateral branches grow out of the pot along the edge, with the disk branch method to adjust the height of the plant, and the branches to be fixed, so that it is evenly distributed, the upper part of the addition of mulching, soon disk pressure on the branch that is born on the root. When the branch grows to a certain height, can also be adjusted once again disk branch, and then add enough fertilizer soil. Application of this method, chrysanthemum appearance neat and beautiful, the plant is shorter, full of leaves, branches strong, large flowers, long flowering period. Because of the roots on the disk branches, it is called two-section root system cultivation method. The three-part root system cultivation method is a common cultivation method in North China. It takes one year from the insertion of culms in winter to the flowering in November of the following year. Famous Beijing art chrysanthemum artists summarized the following four stages, namely, winter storage, late autumn and early winter to select robust foot shoot cuttings to raise seedlings; spring planting, mid-April seedlings potted in pots with ordinary decayed leaves, without fertilizer, summer fixed, the use of centering to promote the growth of the foot shoots to mid-July foot shoots to grow to about 10 centimeters, the selection of the development of the healthy and full of buds of the seedling for the potting and planting, autumn cultivation, in the early and mid-July to select a good strong seedling into a pot of 20 to 24 centimeters in diameter, and the planting of the seedling in a pot of 20 to 24 centimeters in diameter, and the planting of the seedling in a pot of 10 centimeters in diameter. In the first half of July, the selected strong seedlings will be moved into pots with a diameter of 20 to 24 centimeters, and the potting soil will be made of ordinary culture soil plus 0.5% calcium superphosphate. The chrysanthemum seedlings in the small pots with the pile of soil poured out, planted in the center of the new shoots, and cut off the excess tillers, add soil to the original seedling depth compaction. After changing pots, the new plant and the mother plant grow at the same time, when the new plant has developed and thrived, the old plant Qi soil surface cut. Cut out the mother after the loose on, filled with ordinary culture, and add 20% of a 30% of the rotted compost. At this time, the pots have been 80% full of fertilizer, 1 week after the third section of the new roots were born, the new old three sections to form a strong root system, the whole process of cultivation, change pots 1 time, fill the soil 2 times, the plant three times the roots. (2) Cultivation and management of modeling chrysanthemums The chrysanthemums are to be processed artistically to form a specific type. Cliff chrysanthemum Generally choose small chrysanthemum varieties, use one end of the curved bamboo piece inserted into the pot, the other end is fixed on the shelf, so that the plant grows along the bamboo piece, with the ground at an angle of 45 degrees, every 2-3 sections of the tie once. The main branches are allowed to grow, and the lateral branches are repeatedly centered, until the end of September to stop centering. After the buds appear, strip the buds a few times and move them to big pots for maintenance. Cliff chrysanthemum general main branch length of about 1.5 meters, placed on the rocky waterfront and rockery, branches hanging flowers, quite distinctive. If you make a large cliff chrysanthemum, you have to take cuttings in July-August in advance, and increase the daily light use to more than 14 hours from August to March of the next year, in order to inhibit the emergence of buds that year. As the plant grows up, it needs more water and fertilizer, which should be supplied adequately. Dali chrysanthemum Choose the large-flowered varieties with strong branching and soft branches, cultivate them carefully for 1-2 years, and each plant can open tens to thousands of flowers, suitable for exhibitions and halls. It is suitable for exhibitions and halls. The large chrysanthemums are often grafted with Artemisia and cultivated with long sunshine for 2 years. Cultivation points of the cuttings method are as follows: in September, dig 5-10 cm long robust foot buds inserted in shallow pots, after rooting, move to 12 cm diameter pots, indoor overwintering. In January of the following year, move into a large pot. When the seedling has 7-9 leaves, leave 6-7 leaves to be centered. Leave 3-4 lateral branches in the upper part, and then leave 4-5 leaves in each lateral branch to be repeated. After the warm spring planting, and then about every 20 days to pick heart 1 time, stop in early August. Plants rubbed inserted a thin bamboo, fixed trunk, around the insertion of another 4-5 bamboo poles, lead tied lateral branches. To early September moved into a large pot. After the autumn to strengthen the management of water and fertilizer, often in addition to buds, peeling buds. When the diameter of flower buds reaches 1-1.5 cm, use bamboo pieces to make a flat-topped or hemispherical bamboo circle on the plant, and connect with the pillars to tie, and then use a fine lead wire to tie evenly on the pen loop, and continue to maintain. This cultivation of large standing chrysanthemum, a plant can be opened hundreds of flowers. Pagoda chrysanthemum (ten auspicious brocade) A variety of different flower types and colors of chrysanthemums are connected to a 3-5 meters high yellow flower Artemisia annua, the main branch of the rootstock is not cut off at the top, so that it grows, and grafted in layers on the side branches, which is in the shape of dry revolution. Various colors of flowers bloom at the same time, colorful, very spectacular. When choosing scion varieties, attention should be paid to the coordination of flower type, flower color, flower size, etc. and the similarity of the flowering period, so as to make the performance of the whole plant harmonious and consistent. Desktop Chrysanthemums: Short plants with large flowers can be arranged in the hall and several cases. It has the advantages of small area, short growing period and long viewing time. Cultivation of chrysanthemums mainly involves choosing varieties, timely nursery and hormone treatment. The desktop chrysanthemums should choose the dwarf varieties with large flowers, plump flowers and fat spreading leaves, such as Green Cloud, Green Peony, Handsome Flag and Dancer under the Lights, etc. The seedlings should be planted at the right time. Cuttings should be taken in August-September. When the root system is thick and strong, move them into pots with a diameter of 10 cm, fertilize them completely after 1 week, and then gradually increase the concentration of fertilizer, and stop fertilizing them when the buds are translucent. Each watering of fertilizer, do not overdo it. After the cuttings become alive, that is, with dwarfin B9 (N-2 methylamino butanediamidic acid) 2% aqueous solution treatment, and then every 10 days to deal with 1 time, until the present color, the total ****4-5 times, can realize dwarfing. (3) Cultivation and management of cut flower chrysanthemums Cut flower chrysanthemums are in the crown of the world's "four major cut flowers", accounting for about 30% of the total amount of chrysanthemums. The annual supply of chrysanthemum cut flowers The production of fresh cut flowers should be balanced on the market on an annual basis. There are spring chrysanthemums, summer chrysanthemums, autumn chrysanthemums and winter chrysanthemums (cold chrysanthemums) in regular cultivation, with many varieties. In the months when chrysanthemums do not bloom, the supply problem is solved by artificially extending the flowering period. Flower bud differentiation and flowering of chrysanthemums are related to the number of leaves, plant height, sunlight and temperature. Flower bud differentiation needs to grow to about 10 leaves, plant height of 25 cm or more, and it takes 45-60 days to bloom. Generally speaking, chrysanthemums and winter chrysanthemums have rapid flower bud differentiation (10-15 days) under short sunshine conditions, and flower buds do not differentiate under long sunshine conditions. The summer chrysanthemum varieties, on the other hand, can complete the differentiation of flower buds under the condition of long sunshine. Under the condition of conventional cultivation, the latest flowering varieties of summer chrysanthemums in Guangzhou are June yellow, June white, and toffee red, etc. However, with the high summer temperature and strong sunlight, these varieties should be placed in the shade when they are in bloom. The earliest flowering of autumn chrysanthemums is early yellow, early white, white crabapple, yellow mud gold, generally in late October or early November has blossomed. 7, 8, 9, October four months need to be artificially lighted or shaded, adjusting the temperature and humidity, that is, the autumn chrysanthemums will bloom in advance, summer chrysanthemums delayed blooming, so that the cut-flower production of the whole year batch balanced market. Artificial light, generally with 100-watt or 60-watt light bulb hanging in the plant above 1 meter, each irradiation area of 4 square meters. Add light and shading methods there are three kinds of: one is intermittent or short-lived light, that is, in the dark night light 0.5-1 hours, the second is to give a number of hours during the day to deal with the darkness (i.e., daytime shading); three is early, late early light to increase the number of hours of sunshine, or shading to prolong the darkness of the night time. Cut flower cultivation and general cultivation methods are similar, the most important thing is to choose a well-drained fertile sandy loam. Cut flowers auxiliary land about 6000 plants per mu, that is, 8-9 plants per square meter. Each plant to stay 5 branches, 20 days after planting topping, often stripped side shoots, to the bud stage should be timely stripped buds. About 30,000 cut flowers can be harvested per mu. Common diseases include brown spot, black spot, powdery mildew and root rot. The pathogens of these diseases are fungi, which are caused by too much soil moisture, poor drainage and ventilation. Therefore, it is advisable to choose a good ecological conditions for cultivation, and need to pay attention to flooding, remove diseased plants, diseased leaves, burned residual roots. Potting soil should be sterilized with 1:8 formalin solution, and then sprayed with Bordeaux solution, 80% wettable zinc diclofenac solution, or 50% wettable tolbutamide solution during the growth period. Pests include aphids, red spiders, inchworms, chrysanthemum tigers (chrysanthemum aspen), grubs, leaf miner moth larvae, etc., which can be prevented and controlled by artificial trapping and spraying. Appreciation Chrysanthemum is a famous flower in China, which has been cultivated for more than three thousand years. In the famous poet Qu Yuan's "Li Sao", there is a good line "Drinking the dew of Mulan, eating the fall of autumn chrysanthemums". Ancient people loved chrysanthemums for their practical value, as recorded in the Divine Husbandman's Classic of the Materia Medica, "Chrysanthemum serves to lighten the body and to withstand old age". With the evolution of the times and the development of chrysanthemums, the hobby of chrysanthemums gradually developed into appreciating its posture and praising its style. "Don't suspect that the old garden is pale in autumn, but look at the yellow flowers with a different fragrance." This is a poem by Han Qi, a poet of the Song Dynasty, who praised chrysanthemums for blooming in late fall. In late autumn, when the cold air attacks people and all flowers wither, only chrysanthemums are colorful and change their colors, blossoming in the frost. Tao Yuanming of the Jin Dynasty, "picking chrysanthemums under the East Fence, leisurely see the South Mountain", indicating that chrysanthemums to appreciate the title of the song, has become the fashion.