The period of the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties was an important stage in the integration of our country's nationalities, with the great families of Hebei going south to the Jianghuai River and the nomadic peoples of the north going south to the Central Plains to accept the Han culture and establish their own countries. The Baoding region was in the transition zone of the combination of farming and nomadic cultures, and was the most affected. From the Sixteen Kingdoms of the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Baoding region successively belonged to the countries established by minority nationalities, such as Ran Wei, Houzhao, Qianyan, Former Qin, Later Yan, Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, and so on, of which Later Yan set its capital at Zhongshan (now Dingzhou). Years of war and chaos have affected the development of Baoding's regional economy; due to the large number of scholars moving south, the local culture has been impacted. But at the same time the activities of a number of ethnic minorities in this area, but also injected into the culture of this place diversified components, so that the people here are simple and tough, cultural characteristics. Sui Shu - Geography Zhi (隋书-地理志) says: "Since ancient times, those who talk about bravery and chivalry have all pushed Yu and, but Zhuo County has had many elegant and literate people since the former times. "
During the period of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, the Baoding area experienced the stable development of the early Sui Dynasty and the flourishing Tang Dynasty, as well as the turbulence of the late Sui Dynasty, the Anshi Rebellion of the Tang Dynasty, the feudal clans and towns, and the tumultuous wars of the Five Dynasties. During the Sui Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, Baoding's economy and culture developed comprehensively, and the region of Baoding belonged to the Hebei Province during the Tang Dynasty. During the Tianbao period of the Tang Dynasty, the grain storage capacity of Hebei Province was 1.82 million stones, and the grain storage capacity of Yicang was 1.754 million stones, which was the largest in the country, and the economic status was so important that the Tang Dynasty set up a governor's office in Dingzhou. The economic development promoted cultural prosperity, and a large number of cultural celebrities appeared. At the end of the Sui Dynasty, there were many peasant revolts, Baoding was a very active peasant revolts; the Anshi Rebellion, this place was the first to bear the brunt; han clans, the number of clans here is the strongest, enough to compete with the Tang Dynasty. It is no wonder that some of those who were not successful in the Tang Dynasty came here to look for a way out. Dong Shaonan in Han Yu's Preface to Sending Dong Shaonan to Hebei is one of them. During the Five Dynasties, Baoding successively or separately belonged to the Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty, Later Zhou Dynasty, and Liao (Qidan), and so on, and there were many wars and battles between the rulers. Although Baoding was not the focus of political and military struggles, it was always in the whirlpool of war. Important battles include the Battle of Quyang between the Later Tang Dynasty and the Qidan, the southern invasion of Liao soldiers, and the northern expedition of Zhou Shizong. Shi Jing瑭 (石敬瑭) of the Later Jin Dynasty ceded sixteen states of Yanyun to the Khitan (Liao), and Zhuozhou (涿州) in the northern part of Baoding was transferred to the Liao. The wars continued for many years, leaving the people in peace and destroying the economy.
Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Baoding was firstly on the border of Song and Liao, and wars often took place between Song and Liao, and the main battlegrounds were in the Baoding area, the famous ones were Yang Jiagong's resistance to Liao, the Battle of Mancheng, the Battle of Wabiaoguan, the Battle of Digouguan, etc. The Song-Liao wars mostly ended with the defeat of the Song Dynasty. Most of the Song-Liao wars ended with the defeat of the Song dynasty, and the Liao forces looted and plundered the area after their victory. It was not until December of the first year of the Song's reign (January 1005) that the Song and Liao concluded the "Stillwater Alliance", ending a large-scale war that had lasted for more than 30 years. Both sides to the Yishui, Baigou River as the boundary, and mutual opening of debatable sites, bilateral trade, these debatable sites are mostly in the boundary of Baoding. Song Dynasty for the defense of the Liao invasion, in addition to the border building passes stationed troops, but also along the border, from the present day Mancheng, Baoding, Xushui, Qingyuan, Anxin, Gao Yang area, has been up to the mouth of the Nigu sea (present-day Tanggu), Qu Qu Qu long 900 miles of dykes dug ponds, so that it is spread all over the ponds, in order to prevent the Liao cavalry to the south, but also in the Dingzhou built up to more than 80 meters tall brick towers, in order to gap look at enemy conditions. At this time, the defense function of the Baoding area is more prominent, the Northern Song Dynasty first set up the Baosai army, and then upgraded to the Baosu, and built the state city. In Dingzhou set up a road, the system of 8 states. Long-term war cultivation, cultivated Baoding people's martial spirit, the Northern Song writer Wang Yucheng's prose "Tanghe store crone biography" on the banks of the Tanghe River, a market town of an elderly woman unarmed wisdom to kill the Liao soldiers, the text also lists the Shanggu's "Jingcai", Xiongzhou's "Flexi Jie" and other courageous local armed forces, they are courageous enough to kill the enemy to protect the land. The reason for the failure of the Song war against the Liao, the fundamental reason is the Song dynasty's improper military measures and political corruption.
Jin killed Liao and Northern Song, after the unification of the North, many Han people in Hebei moved to the Guanwai, at the same time, a large number of female Zhenren south, the implementation of the Manganmouke system, the female Zhenren aristocrats to become a feudal landlord, and gradually Sinicized. Jin built the central capital in Beijing, set up Zhongshan Prefecture in Dingzhou, and set up the Shuntian military governor in Baozhou. When the Mongol soldiers came, the women were unable to resist, a large number of landowners armed to defend themselves, the Jin Dynasty rulers made the "Nine Gong Fengjian", that is, to recognize these armaments, using them to resist the Mongol soldiers, a few of which were in the territory of Baoding. But this did not save them from defeat. In December of the first year of Jin Zhenyou (1213), the Mongol army captured Baosu, and the city was destroyed. In the unification war between the Mongols to destroy Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty, the Han Chinese armed forces in Baoding played a great role, and the famous military generals include Zhang Rou and Zhang Hongfan of Dingxing, and Shi Xian of Bono, etc. Among them, Zhang Rou repeatedly defeated the Jin soldiers, moved to the town of Baosu, and rebuilt the city of Baosu, laying a foundation for the city of Baoding. Zhang Hongfan captured the Prime Minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang, led the army to attack Yashan, won the Southern Song Dynasty Fu Chi seal. Yuan set the capital (today's Beijing), Baoding for the southern barrier, so changed the Shuntian Army for the Shuntian Road, and in the twelfth year of the Yuan (1275) changed the Shuntian Road for the Baoding Road, under the jurisdiction of 7 states and 8 counties, the name of Baoding since the beginning of this.
Ming and Qing dynasties, Baoding is still the land of gui fu. Ming Hongwu years, changed Baoding Road to Baoding Prefecture. After Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, moved the capital to Beijing, in order to enrich the population around the capital, from Shanxi and foreign countries to Hebei, a large number of immigrants settled in Baoding. The Ming Dynasty moved the Daining District Office to Baoding and set up a general military office in Baoding, with more than 10,000 soldiers stationed there all the year round, responsible for the defense of the vicinity of the capital. After the "Civil War", the Mongolian Warad broke through the Zijing Pass to besiege Beijing, and retreated from the Zijing Pass. Baoding's strategic defense position is increasingly important. So Baoding City, change the earth city for the brick city, completed in five years, at the same time in the Taihang mountainous area west of Baoding, the Great Wall, in Zijing, inverted horse, Longquan Pass and other construction of Guancheng, building piers and castles. Baoding territory of the Great Wall and the Pass City is mostly left behind in the Ming Dynasty. At the end of Ming Dynasty, the Qing army attacked Baoding, and because the Baoding army and people cooperated to defend, they moved to attack Goyang. Sun Chengzong, the former Minister of Military Affairs of Ming Dynasty, led his family and the people to resist, the city was broken, and more than 20 members of Sun's family died. Li Zicheng insurgent army to the north, and the Ming army fought in Baoding. After five days and nights of attacking and defending, the rebel army captured Baoding. After the failure of the rebel army, the Qing army re-entered the customs, Baoding belongs to the Qing.
The Qing Dynasty issued the "Enclosure Order" in the first year of Shunzhi (1644), encircling a large amount of land in the vicinity of 300 kilometers of the capital (later expanded to 500 kilometers), mainly near the eight provinces of Zhili and the Great Wall, as the "Flag Land". Baoding most of the counties were enclosing land, some counties enclosing the land of 80% to 90%, peasants almost no land to cultivate, or fleeing, or fell into the Manchurian nobles and the eight banners of the banners of the customers, or become a land with the land to join the Ding slaves. Economic development was slow, and the people lived in poverty. However, Baoding's military and political status is increasing. Kangxi eight years (1669), Zhili governor moved to Baoding, Baoding began as the capital of Zhili province, became a regional political center, some of the Qing dynasty's feudal officials and ministers of power to perform on this stage.
After the Opium War in 1840, the great powers invaded China and forced the corrupt Qing dynasty to sign a series of unequal treaties, reducing China to a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. However, the Chinese people were not to be despised and they organized themselves to resist the invasion of the powers. In the spring of 1900, the Boxer Rebellion emerged, and the people of Baoding were so enthusiastic in opposing the Emperor and patriotism that they learned kung fu in almost every village to welcome their masters. In April 1900, the Boxers in Lai Shui revolted, attacked churches and killed Yang Futong, a vice-general of the Qing Dynasty, who came to suppress the Boxers. In May, Boxers captured Zhuozhou city and tore down the railroad from Liulihe to Zhuozhou. The leaders of the Boxers in Baoding, Zhang Decheng, Wang Decheng, Zhou Luokun and Li Laizhong, also led the Boxers to take part in the resistance against the invasion of the Eight-Power Allied Forces and in the defense of Tianjin and Beijing. After the fall of Beijing, the Boxers continued to fight against foreign invasion forces and the Qing army in Baoding and the western mountains. Although the Boxer movement ultimately failed, but the Boxer anti-imperialist and patriotic movement fully reflects the people of Baoding generous song of sorrow, heroic and unyielding will and spirit. The Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing and continued to march south to exterminate the Boxers and slaughter the Chinese people. The British, French, German and Italian allied forces invaded Baoding and committed numerous crimes by burning, looting and plundering.
Because of the Qing Dynasty's external surrender, internal brutal suppression of the people's movement, has lost the hearts and minds of the people. China's learned people actively explore the way to save the country and the people. Zhili provincial capital Baoding became one of the important source of the Xinhai Revolution in the north, the revolutionary ideology was first spread in the school, Zhili Higher Education students such as Wu Yue founded the "Zhili vernacular newspaper" to publicize the new ideas. Chen Youyun publicized the revolutionary ideas among students and developed members of the League in Baoding. Hu Egong and others organized and set up the "*** Peace Society" in Baoding. At that time, the progressive groups were born like clouds and became an important revolutionary force in the north against the Emperor and the Qing Dynasty. They planned a number of revolutionary actions, although they were suppressed and failed in the end, but they also dealt a heavy blow to the Qing Dynasty and the reactionary rule of the warlords, and had the power to support the revolutionary struggle in the whole country. At the same time, Baoding new schools emerged, from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China, established a number of military education, higher education, primary and secondary education halls and schools, Baoding won the title of "student city". Among them, Baoding military education is the pioneer of modern military education in China, which occupies an important position in the history of modern military education in China, and has cultivated a number of senior military commanders. Baoding is also the birthplace of the study abroad in France, a group of revolutionary aspirants embarked on the journey of the new democratic revolution.
During the Beiyang government, Baoding was the base camp of the Direct Line warlords. After the First Straight War, the Direct Line Warlords dominated half of China and controlled the Beiyang Government, and the important military and political matters involving the whole country were all under the orders of the Direct Line Warlord Cao Kun, and the Direct Line War, the First and Second Straight War, and the Jin-Feng War were all related to Baoding, or the main battlegrounds were in Baoding.
With Deng Zhongxia and others spreading Marxism in Baoding, the establishment of local organizations in Baoding, Baoding has become the center of the revolutionary movement in the central Hebei Province, Baoding Party organizations to lead the revolutionary struggle in all sectors, set off a patriotic movement against imperialism and feudalism, led and initiated the women's second division of the wave, the Finish County Wuligang riots, Baoding Normal School wave, the Gao Li riot and other revolutionary struggles in the north has had an important impact. The revolution has had an important influence in the north.
After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the Japanese army invaded Baoding, built artillery towers and bunkers, and carried out the inhumane "Three Lights" policy, causing countless tragedies. China's **** production party led by the Eighth Route Army into the enemy, in Fuping created the first anti-Japanese base one Jinchahi anti-Japanese base, Fuping became the Jinchahi party, political and military headquarters seat, the people of Baoding under the leadership of China's **** production party, quickly set off the war of resistance, ignited the beacon of the War of Resistance against Japan, with the Eighth Route Army regular troops have carried out the Hundred Regiment War, the Huangtuling Battle, the defense of Shenxian Mountain, Lianzikou Battle, etc., Eradication of the war of resistance against Japan. Lianzikou Battle, etc., annihilated a large number of Japanese and pseudo-japanese troops, shattered the Japanese "Three Lights" policy, "Cage" policy and a number of crazy "Sweeping" and "Security Reinforcement" campaigns, and created a variety of tactics such as guerrilla warfare, tunnel warfare, picket warfare, landmine warfare, raids, sparrow warfare, compound ambush, etc., so that the Japanese army was plunged into the sea of the People's War, and won the war of resistance against the Japanese. In the eight years of anti-Japanese war, the people of Baoding has made great sacrifices, there are many heroic anti-Japanese martyrs who can be sung, there is the hero of the explosion Li Yong, Li Dengbing, there is the heroic Wolf Tooth Mountain Five Heroes, there is the Japanese army scared of the armed forces, railroad workers guerrillas, geese lead the team and so on. During the difficult war years, the anti-Japanese Resistance Base Areas carried out various undertakings, including the democratic constitutional movement, the mass production movement, cultural, educational and propaganda activities, etc., which consolidated the anti-Japanese national united front and promoted the construction of anti-Japanese Resistance Base Areas.
During the Liberation War, the Kuomintang army captured Baoding and made it a military stronghold in North China, building a fortified city and stationing heavy troops there. Baoding military and people under the leadership of the local organizations in Baoding, on the one hand, to carry out urban enemy work, intelligence, counter-insurgency work, mobilize the masses and the dark rule of the Kuomintang to carry out a resolute struggle with the external combat. On the battlefield, the people of Baoding bravely supported the front, cooperated with the People's Liberation Army to successfully carry out the Battle of Baonan and Baobei, the Battle of Qingfengdian, the Battle of Pinghan Line Breakthrough, the Battle of Baobei Siege, the Battle of Qinghebei and so on, and liberated Baoding on November 22nd, 1948, which annihilated a large number of vital forces of the Kuomintang army, and made important contributions to the liberation of the whole country. At the same time to carry out the land reform movement, the abolition of feudal land ownership, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the majority of peasants, and has the power to support the war of liberation, ushered in the establishment of a new China.