"February Revolution" and the coexistence of two regimes → Lenin's April Program → "July Incident" → crushing of rebellions and ripening of the revolution → victory of the Petrograd Armed Uprising → other uprisings "The Second Congress of the All-Russian Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies" and the establishment of Soviet power.
Crisis in the air
With the failure of the offensive against Germany, the military base of the Provisional Government's ruling party, the Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP), collapsed, leaving only the capital's police and the cadets of the military academy to be dispatched. Attacked on the one hand by pro-Tsarist forces such as the October Party, the remnants of the Progressive Party and the royalist officer corps, which had been disintegrated by the February Revolution, and on the other hand by the Social Democrats, Social Revolutionaries and Soldiers' Committees, participants in the February Revolution, it lost its prestige and fell into a state of decline.
In September, Lavr Kornilov, a royalist officer and commander-in-chief of the Russian army appointed by the Provisional Government, took the lead and commanded an army of Cossacks to attack Petrograd to crush the Constitutional Democrats, the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDP) and the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRP), which had participated in the February Revolution, on the grounds of eliminating the traitors and defending Russia and the Tsar. The Constitutional Democrats had no troops to send, so they turned to the Red Guard for help. Coordinated by left-wing members of the Social Democratic Labor Party, the Red Guard and soldiers sympathetic to the revolution defeated Kornilov's army.
As soon as Kornilov's army collapsed, the Bolsheviks, who had been closely associated with the Red Guard, returned to the forefront, and the Constitutional Democrats' call to arms was invalidated. In order to restore the momentum, the Constitutional Democrats planned to use the remaining forces of the Provisional Government to arrest the Bolshevik leadership in Petrograd and then negotiate with the grassroots. Lenin holds two meetings to decide on an uprising, which is carried out mainly by Trotsky, while Lenin sends Stalin, Sverdlov, and Dzerzhinsky to form a Revolutionary Military Council as his representatives.Occupation of the Donbass region and Kiev in October. British fleet invades the Baltic. The Yudenich White Army launches an attack on Petrograd in mid-May.
Armed Uprising
At 9:00 p.m. on October 25, Julian calendar (November 7, 1917), Lenin, over the objections of the Bolsheviks, Zinoviev and Kamenev, led the Red Guardsmen, soldiers, and the population in a siege of the Winter Palace, the seat of the Provisional Government, which was taken over at 2:00 a.m. the following day. occupied it.
According to the official account of the Soviet Union, the soldiers of the successful uprising in the evening on the cruiser Avror shelled the Winter Palace and there was a fierce armed conflict in the Winter Palace. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, research data show that there was no armed conflict in the vicinity of the Winter Palace that night, defending the Winter Palace only a women's battalion and a battalion of cadets, which quickly surrendered under the onslaught of the crowd. The chief of defense of the Winter Palace, Paritsynsky, opened the gates of the Winter Palace himself and took them to the place where the ministers of the Provisional Government were meeting. And the cruiser Avror was under overhaul, unloaded and uncrewed. The temporarily appointed political commissar of the Avror, Bereshev, merely fired a few blanks (without warheads) into the Winter Palace. On the night of the uprising, the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee issued a "Circular on the Overthrow of the Provisional Government," stating that the uprising had been "won without shedding a drop of blood." As a result of leaks from participants Zinoviev and Kamenev, the Smolny Palace, persuaded other members of the Party Central Committee, decided to advance the uprising. [3]
November 6, 1917, Lenin secretly came to the general headquarters of the uprising - Smolny Palace, personally led the armed uprising. From the night of November 6, 1917, to the morning of November 7, 1917, more than 200,000 revolutionary soldiers and insurrectionary workers rapidly occupied strategic locations in Petrograd. at 1:00 a.m. on the morning of November 7, the insurrectionary forces occupied the General Post Office. at 2:00 a.m., they seized the Baltic Railway Station and the Nikolaevsky Railway Station. Then the lighting circuits of the government buildings were turned off, and the telephone office cut off most of the telephones of the Provisional Government and the Commandant's Office. by about 6 a.m. the Red Guardsmen, soldiers, and sailors had captured the Palace Bridge. With the exception of the areas of Palace Square and Isakievska Square, almost all other areas were in the hands of the insurgents. Kerensky, the Premier of the Provisional Government, fled in a car from the U.S. Embassy, and at 10:00 a.m. the Revolutionary Military Council circulated the "Message to the Citizens of Russia" drafted by Lenin, announcing that the Provisional Government had been overthrown and that the power had been transferred to the soviets. However, the Provisional Government still resisted, and more than 2,000 officers and cadets continued to occupy the Winter Palace. 5-6 p.m. on November 7, 1917, more than 20,000 revolutionary soldiers and Red Guardsmen and nine military vehicles surrounded the Winter Palace. The Revolutionary Military Council issued an ultimatum to the Provisional Government ordering it to surrender at 6:20 p.m. on November 7, 1917.Just after 8:00 p.m., the Revolutionary Military Council issued an ultimatum to the Provisional Government to surrender unconditionally, which was rejected. At 9:45 p.m., the cruiser Avror, anchored on the Neva River, opened fire, signaling the general attack. The Red Guards and Revolutionary soldiers crossed the barricades with a thunderous "Ula" and rushed swiftly to the Winter Palace, where the Revolutionary and Workers' Red Guards fought fierce white-knuckle battles with the sergeants and cadets in the stairwells and staircases of the Winter Palace, and by 1:50 a.m. of the morning of November 8, 1917, members of the Provisional Government (with the exception of Kerensky who escaped) had been killed by the enemy. members (except for Kerensky, who escaped) were all captured were finally overrun. The Petrograd Armed Uprising was victorious and the bourgeois Provisional Government was overthrown. [3] On the night of the success of the uprising, the Congress of Soviets was convened and adopted the "Message to the Workers, Soldiers and Peasants of the Whole World", which proclaimed the transfer of all power to the soviets of workers and soldiers. On the following day, the Peace Decree and the Land Decree were adopted. At the same time, the Constitutional Democratic Party was banned in the election of the new Constituent Assembly to reflect the special characteristics of the workers and soldiers, and the constituencies were divided into rear and front line districts.
Results
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The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets opened at Smolny Palace amidst the rumble of the attack on the Winter Palace, and began with the adoption of Lenin's "Message to the Workers, Soldiers and Peasants", which proclaimed that the entire power of all regions would be transferred to the soviets of the representatives of the workers, peasants, soldiers and soldiers.
On November 8, 1917 the Congress adopted Lenin's On November 8, 1917, the Congress adopted the Peace Decree and the Land Decree drafted by Lenin. The Peace Decree exposed the predatory imperialist wars, reflected the urgent desire of the masses of the working people for peace, and recommended that all the belligerents should immediately enter into negotiations and conclude a peace treaty without cession of land or reparation of money. The Land Decree provided for the immediate abolition of land ownership by landlords and the nationalization of all land for the use of working peasants. Finally, the Congress elected the People's Committee, the world's first Soviet government of workers, peasants and soldiers, and Lenin, the great teacher of the proletariat, was elected Chairman of the People's Committee. The People's Committees were organized into ministries to carry out the various functions of the proletarian state. Stalin was elected People's Commissar for National Affairs and Trotsky People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, and in the early morning of November 9, the Congress closed victoriously, proclaiming the establishment of the world's first proletarian dictatorship. [3]
Establishment of the State
On November 7, 1917 the great victory of the October Socialist Revolution was achieved, and the world's first proletarian dictatorship was established - the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist **** and State. Soon after the establishment of the *** and State, after three years of hard internal war, crushed the armed intervention of 14 imperialist countries and the armed rebellion of the landlord-capitalists, and defended the Soviet power. on December 30, 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist *** and State was formally established.
Consolidation of power
The Bolsheviks took power and announced the establishment of the Provisional Government of Workers and Peasants. They demanded immediate elections for a Constituent Assembly, and called for the exclusion of the liberal minority Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP) and the establishment of a purely socialist and democratic government. Although the Bolsheviks' forcible seizure of power aroused the resentment of all parties, most leftist parties such as the Social Revolutionary Party (SRP) and the Mensheviks chose to accept the demand for immediate elections to the Constituent Assembly because of their long-standing quest for constitutional rules. The liberal-leaning Constitutional Democratic Party, on the other hand, was suppressed by the Bolsheviks. [3]
When the Soviet government was formed, it destroyed the old state apparatus, abolished the old government departments, the old courts, and the old police, and demobilized the old army. It proceeded to establish People's Committee ministries, People's Courts, Workers' and Peasants' Prosecutor's Courts, Workers' and Peasants' Police, and formed a new Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. The old hierarchical system of the Imperial Russian period was abolished, the equal rights of the people of all nationalities in the country were proclaimed, men and women were equal, and all privileges of the Church were abolished; the Soviet regime took over the banks, railroads, and factories. Later, large industries were nationalized, a monopoly of foreign trade was introduced, and the eight-hour workday was introduced, with workers supervising production. The confiscation of the land of landlords, royalty, and monasteries and its distribution to the peasants for cultivation; and the abolition of all foreign debts owed by the Tsar and the bourgeois Provisional Government at the beginning of 1918, which freed the Soviet people from the exploitation of foreign capital. In order to consolidate the revolutionary power, the All-Russian Committee for the Suppression of Counter-Revolutionary Activities (the "Cheka" for short) was set up under the chairmanship of Dzerzhinsky to firmly suppress the destructive activities of the counter-revolutionaries. [3]
The October Revolution was the first victorious socialist revolution in the history of mankind. It established the first socialist country led by the proletariat, opened up a new era for mankind's exploration of the road to socialism, and spread Marxism-Leninism throughout the world, which greatly shook the capitalist world. The October Revolution proclaimed to the whole world that a brand-new social system had been transformed from an ideal into a reality. It was the first time in the history of mankind that an unequal society of exploitation and oppression was eliminated, and the first time that an attempt was made to build a good society of fairness and justice*** with prosperity. [3]
The October Revolution dealt a heavy blow to imperialist rule and greatly inspired the international proletarian revolutionary movement and the liberation movement of the oppressed peoples of the colonies and semi-colonies. [3]
Changing the direction of Russian history, the path of transforming Russia in a socialist way had a great impact on the development of the whole human society. [3]
Mao Zedong wrote in 1949: "The October Revolution, with a bang, sent us Marxism-Leninism. The October Revolution helped the advanced elements all over the world and also in China to reconsider their problems by using the cosmology of the proletariat as a tool for observing the destiny of the country. To go the way of the Russians - that is the conclusion." [3]
The October Revolution also put an end to the monopoly of capitalism and laid the foundations for the socialist camp that followed.