Yandi is infamous in the Historical Records, why did Sima Qian treat this ancestor in this way? (trans.)

On the various modes of Yandi's appellation and the evolution of cultural views in the Han Dynasty Tian Zhaoyuan (Department of Chinese, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062) [Abstract] There are various modes of Yandi's appellation, which are mainly associated with Shennong's and Chi's. The different appellations of Yandi reflect different values. For the Yandi's different titles, reflecting different values. Yandi Shennong's for a line, Yandi Chi You's for a line, is the outstanding representative of the Yandi culture. The so-called battle of yanhuang, the so-called yellow emperor war chiyu is the influence of the political culture of the han dynasty. Sima Qian's "Shiji - five emperors of the book" changed the beginning of the Han dynasty to Chiyou for the Zong Yandi culture in its original color, but the inherent power and influence of the Yandi culture, and the Yellow Unity launched a long time of competition, and finally make the Han dynasty back to the Yandi culture embrace. Ban Gu and others rewrote the ancient history and put forward the three emperors and the new five emperors, which is actually a restorative writing of history, with the dual significance of historical factual record and the maintenance of the primacy of the Red Unity in the early Han Dynasty. [Keywords] Yandi Shennong's Yandi Chi You's Yandi Huang's war Political culture For the study of Yandi, there is an important problem plagued the academic world, that is, about the title of Yandi, about the relationship between Yandi and Shennong's, about the relationship between Yandi and Chi You's, what kind of relationship exists between them. Since the Han Dynasty canon said Yandi Shennong's, Yandi is not Shennong's, or Shennong's is not Yandi's problem, and then has been debated [1] [Chapter 1]. In addition, Chi whether Yandi is also a focus of the problem. This controversy has brought the attention of the academic community on the Yan Emperor and Shennong's, but at the same time also makes the study of the Yan Emperor into a daze: a even the object is not clear on the subject, how to establish the scientific nature? In the 80s of last century, after the Yandi cultural research became hot, this problem was brought up again. In fact, this problem has somewhat constrained the in-depth study of Yandi. If Shennong was not Yandi, then Yandi would have been insignificant, and he would have been a dishonorable character who waged an unjust war and was eventually defeated by the Yellow Emperor. Things like the invention of farming and the invention of medicine have nothing to do with Yandi. If this is the case, what is the point of studying Yandi? If so, how can we explain Sima Qian's attitude? So it seems that the identity of Yandi still has to be argued. In addition, the battle of yanhuang, yellow emperor war chiyu, such a major historical event, sima qian's account of the contradictions, the suddenness of such a war to bring people confused. This war description is how to be born? We must also be discerned. First, the title of the Yandi bearer Yandi itself is a specific title of the chief position, it is by many who have served in this position of the chief of the **** called. The problems that arise in our research are often due to the fact that Yandi is regarded as the sole title of just one person, and Yandi is regarded as the only one chieftain. In this way, many historically sound narratives become contradictory. We cannot talk about Yandi by emptying it of its connotations. The title of Yandi is composed of two or three parts, one is the title Yandi, the second is the family name of the clan that assumed the role of Yandi, the combination of the two is the general title of Yandi, such as Yandi Shennong's, referring to the Shennong's clan that assumed the role of Yandi, and his identity is twofold, the Yandi is the communal **** leader of a specific alliance, and Shennong's is the family name of the clan. There is also a three-part constituent, in addition to the emperor's name, and the clan's surname, and that is the name of this chief. For example, the Yandi Shennong Clan, who had the name Kui Kui, also had the name Di Cheng [2] [Volume 1], Shennong Clan where eight generations held the position of Yandi. Dicheng that is, Yandi Shennong's Dicheng, Kui Kui that is, Yandi Shennong's Kui Kui, this is the complete title of the Yandi, how can we rely on the two words of the Yandi to discuss the Yandi? Which clan leaders actually held such a position as Yandi? First, the Shennong clan. This was the most debated issue later. However, this is in any case the most representative figure that confirms the identity of Yandi. In the Shiben, which predates Sima Qian's Shiji, it has been clearly stated that "Yandi Shennong." [i] The Shiben was written around the end of the Warring States period or between the Qin and the beginning of the Han Dynasty, and Sima Qian also quotes from the book to discuss its contents, indicating that people had already united the Yandi Shennong clan before Sima Qian's time. Zheng Xuan's commentary on the Book of Rites and the Monthly Orders of the Eastern Han Dynasty says: "Yandi, Shennong is also the God of Agriculture." In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Fu's "The Theory of the Qianfu - Five Virtues" said, "There was Shennong's head out of Changyang, sensing Ren Si, giving birth to the Red Emperor Kui Kui, and his body was called Yandi, and his name was Shennong, in place of the Fuxi Clan." People in the Eastern Han Dynasty already clearly understood that Yandi and Shennong were different titles, but the two were unified. Therefore, Ban Gu, in his "Table of Ancient and Modern People" in the Book of Han, clearly alleges, "Yandi Shennong's." Sima Qian also did not say that they were two people. We can clearly see that Yandi as Shennong was the more common view in the Han Dynasty. In addition to Kui Kui, the Yandi Shennong clan also had Di Cheng, Di Lin, Di Ming, Di Zhi, Di Lai, Di Decay, and Di Yu Hui. Eight generations of chiefs of the Shennong clan held the office of Yandi. Second, the Li Shan Clan. The Li Shan Clan is also known as the Lie Shan Clan, which are the same because of the phonetic changes that became the two designations. Both the Zuo Zhuan (左传) and the Guoyu (国语) mention the deeds of Zhu, the son of the Lie Shan clan. Guoyu Lu: "In the past, the Lie Shan clan had the world under its control, and its son was said to be a pillar who could plant a hundred grains and vegetables. Xia's rise also, Zhou abandoned to follow, so the sacrifice for Jik." Here it is said that the Lie Shan Clan had the world, which is an important factor for people to link him with Yan Di. Zheng Xuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty commented on the Book of Rites, stating in his note on the Law of Sacrifice, "The Lieshan clan, also known as Yandi, started in Lieshan, or the Lieshan clan." At that time, he did not directly say that the Lishan clan was the Shennong clan. He is said separately Yan Di Shennong Clan, Yan Di Li Shan Clan, which shows that Yan Di is multiple clans, multiple chiefs once held a position with public **** power. Third, the Dating clan. Also called by Zheng Xuan. Note to the Rituals-Monthly Orders: "Yandi Dating's clan is also." Zuo Zhuan" Zhaogong eighteen years of the sparse also claimed that the old Confucian saying, all cloud "Yan Di number Shennong, a said Dating's". There are also said Yijie clan for the Yan Emperor, Mr. Lu Simian wrote a detailed discussion of this matter. [3][Section VII] Fourth, the Quizang clan. Ban Gu's Han Shu - Table of Ancient and Modern People lists the Lishan clan and then the Guizang clan below the Yandi Shennong clan. Ban Gu was dissatisfied with Sima Qian's Five Emperors, because Sima Qian had cut off a long period of recorded history before the Yellow Emperor by starting history with him, and because he had changed the custom of worshiping the Yandi Emperor at the beginning of the Han Dynasty; therefore, in such a work of interrupted history as the Book of Han, Ban Gu wanted to supplement a period of historical descent by means of a table of ancient and modern people of the nature of such a general history. In the preface to this table, Ban Gu said, Tang Yu above, "the sons quite say, although not to the Kong's, but especially in the book, to show the good and bad, exhortation of future generations, so Buozai Yan." [4] [Ancient and modern table order] belonging to the Tibetan series of Yan Di, should be some of this. Fifth, Chi You's. Yandi Chi You's is the existence of history, is a fact that can not be denied. "Yat Zhou book - history of the chapter": "Chi Yu by the emperor Yu罔而自立, the number of Yandi, also known as the Hanquan's." Lie Shan's can be attributed to the Shennong series, the return to the Tibetan clan is also ranked under the Shennong's, Dating's attribution is not known, or for an independent one, today is not available. Yandi series of the most famous, the greatest impact, caused by the most controversial that is the Shennong and Chi Chi's two. Second, the "Shiji" narrative mode and causes Negative Yan Di Shennong's for one person is mainly from the "Shiji" of the two records, one is the "five emperors of the book", which did not explicitly say that the Yan Di and Shennong's for one person, but were called Yan Di and Shennong's. The other is the "Book of Fengchan", which is the "book of Fengchan". The other is the Book of Seals, which explicitly says: "Shennong's sealing of Taishan Mountain, Zen Yunyun; Yandi's sealing of Taishan Mountain, Zen Yunyun." It looks like Shennong's and Yandi's are two people. We cannot use the unclear statements of the Shiji to negate the clear statements of the Shiben, the Han Shu, and the Century of Emperors. It is not justified to simply dismiss any of them. What makes one say that Sima Qian is right and Ban Gu is wrong? There is something inherently wrong with the methodology of such a judgment. Besides, Sima Qian did not say that the Shennong clan itself did not serve as Yandi, and the Shiji itself gives us a wealth of information about the relationship between Yandi and Shennong. The fact is that it is our failure to understand Sima Qian's peculiar view of history that causes the confusion, not that there is anything wrong with Sima Qian himself. One problem we should note is that of the five emperors, except for the Yellow Emperor, the titles are all called Emperor so-and-so, such as Emperor Zhuan Xu, Emperor ?u, Emperor Yao, Emperor Shun, but not Emperor Zhuan Xu, Emperor ?u, but Emperor Yan Di is mentioned in the Five Emperors Ben Ji. The meaning here is: outside of the Yellow Emperor, the other four emperors are all after the Yellow Emperor, and the Five Emperors are a lineage, a series, which is very clear in the narrative. The five emperors started from Huangdi, so they are called Huangdi, not Emperor Huang, and the other successors, all of them, are Emperor so-and-so, which shows both the consistency of the lineage and the consistency of the culture. The Dai Dai Ritual has a chapter on the Five Emperors' Virtues, and the reason why the Five Emperors are the Five Emperors is because of their virtues, which is a kind of cultural identity. Yandi is not the same as Huangdi, he is "different virtue", therefore, Yandi cannot be listed together with the five emperors. Yandi is another series. We find such narratives in the Century of Emperors, in which Yandi is called a certain emperor, but the descendants of Yandi are called emperor, such as the so-called eight generations of Yandi, emperor Lingkui, emperor Zhi Zhi, emperor Yuru, and so on, which is the same as the title of the Huangdi series of the Records of the Grand Historian. Obviously, the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor are two different series. Since the Five Emperors' Chronicle begins with the Yellow Emperor, the Yellow Emperor is honored, and the Yan Emperor cannot be honored as an emperor. For the past old Yan Di, will call his surname Shennong's, and for that new Yan Di Chi You's, Sima Qian sometimes called Yan Di, sometimes called Chi You. So, for the Yandi series of leaders, Sima Qian with three titles, namely, Shennong's, Yandi, Chi You. This is easy to make people very confused. In fact, there are only two people here, namely, Yandi Shennong, Yandi Chi You. Chi You once expelled the last leader of the Yan Emperor Shennong's emperor Yu Hui, called himself the Yan Emperor. Regarding Chi You, in the materials passed down to us, he had two different endings, one was put to death, and the other was to be the war god of the Yellow Emperor. Sima Qian is identified with the material that was killed. Today seen Chi You was killed, mainly from the "Historical Records", "Classic of the Mountains and the Sea" is mainly "Wasteland Classic" recorded Chi You was killed, but "Wasteland Classic" is generally considered to be the works of the Han Dynasty, to a large extent by the "Historical Records" of the influence. In the pre-Qin period, people did not say that Chi You was killed, there is no record of the Yellow Emperor war Chi You, on the contrary, his relationship with the Yellow Emperor is very harmonious. Han Fei Zi - ten over the chapter ": The former Yellow Emperor and the gods in the West Mount Tai above, driving an elephant car and six dragons, Bifang and jurisdiction, Chiyu in front of the wind into the sweep, the rain division sprinkler Road, tiger and wolf in front, the gods in the back, Tengnian ambush, phoenix overlay, the great combination of the ghosts and the gods as the "clear angle". Here, Chi You is at most submissive, in the Yellow Emperor's ceremonial, Chi You in front, apparently harmonious relationship. Sima Qian, "Records of the Five Emperors," contained in this clearly different, now quoted as follows: Xuanyuan, Shennong's world decline. At the time of Xuanyuan, the Shennong clan was in decline. The feudal lords invaded each other and tyrannized the people, but the Shennong clan was unable to conquer them. Xuanyuan is used to use the dry spear, in order to levy not enjoy, the vassals salty to guests from. And Chi most violent, can not cut. Yandi want to invade the vassals, the vassals Xian return to Xuanyuan. Xuanyuan is to repair the German Zhen Bing, the rule of five gas, the art of five kinds of, and caress the people, the degree of the Quartet, teach the warriors, braves and tigers, to fight with the Emperor of the Hanquan field. Three wars, and then get its will. Chiyu rebellion, do not use the emperor's order. So the Yellow Emperor was to levy division of the vassals, and Chiyu war in the field of Zhuo Lu, Sui bird kills Chiyu. And the vassals salty respect xuan yuan for the son of heaven, on behalf of god nong's, is for yellow emperor. Here the logic is actually clear, but because of the Shennong's, Yan Di and Chi You separate narrative, two Yan Di all of a sudden seems to become three. "Shennong's world decline", indicating that the ruling coalition up to eight generations of the Shennong clan is currently a little out of power. Chiyu seized the position of Emperor Yan, so it is "Chiyu most violent", then that infestation of vassals of Emperor Yan is Chiyu undoubtedly. Xuanyuan organization alliance of vassals, the three wars were victorious. However, Chiyu or rebellion, so Xuanyuan again organized the alliance, captured and killed Chiyu. Xuanyuan then nonchalant, instead of Shennong's, as the yellow emperor. In the narrative, Sima Qian for Chi You sometimes called Yan Di, sometimes called Chi You. Zhuo Lu battle and the battle of Hanquan is really a war, the academic world has more exposition, such as Liang Yu rope, Jiang Guanyun, Lv Si Mian, Yang Kuan, etc., war Yandi is the war Chi You, so that, in the heart of Sima Qian, Yandi is Chi You. "Chi You Yan Di a person,阪泉涿鹿一役". [3] [Section VIII] Then Sima Qian why and single called Shennong's, and not called it Yan Di? Called Shennong's, indicating that at that time Shennong's is no longer the Alliance leader, so can not be called Yan Di. As Chi You actually did Yan Di, Yan Di's title as if it is not very honorable, so it and Shen Nong's separate. This is Sima Qian in the "five emperors in the book" in the Yandi series of the basic characteristics of the title. In the "Records of the Grand Historian" (史记-封禅书), Sima Qian quoted Guan Zhong's words, describing the twelve sealers, the first few of whom were: Wu Huai Shi, Fu Xi, Shen Nong, Emperor Yan, Emperor Huang Di and so on, with Shen Nong's being singled out, followed by Emperor Yan. Obviously, this Yandi and Shennong are not one person. According to the "road history" said, Chi number Yandi, Xing Fengchan, then, this Yandi also refers to the Chi. Sima Qian is very pay attention to the identity of Regulus not for the Yellow Emperor before, Sima Qian has been called him for Regulus. When he said Xuanyuan "on behalf of Shennong's, is the yellow emperor" after the "five emperors of the book" of the narrative on the yellow emperor's name. Because of Sima Qian's orthodoxy, he did not recognize the status of Chi You in the book. Therefore, did not say on behalf of Yan Di, did not say on behalf of Chi You, but said on behalf of Shen Nong's, showing his attitude towards Chi You, here Yan Di will be just a messy bad guy. Hidden Yan Di is a group of ancient history experts to form a narrative tone. Such as "Yi Chuan" "rhetoric" said Fuxi, Shennong, the Yellow Emperor, there is no Yandi in the middle, where did Yandi go? Because Yandi is Shennong, why not call Yandi? This is due to their orthodox view of history. The "Five Emperors of Virtue" in the Dai Dai Ritual began with the Yellow Emperor, and could not be called emperors before that. Fuxi and Shennong were both clans, and although they were ancient leaders and actual "emperors," they could not be called emperors in the orthodox Confucian canon. This is the reason why Yandi is not found in some historical books and documents. We also see this narrative grammar in the ancient emperors' charts in the Han Dynasty pictographs, such as in the Jiaxiang Wu's Shrine: after Shennong, there was Huangdi, not Yandi. This is a group of people adhere to the narrative tone of the Confucian canon, that Yan Di and Chi You relationship is too heavy, Shen Nong's reputation is very good available, they use Shen Nong's generation of Yan Di, Chi You is regarded as a usurper, unrecognized. Then, Sima Qian why in the "book of sealing" and to say a Yandi to it? This is not Sima Qian himself, his twelve ancient feudal emperors of the list of transcription is from the "tube", is the actual record only. At the same time, Chi You is indeed the identity of Yan Di Zen, due to Zen are outstanding ancient emperors, it is not good to say that Chi You also participated in the Zen, so it is the name of the Yan Di, to enhance the sacredness of Zen. Caused the greatest controversy in the "Records of the Grand Historian" in this passage, called Shen Nong and not Yan Di, is to follow the grammar of Confucian historiography, the five emperors before the emperor, reflecting the order of honor and inferiority, and the spirit of the "Yi Chuan" in the same vein. So what to do since Yandi was so bad and Liu Bang worshipped Yandi? The Shiji uses another synonym for Yandi: Red Emperor. Such as Liu Bang is the son of the Red Emperor, Liu Bang in his hometown for the Yandi Chi You's sacrifices were called Red Emperor, Chi You. As if the Red Emperor and Yan Di have no relationship. Such a discourse change reflects Sima Qian's good intentions. Red Emperor and Emperor Yan Di distinction shows that in the face of a complex historical object, Sima Qian dealt with a unique way, not only showed their own historical perspective and reality, but also can not obviously shake the reality of the cultural order. Another mode of narration about the title of Yandi is the opposite: all emperors before the Yellow Emperor are called emperors, and Shennong is Yandi. This is represented by the Shiben, Ban Gu's Han Shu, and Huang Fu Qui's Century of Emperors, which refers to the Taihao Fuxi clan and the Yandi Shennong clan. Ban Gu's "Han Shu - Table of Ancient and Modern People" says: Tai Hao Emperor Fuxi Clan, Yan Emperor Shennong Clan, and Huang Emperor Xuanyuan Clan. Huang Fu quiet before the Yellow Emperor, said Yan Di Shennong Clan, said Tai Hao Di Fuxi Clan, this is the three emperor series. In the Three Emperors series, it is very important that Yan Di Shen Nong Clan gained the identity of emperor. This is not only not a fabrication by Ban Gu and Huang Fu Qui, but also an important correction of ancient history. It corrected the error of too short a series of ancient history caused by the Confucian canon, and to a certain extent, it was also a revision of history. As a matter of fact, it was not Ban Gu or Huang Fu Qui who connected Yandi with Shennong, but Sima Qian who had separated Shennong from Yandi. People generally blamed Huang Fu Qui, but in fact, he just inherited the expressions of the Shiben and the Han Shu. However, they, like Sima Qian, did not give the Chi emperor, Ban Gu also regarded Chi as the next best thing. Where is the significance of the three emperors? It is not layer caused by ancient history, but has two aspects of the significance: one is to restore a certain original face of history, correct Sima Qian narrative bias, show the more real face of the ancient history; two is to change the Han Wu Di since the Yellow Emperor as the honor of the cultural expression, restored to the beginning of the Han Dynasty of the red lineage, build the harmony of the tradition of the same sacrifice of the Yellow Emperor, like the Liu Bang. Song Zhi note "Shiben", Ban Gu "Han Shu ancient and modern people table", are Tai Hao Fuxi's, Yandi Shennong's and Huangdi Xuanyuan's as the three emperors, which is to build the harmony of the Yellow Emperor, this tradition is inherited by the future generations, the Chinese people call themselves the children of the Yellow Emperor, is the three emperors the result of the influence of the family lineage, and not the result of the five emperors of Sima Qian's family lineage. In this way, the actual influence of the Three Emperors on history was greater than that of Sima Qian's Five Emperors, that is to say, later people did not fully accept Sima Qian's lineage. The first of the new Five Emperors was Shao Hao, or Qing Yang, who succeeded the Yellow Emperor as the leader of the alliance, but Sima Qian did not recount it. But Sima Qian didn't tell us about it. "Suoyin" in the Records of the Grand Historian thought that Shao Hao was a Jintian Clan, which was not in the order of the Five Elements, so he didn't tell us about it. However, the deeper problem here is: Shao Hao may be related to the Yandi tribe. Shao Hao's name was Qing Yang, and it is obvious that the name of such sun worship is somewhat suspicious of Yandi. According to the "Emperor's Century", the Yandi Emperor's capital was Qufu, i.e., the ancient Pansang, which was also known as the former country of the Dating clan. As mentioned earlier, the Dating clan is the clan of Yan Di. And Shao Hao all Qufu, and have the number of poor sang emperor, [2] [Volume II] this is not the Yandi's heir? And "Zuozhuan" Zhaogong seventeen years recorded, Shao Hao to the bird to show the teacher and the bird's name, succession, a phoenix to the ceremony. Sun and bird as one, this is the Chinese mythological tradition, Shao Hao and Yandi's origin is too deep. What's more, Mr. Lu Simian that Shao Hao is a lineage of Chi You, there is a considerable basis, such as "Yi Zhou Shu" said "Chi Yu Yu Shao Hao" [3] [Section IX]. Sima Qian Yandi bias, so omitted such an influential leader, he is not a "factual record". Song Zhi and Ban Gu's five emperors said that Shao Hao was the first of the five emperors, which was a clear attempt to change Sima Qian's five emperors' lineage, mainly to remove the status of the yellow lineage and to return the red lineage of the Han Dynasty to its original form. The fact that Shao Hao was the first of the five emperors was also to give him a real status. Song Zhi and Ban Gu are closer to the origin of history, the Three Emperors' theory is richer in historical connotations, and the new Five Emperors' theory is more faithful to the historical facts than Sima Qian's. Sima Qian's theory is too rigid on the "five emperors". Sima Qian too much constraints on the "six arts in the letter", his narrative has its own logic, but can not therefore say that Ban Gu and others have problems. Third, about the emperor Chi Chi recognized Chi Chi emperor of the status of Chi Chi as the emperor, this is a narrative mode. Such as "Yi Zhou Shu - tasting wheat solution" has a paragraph has always been valued by people, but the explanation has not been very accurate. Now quoted as follows: the beginning of the previous day, □ for two later, is set up to build the code, the order of the Red Emperor points are two Secretary, the order of Chi You in Yu Shao Hao, to the four sides, the Division □ □ on the day of the end of the celebration. Chi You was driven away from the emperor and fought in the field of Zhuo Lu, where nine corners were not left. The red emperor is greatly deterred, is said in the yellow emperor, the executive Chi You, kills in the Ji. This text has a key word, that is, "two after". People used to say, whether it is the emperor or the emperor, there is no basis; said into the Yellow Emperor, also in the semantic incoherence. In fact, the text itself is very clear, finished the "two after", that is, "the order of the Red Emperor" cloud, "order Chi" cloud, two after the two emperor, in fact, is the Red Emperor, Chi. Yellow Emperor at this time the forces are still weak, from his battle with Chi You began to retreat can be known, then, the Yellow Emperor is only a member of the Alliance. Make two of the latter is who is not known, should be a resolution of the Union General Assembly, due to the Union's faith in the sky, so there is the name of the heavens. This assignment, it seems that the Red Emperor's task is divided into two Secretary, that is, to determine the position of the members of the Alliance, and Chi You is the Prime Minister of the world's affairs, in charge of the last power of the heavens to this alliance. Why is it said to be "the celebration of the final fulfillment"? We look at the "Historical Records" said the "Shennong's World Decline" will understand, indeed, in charge of eight generations of more than 500 years, Shennong's Yandi clan some of the power is not enough. Shennong's "world" decline, that is, some of the descendants of Shennong's weakness, a new generation of the chief is Yu Yu, his task is not the Pro Quartet, seems to be a symbolic seat, the actual ruler is Chi. Who is to preside over the convening of such an alliance? If it is Yuhui, he is unlikely to give the important power to Chi, if there are other strong, this "two after" Red Emperor and Chi who have no share, then the presiding officer may be the East of Chi. Yandi clan eastward, Chi is the eastern indigenous, powerful, Yandi Shennong actually came to a strange region, he must be required and the combination of the local indigenous. Yandi moved the capital, there must be hidden worries, in fact, before and after the crisis. The Chi tribe conditionally accepted Yandi Shennong's, and this is the "Jiandian". Yi Zhou Shu" and "road history" of the relevant materials, Chi later drove away the Yan Emperor Yu Yu, their own number of Yan Di, visible in that alliance, the "Pro Quartet" power is his own fight. Since the center of his power was mainly in the area of Hanchen, he was also known as the Hanchen Clan. One of his important affairs was to organize a feudal retreat. Records of the ancient emperors, Shennong's Zen, Yandi's Zen, that is, no mention of Chi You, that is, Yandi is Chi You. Now look, Chi You is not Shennong's Yandi lineage, but Chi You is the main member of the Yandi Alliance. Chi You took over the position of the Yan Emperor, and the use of the Yan Emperor's number, indicating that he recognized the history of the Union, he naturally became the Yan Emperor race, which is not the same as the Yellow Emperor, the Yellow Emperor took over the Union, the name was changed, the Yan Emperor's culture, including legendary beliefs, etc., are subject to a certain degree of inhibition. The history we see today, with limited documentation of the Yandi, suggests that the Yellow Emperor tribe was not a direct successor to the Yandi culture, and that he had more new cultural elements. Yellow Emperor race is a change of dynasty, Chi is an internal adjustment, the nature is different. We would like to emphasize that the Chi You clan raised the banner of the Yandi, while the Yellow Emperor changed that banner. Although Yuhui asked the Yellow Emperor for help, it seems that the Yellow Emperor did not do Yuhui any favors, but ascended to the seat of the League's ally himself. Chi You was defeated, the Yandi culture will be out of the mainstream culture of the stage, turned into the folk, from the east to the south, leaving Chi You's footprints everywhere, in fact, is also the footprints of the Yandi. Chi You's existence so that the east once became the cultural center, but also make the east become Yandi cultural area. Chi is an important pioneer and successor to the development of Yandi culture, he has been declining Yandi culture injected new vitality, a huge community in the east as a whole to join the Yandi cultural camp. We seem to be able to understand this way: the ancient culture of the west is Yandi Shennong dominated, he developed to the east, driving a large area of the east of the indigenous to join the Yandi group, Chi Chi took over the banner of the Yandi. At this time, the Yellow Emperor Xuanyuan began to rise, Shennong's cooperation with the Yellow Emperor, Yan Di Chi You's initial reluctance to accept the results, and the Yellow Emperor in sharp conflict, the results of the literature there are two ways of saying, one said Chi You was killed in defeat, one said Chi You also cooperate with the Yellow Emperor, as the god of war. In terms of the literature, the latter seems to be more likely. On the Yellow Emperor and Chi You cooperation records are many, such as Qi Prime Minister Guanzhong Chiyu said as the Yellow Emperor's "six phase" of the first, "Pipe - five elements" said: the former Yellow Emperor and Chi You and the road to the sky, to get the big often and the investigation of geography, to get the luxury of the dragon and the defense of the East, to get Zhu Rong and the defense of the South, to get the big Feng and the defense of the West, to get the back of the earth and the defense of the North. Yellow Emperor got six phase and heaven and earth rule, God to. Then, Chi You is not only not a martial artist, but a moral builder who understands the way of heaven. In an earlier document, "Han Fei Zi - ten over", mythically recorded the ceremony of the Yellow Emperor: Chi You running successively. This shows that in the legend of the Warring States period, there is a harmonious relationship between Chi You and the Yellow Emperor. This harmonious relationship in the Qin and Han Dynasties is still continuing, the most valuable piece of historical information is the "Historical Records Justice" cited by the "Yulong Hetu": Huangdi regency before, there are eighty-one Chi brothers, and the beast body and human language, copper head and iron forehead, eating sand and gravel, making the establishment of the military staff, sword and halberd crossbows, the power to vibrate in the world. Killing the lawless, not benevolent. The people wanted to make Huangdi do the things of the Son of Heaven. Yellow Emperor benevolence and righteousness, can not prohibit Chi You, is up to the sky and sigh. Heaven condemned Xuan female under the Yellow Emperor's military letter to the God charm, subdue Chiyu, the emperor because of the main military, in order to control the eight parties. Chi You did not, the world is disturbed, the Yellow Emperor then painted Chiyu image to the world, the world Ham said Chiyu is not dead, the eight states are all repressed service. Here Chi You is not killed, but submissive, as the Yellow Emperor's general command. After his death, even the portrait of the world's success. East Han's "Yue Jie Shu - Zhi Ni Nei Jing" is recorded in this way the relationship between Yan Huang and Chi You: "I heard that Yan Di has the world, in order to pass on the Yellow Emperor. Yellow Emperor then on the matter of heaven, the next rule of the earth. Therefore, Shao Hao ruled the West, Chi You Zuo ...... "The book should be the eastern part of the author of the book, they do not seem to think that Chi You was killed, and did not agree with the Yan Huang war. To summarize, Chi You once became Yan Emperor on behalf of Yu Hao, and went to Taishan Mountain to seal. He may have clashed with the Yellow Emperor, but finally cooperated with him and assisted him in stabilizing the world. East and West, this folk tradition is particularly deep. Recorded in the book of "the story of" Chi You God, human hoofs, four eyes and six hands. Jizhou area has Chi play, head wearing bull horns against each other. It is said that when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Taiyuan, Chi You's idol appeared, tortoise feet and snake head, the local shrine worship. The records of the "record", indicating that in the folk with the official (Wu Di when the opening of the mainstream consciousness) is clearly different values. The eastern region has not forgotten Chi You, early Han, not only Liu Bang in the East Chu region so, Qi eight god sacrifice still. Eight gods have been there in ancient times, one day, two places, the third is the soldier ancestor Chi You. Obviously, people must not think that Chi You is a defeated soldier, otherwise how can as a god of war? Fourth, the Yan Di Huang Di and Chi You war legend and Han Dynasty cultural view of the Han Dynasty, known as the Yan Di refers to Chi You. The battle of Yan Huang, Huang Di war Chi You and the Han Dynasty political life, the Han Dynasty, there are different factions about the Yellow Emperor and the Emperor's cultural conflict, this conflict affects the title of Yan Di, and is the battle of Yan Huang, the Yellow Emperor war Chi You happen to be the cause of the motivation. Regarding the Battle of Yan Huang, Japanese scholars believe that it may have been the political opinion of the Tian clan of Qi to replace Qi. Tian belongs to the Ji surname, is the Yellow Emperor race, Jiang Qi is the Jiang surname, is the Yan Di race. Tian's substitution for Qi means that the Yellow Emperor substitutes for the Yan Emperor. Therefore, the Yan-Yang war expressed the political life of Qi and reflected the purpose of the Chen (Tian) clan to shatter the political belief institutions of Jiang Qi. [5][edit above] Zhong Zongxian, on the other hand, sees it as the body of the conflict between the Ji Zhou growth and the Jiang surname. [5][Previous edit] It is a valuable line of thought to consider the story of Yan Huang or Chi You as a reality reaction. Because we find that these legends interpreted different versions are because of different concepts of reality. Legends of history are not all historical reproduction, more is the reality of the repercussions. The fact that the legend reflects not the history of the legendary era, but the historical refraction of the era in which the legend was created and its desire to express. From the beginning of the Han Dynasty, at least in the eastern region, in the area of Liu Bang's hometown, Chi You is still regarded as Yan Di, and obtains the same sacrificial status as Huang Di. Liu Bang was regarded as the son of the Red Emperor, and the famous story of the Chopping Snake Uprising, in which Liu Bang was the embodiment of a Red Emperor. Liu Bang was especially respectful of Chi You, in the Pei County uprising, "ancestral temple of the Yellow Emperor, sacrificed Chi You in Pei Ting, and provoked the drums and flags, banners are all red". [6] [Gaozu Benji] This is actually in the ancestral temple of the Yellow Emperor. When he rebelled, the first thing he showed was the red flag, "all the banners were red". Diffuse the dynasty's corner of the play that Chi play, expressing people's nostalgia for this ancient emperor. Han Dynasty culture, to a large extent, is in the spirit of Chi You culture under the inspiration of the continuous development. This emperor from the east said clearly, he attaches great importance to sacrifice, "make Zhu official set up a shrine of Chi You in Chang'an", [6] [Fengchan book] this is the east of the old home of the gods into the center of the national sacrifice, but also the inherent cult of Yandi in the west to restore it again. In the Han Dynasty, it was normal for people to associate Yandi with Chi You. In a long period of time in the early Han Dynasty, the Red Emperor was the center of faith. And there is a certain connection between Yandi, Chi You, Liu Bang. At that time, Chi You, if not the only one, but also with the Yellow Emperor and other gods in harmony and coexist, his status is higher than the Yellow Emperor is also a fact, which shows that, in the early Han Dynasty, Yandi was honored, and this Yandi is the east of the Chi Clan, is the last of a new Yandi. Liu Bang regarded himself as the Red Emperor, in fact, as the Chiyu heir. Then. Yan Huang war, or the Yellow Emperor war Chi You is how to produce? This is closely related to the political life of the Han Dynasty. This legend occurs in the background, in the form of the five elements of the emperor's virtue of the dispute, in essence, the Han dynasty political contradictions. This political myth of Chitung as the representative of the Han dynasty originated from the five virtues of the end and beginning since the Warring States period. Zou Yan was the earliest scholar to elaborate on the transfer of the five virtues, saying that "since the dissecting of heaven and earth, the five virtues have shifted, and it is appropriate to govern each of them, and the symbols should be as if they were here. [6] [Meng Zi Xun Qing Lie Zhuan] Liu Bang, the high ancestor of the red system, worship Yan Di, Emperor Wen Di, although some people proposed to perform the yellow emperor earth virtue in order to Shang Huang, however, Emperor Wen did not adopt. In the reign of Emperor Jingdi, he continued to worship Yandi. However, during the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, there was a cultural change, and one important point was that the red line of Yandi became the yellow line. Gongsun Qing, a man from Qi, wrote a letter saying that "the rise of the Han Dynasty should be restored to the time of the Yellow Emperor", and he told a lot of stories, especially the story of the Yellow Emperor's ascension to immortality, which made Emperor Wu of Han's heart itchy, and he dreamed of becoming an immortal like the Yellow Emperor. Later, Emperor Wu went to worship the Yellow Emperor's mound, imitated the Yellow Emperor's Zen, and finally "changed the calendar to the first month of the year, and the color was still yellow. [6] [The Book of Enfeoffment] This was the first year of the Taichu era, when the world of the Han family changed its color. Culturally, it also changed the doctrine of Huang Lao's inaction since the early Han Dynasty, and practiced Confucianism alone. In this way, the Yellow Emperor was selected as the ancestor of the nation, and there was no place for Yandi in the historical system of the Five Emperors. Not only that, but Yandi, but also Chiou's were portrayed in a bad light, and were killed in myths and legends because of their waywardness. These stories were recorded in Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian", which had a wide impact. Sima Qian with the spirit of "factual record" does not narrate the harmony of the Yellow Emperor, the Yellow Emperor Chiyu harmony story, but to choose the Yan Huang war, the Yellow Emperor war Chiyu story to be written, reflecting a strong intention to change the image of the culture. On the pre-Qin Yan Huang contradictory records, only the "Guoyu - Jin language" in a few sentences recorded: "The former less classic married to have Jiaosi, was born Yellow Emperor, Emperor Yan. Yellow Emperor to Ji water into, Yandi to Jiang water into, into and different virtues, so the Yellow Emperor for Ji, Yandi for Jiang, the two emperors use the division in order to help each other also, the reason for the different virtues." People use the teacher to help each other as "crowded", which may be the original source of Sima Qian Yan Huang war. However, Sima Qian does not seem to have adopted the rest of the content recorded in the Guoyu into the Shiji, which has obvious value choices. First of all, "the state language" in this brotherhood was Sima Qian dismantled, "five emperors of the book" just said the yellow emperor is the son of the less canon, and did not say that the emperor and his relationship, then directly said Shennong's decline, Chiyu for the tyranny, the emperor invaded the vassals. Sima Qian is a clear tendency, he