Tourists into the boat, no motor roar, only by the boatman paddle or sculling, in the river is not smooth water, slowly forward, leisurely. Both sides of the river are unique to Jiangnan black tile green brick wooden house buildings, the front store, after the workshop, people living upstairs, the front of each house in front of the walkway, there is a shelter from the sun and rain porch shed, preserved, stretches for miles of long, to Xitang is the most typical of the rainy days in the south of Jiangnan, you can walk without umbrellas.
In order to attract tourists, the front of each house and then hang a string of red lanterns, the supply of some snacks, crafts and so on, play some of the Jiangnan silk and bamboo, occasionally a boatwoman singing some folk songs, boatman guides to tell some of the local folklore folklore, what Yang Naiwu and cabbage, Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai, and so on, tourists are intoxicated in the faraway, but also immersed in a romantic history of the reality, satiated with the flavors of the water town of the South! Fast food, so that people go back, every thought, but also the memory of the past!
This romantic mood and feeling, for me, is really "once the sea is water", can not attract the same mood. Because I am too familiar with the water town, unpleasant impression filled with mind. If we must talk about the beautiful scenery of the water town, only the childhood is worth recalling, only the historical record is desirable.
What I mean by unpleasant impression is mainly the pollution of the river water, in my adulthood, the water township boat, the river is mostly polluted, and the later the more even. Recall childhood every year Qingming tomb sweeping, my father led my brother and I, from the front door on the boat, turned into the main river out of the water city gate, a to the waters outside the city, the scenery of the water countryside to meet, the river evaporated water, mixed with the fragrance of rapeseed blossoms, inhaled into the lungs and heart, people feel inexpressibly pleasant. Hand into the water to stroke, there is an indescribable sense of kindness and tenderness. Wenzhou at that time there is no running water, the city's wells are limited, the city's dietary water is rowed into the city by a special watercraft, parked in the "port", and then by the picker of water from house to house to send water, poured into the tank. And this water boat water, that is, from the city outside the open place of Lake Huichang lake water, Lake Huichang water from the southwest mountainous area of the three clear streams convergence and become, see then the lake water is clean, even can be used for food and drink water, it is not now imaginable.
After adulthood, because of work, often have the opportunity to take a riverboat to the countryside, that has been 1950 ~ 70 s, the situation has changed greatly, sitting in the Shaoxing city river, the river is black black, the wind that comes to the face, entrained with the stench of the water, suffocating, but can only bear to quickly paddle out of the city's waters, to the East Lake area, only to restore the scenery of the water countryside. And this time in Wenzhou, because the city's rivers are filthy, had to fill in, change the river into a road, and stayed in the river because of rapid industrial development, lack of governance, is still dirty and black.
Speaking of Suzhou and Shaoxing, are the Spring and Autumn period of Wu and Yue two countries of the capital of the ancient city of water, Wu and Yue two countries are "boat for the car, oars for horses", both countries have boat division (that is, the water army), the history of the book, "the king of the Yue can be the river and the sea and move to attack the Wu", the Yue's big wing boat! The Yue's big wing ship, broad one zhang six, twelve zhang long, a big wing can accommodate all kinds of naval forces ninety-one people, this is today's people can not imagine the scene. [2] According to statistics, the Spring and Autumn period of the vassal state capital of about more than one hundred and forty, retained to date only six: Qufu, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Taiyuan, Suzhou and Shaoxing, the city is still located in the original site of the time, only Suzhou and Shaoxing, is precisely China's two oldest water city. [3]
Wenzhou in southern Zhejiang Province is the East Jin Dynasty only built the water city, these three water city since the 20th century, especially since the second half of the page, have experienced rapid changes, remembering the past, can not help but have the feeling of a sea of change.
Suzhou ancient city is surrounded by water network, land and water about half, less than 5 meters above sea level, so the design of the city must be built to take into account both land and water. Ancient Gusu City has eight land and water gates, the city waterways and streets to match. Since the reform and opening up, the rapid expansion of the city, part of the main street widening, destroyed the old wild beast of the water city, due to timely lessons learned, emergency brake, the city development pattern planning for the "ancient city in the center, the East Park West," that is, in the middle of the old city as much as possible to retain the old wild beast, no longer facelift. The eastern part of the city is an industrial park, and the western part of the city is a high-tech development zone. This measure of keeping the ancient city in the center preserved most of the waterways and classical gardens, which made Suzhou's application for the World Heritage Site of Classical Gardens successful in 1997. Hangzhou, on the other hand, failed for the fifth consecutive year. Shaoxing and Wenzhou began developing new districts only after the water cities had disappeared and were even more irretrievably lost.
Suzhou's main street, Shantang Street, has a history of residents living near the water, with the front door facing the street and the back door facing the river, with steps connecting to the water, making it easy for residents to live and get around. This parallel land and water, the river street adjacent to the water lane landscape, with the bridge across the water, waterfront buildings, walking boats, constituting a "small bridge, running water, homes" of the Jiangnan water city residential landscape! As early as in the Tang Dynasty poets have described the scenery for us. Such as Bai Juyi left Hangzhou on the Suzhou assassin period, there is the "Gate of Heavenly Palace" poem, vividly depicts the majestic atmosphere of the water city of Suzhou, and that more than Hangzhou: "Gate of Heavenly Palace looking at the Yu Cang Cang, began to realize that the state Xiong soil and strong customs. One hundred thousand husbands and wives pay taxes, and five thousand sons and daughters guard the borders. The city of Helu Lu is covered with green grass in autumn, and the bridge of Wujiao is red with sunset. Pipes blow in front of buildings everywhere, and boats are moored outside every door. The cloud buried tiger temple mountain hide color, the moon shine wa palace water release light. Had appreciated Qiantang think Moyuan, today I have not dared to bitterly exaggerate." [4] Bai Juyi also has "the third day of the first month of leisure line" poem, describing the scenery of the water city of suzhou: "oriole alley warbler want to talk, magpie head of the river ice want to cancel. Green waves of east and west, north and south water, red fence three hundred and ninety bridges. The willow is in tandem with the willows. The spring breeze comes sooner or later, only from the previous day to this day." [5] (Oriole, the name of the place; Magpie, the name of the river.) Another example is Du Xunhe's poem "Sending Someone to Visit Wu": "When you come to Gusu, you will see that all the people are resting on the river, and there are few ancient palaces and many small bridges in the alleys. The night market sells lotus roots, and the spring boats carry qiluo. Remote knowledge of the sleepless moon, homesickness in the fishing song." [6] Suzhou's watery cityscape was basically the same during the Ming and Qing dynasties, with rapid changes starting in the second half of the twentieth century and continuing to the present day.
Shaoxing is also a water city with a history of 2500 centuries, its environment is very different from Suzhou, the ancient Huiji sit south to north, the north is the open fan-shaped water network plains, the south backed by the Huiji Mountain, the benefits of forest resources, and defense and security, but limits the development of southward. So Shaoxing water city scenery, although the same as Suzhou and Wenzhou as good, the size of the city has been smaller than Suzhou, Wenzhou.
The former Shaoxing water city, the river network as weaving, neighborhoods are distributed according to the river, residential waterfront and built. Qing - Kangxi "Shaoxing Fu Zhi", "the county city in the river wrong as paintings, from the thoroughfare to the committee lane without water ring." Qing Guangxu years, Shaoxing city still has twenty-nine rivers, a river and a street, the street goes with the river, the bridge even street, "the ancient city of small bridges, people all pillow river", formed the unique landscape of Shaoxing water city. Residences near the river are mostly one-story or two-story brick houses through the frame, distributed on both sides of the waterway, the river in the boat shuttle between them. River people are mostly in front of the street behind the river, the front door to open store business, the back door of the river port into the goods, do not rely on land transportation. Residential side of the river, there are stone level river port, easy to board the boat and wash clothes. Hot summer, the residents sit in the back door of their homes, across the bank cool gossip days, not a water city life scenery. 18th century French missionary Grosset visited Shaoxing, Shaoxing was compared to the Venice of the Orient. [7]
The destruction of Shaoxing ancient city style mainly began in the early 1980s, when the ancient city of Shaoxing still has hundreds of Taiwan door, throughout the city of the street and river, bridges, Taiwan door and the flagstone road, then also retained the characteristics of the ancient water city of Shaoxing. In recent years, a wave of demolition of old homes, fill in the river and road climax. According to reports, the tragic demolition of the old stores and ancient houses, basically are the Ming and Qing dynasties. In the demolition site can be seen, in the roar of bulldozers, these old buildings were razed to the ground without resistance. The disappeared old street is being surrounded by a cluster of newly erected concrete high-rise buildings. Some foreign tourists, faced with the old houses being demolished, were gesticulating and taking pictures because of the language barrier, said the interpreter, adding that they felt very sorry and incomprehensible for the demolition of these quaint old houses!
Shaoxing people used to say that water is the soul of Shaoxing city, water is the spirit of Shaoxing people. This soul had to move from the city to the vast waters outside the city to settle down.
In recent years, the spring of each year are held "China Shaoxing Water City Style Tourism Festival", including the East Lake in the east of the city held the opening ceremony and cultural evening; in the southeast of the city of Dayuling scenic area, held in the civil and military officials ceremonial ceremony of Dayuling ceremony performances; in the north-west of the city of the Keyan Scenic Area for Jianhu Lake style tours, including the ride! The tour includes a ride on a crow's nest boat, a dragon boat race, a water opera, and a fishing competition on Lake Jianhu. [8] Shaoxing's water town tourism resources are indeed very rich, but the so-called "reproduction of the Oriental Venice water city charm" description, in fact, has been inconsistent with the name, skin does not exist, hair will attach? Why not simply call "China Shaoxing Water Town Style Tourism Festival"? The reason is very simple, "Shaoxing water city" this ancestral valuable heritage of the reputation is absolutely not good to give up, this is the unspeakable pain.
Contrasting Wenzhou, the history of the city to be later than Suzhou, Shaoxing, but the city's planning goal ~ Water City, the same lineage, much the same. I remember when I was a child, Wenzhou city streets and alleys and the river to match, the river in the street is broader, the alleys are narrower creek. The side of the river is the back door of the store or residence, there is also a stone port, you can park the boat, water, or washing debris. The alleys are on one side of the road and on the other side of the river, and on the side of the road are residential houses with no stores, and on the side of the river are the back doors of the residents' houses, with stone steps for washing clothes, which can be said to be a replica of Suzhou-Shaoxing. Every year during the Dragon Boat Festival, dragon boats from various townships can be paddled into the city, cruising along the street and river, and performing competitions in the open area, which is something unimaginable now.
Historically, the city of Wenzhou was designed by Guo Pu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Guo Pu (276 a 324) is a man of wonder, poetry and fugue champion at the time, but also the ancient classics of the examination of the authority of the annotations, but also the ancient Chinese geomancy (i.e., feng shui) masters. Guo Pu was a native of Wenxi, Shanxi Province, and traveled south to avoid war in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. According to Ming-Jiajing Wenzhou Prefecture Records, when Wenzhou decided to build a county town in the first year of Emperor Ming's reign (323 A.D.), Guo Pu was invited to stay in Wenzhou and was asked to "divine the county town." Therefore, he was asked to "divine the county city for him. Wenzhou county city, according to feng shui principles, should be built on the north bank of the oujiang river, sitting north to south, like today's hangzhou. Guo Pu after field inspections, on the north and south banks of the soil sampling comparison, found the same container of soil, the north bank of the soil is light, the south bank of the soil is heavy, then decided to build in the south bank. This is because the soil on the north bank is the river mud deposited by running water, the foundation is not solid, the carrying capacity is not big. The soil of the south bank is the gravel soil deposited by the mountain scouring, the foundation is thick, strong bearing capacity, so it was decided to build on the south bank. [9]
Guo Pu then climbed the south bank of the "West Guo Shan" (now Guo Gongshan), "see a number of peaks staggered, like the Big Dipper, Huagai Mountain lock bucket mouth, said the old man said: if the city around the mountain outside, when the sudden abundance. But do not avoid war, water and fire. City in the mountains, then the invaders do not enter the bucket, you can always keep the peace. Because of the city in the mountains, No. Doo City." [10] which Huagai, Songtai, Haidan, Xiguo four mountains is the "Doo Kuai" (Doo's four stars called Kuai), Jaguar, Cuiwei, Renwang three mountains like "Doo Jiu" (Doo handle three stars called Jiu). The other Huangtu, Lingguan two mountains is the auxiliary. He also designed 28 wells in the city (there are still a few), symbolizing the 28 stars in the sky, in order to solve the problem of water for the people in the city. Guo Pu also considered that if there was a war, the city would be surrounded and cut off from drinking water, so he even opened five water pools in the city, each of which was connected to the river and finally injected into the Ou River. Guo Pu said that "the city's five water with the five elements, in case of flooding not overflow". Distance from Guo Pu seven hundred years later, the Northern Song Dynasty, Fang La gathering of the uprising, unstoppable, the rebel army in three months consecutively captured today's Jiande, Shexian, Hangzhou, Jinhua, Qu County, Lishui six counties and cities, but the rebel army hostage to its prestige, the siege of Wenzhou for more than forty days, has not been able to break through the city, only to withdraw.[11] By the Ming Dynasty, Jiajing Jiajing, the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. [11] During the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, the Japanese repeatedly invaded my coastal areas of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong, capturing countless cities and towns, and attacking Hangzhou in the 34th year of the Jiajing period (1535), burning down the Leifeng Pagoda. Wenzhou since Jiajing thirty-one to forty-two years (1552 ~ 1563) in eleven years, **** six times suffered from the Japanese invasion, but were unable to enter the city, had to loot and pillage in the countryside everywhere. In addition to the resistance of the soldiers and civilians defending the city, Guo Pu bucket city design, scientific foresight, I'm afraid there is also a lot of credit. [12]
Guo Pu's design, cleverly conceived, through the Big Dipper, the twenty-eight constellations and the five elements, reflecting the idea of unity between man and nature, taking into account the military security, to ensure that the people live and work in peace and contentment, deserves to be the harmony between human habitation and the ecological environment of the geomancy of the best works of art, the concept of modern urban planning may still be of reference significance.
Based on Guo Pu's city building, after continuous development and improvement, to the Northern Song Dynasty Yongjia (i.e., today's Wenzhou), has been very prosperous, known as the small Hangzhou. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Yang Pang, the president of Wenzhou, wrote a poem about Yongjia: "A piece of prosperity at the head of the sea, never called a small Hangzhou. The water is like a chess game that divides the streets, and the mountains are like a screen that wraps around the painted buildings. There are flowers near me, when there is no moon to swim. The West Lake to enjoy the Yan competition standard day, how many pearl curtains do not hook!" [13] (JiuShan Lake in the west of Wenzhou, also known as the West Lake) the poem "water like a chess game divided into streets and lanes" is an excellent water city streets and lanes white description. "Mountains like a screen" refers to the four hills connecting Wenzhou City. "around the painting building" refers to the folk buildings of the rich and luxurious. The last two sentences "West Lake to enjoy the Yan competition standard day, how many pearl curtains do not hook." The last two lines are about the dragon boat race, and all the ladies came out to watch the race.
Regardless of Suzhou, Shaoxing or Wenzhou, "the water as a chess game divided into streets and strata" as if the human blood circulation system, the city residents of living resources such as food, fish, fruits and vegetables, water, etc., are transported from the countryside through the river into the city, deep into the households. On the other hand, rural commodities produced in the city, as well as waste, garbage, manure and fertilizers consumed in the city, are also transported to the countryside through the river, and returned to the farmland as organic materials. This kind of material exchange between urban and rural areas in the traditional small farm economy is in essence the full utilization of the solar energy cycle, and it does not constitute environmental pollution for both urban and rural areas. Modern urban planning does not take into account the energy cycle of urban and rural areas, the so-called "flush toilet civilization", a huge amount of human feces and urine (as well as organic waste), the most fertile organic fertilizers are all flushed down the drain into a source of pollution, is a case in point.
But the traditional design of the water city, can only maintain a certain population size as a prerequisite, if the population growth is too fast, the size of the city did not expand accordingly, will encroach on the river to build houses, garbage and waste can not be dealt with in a timely manner to send away, resulting in the river becomes narrower, the river water becomes dirty, the density of housing increased, the residential areas appear increasingly crowded, the environment is deteriorating, and finally had to fill the river to change the road, losing the original water city! Finally, the river had to be filled in and the road changed, thus losing the original scenery of the water city. I am a witness to this degradation process.
The reason why Wuzhen, Xitang, Zhouzhuang, Tongli and so on can still retain the scenery of the water towns, I am afraid that they are geographically remote, the township enterprises have not been greatly developed, or to the traditional planting of rice, sericulture production is the main reason for the environment is relatively clean and clean. At the same time, this area of the water township area is very large, dense water network, water transportation is more convenient than the land, the capacity to contain and purify sewage is also very strong relationship. If the excessive development of tourism, there is no corresponding measures to deal with environmental pollution waste, I am afraid that sooner or later will also follow the dust of pollution in other townships.
Italy's Venice Water City was founded in the fifth century A.D., far later than the Spring and Autumn Gusu and Huiji, but also later than the fourth century A.D., Yongjia, as a water city of environmental conditions and the Oriental City of water is completely different, why can always maintain the appearance of the city of water so far, which is another reason.
Venice is located in Italy on the northwestern shore of the Gulf of Venice in the Adriatic Sea, the Po River estuary outside the coastal zone, is a port city, an area of 6.9 square kilometers. The city was established in the lagoon 4 kilometers from the land, the lagoon is a shallow bay due to the mouth of the bay was silted up, isolated and the connection of the bay, the lagoon left 118 small islands, Venice city was established on these small islands. The city is connected by 117 waterways and 400 bridges that link the islands together. Transportation is by boat instead of car, and there are also railroads and highways connected to the land. [14]
Venice, because of the river and the sea, the river is full of seawater, and rely on the extraction of groundwater to supply fresh water, which led to land subsidence, and had to be supplied with fresh water from the mainland, and the problem of land subsidence has not been solved to this day. Jiangnan water town of fresh water, go out is, as if inexhaustible, inexhaustible, in fact, Hangjiahu, Ningshaowen water network due to pollution and draw too much groundwater, there is also the problem of land subsidence.
The Venetian due to its geographical characteristics, long at sea, the early Venetian merchants will be trafficked from the East silk, spices, jewelry, etc. for resale in all parts of Western Europe, the Middle Ages (14th to 15th centuries) when Europe's Renaissance movement to promote the city's prosperity, Venice, then, the population of 200,000 people have been more than in the early 20th century in Ningbo, Shaoxing and Wenzhou, but Venice is now the population of the city is also But Venice's current population is only 340,000, an increase of only 140,000 in 500 centuries, while the population of the Ningbo metropolitan area has now soared to 1.26 million, Wenzhou 1.31 million, and Shaoxing 600,000 (2001), so how can the population pressure be solved without filling in the river and changing the road?
Now Venice for retaining a large number of fine medieval art monuments, the old St. Mark's Square, the Cathedral and so on, coupled with the coastal baths, is the reason why Venice's tourism industry continues to flourish, and our water city or other cities or, on the historical heritage and relics, always considered obsolete dross, "broken word when the head, stand in which carry on! ".
The idea of a round moon in the West seems to be y rooted in the domestic development of some cities in the planning, where the water countryside scenery is involved, must be "words must be called Venice". Said "water city, water streets, water canopy, stone bridges on the water, the ancient Slender Road and other components of today's unique landscape of Shaoxing. For this reason, Shaoxing has won the reputation of the "Venice of the East"." [15]. This title is laughable, the French missionary Grosset praised Shaoxing, compared to the Venice of the East is right, as if there are Chinese to Venice, praised it as "European Shaoxing water city," the same reason, the Venetians will not be boasted as "European Shaoxing water city" Right. Ask: Venice has Shaoxing's crow-top boats, stone bridges on the water, the ancient fiber road? Do you have the story of Dayu's water treatment and Dayu's mausoleum? There is Wang Xizhi "goblet" beautiful talk? Is there the tragedy of Lu You's love in the Shen Garden? Is there Lu Xun's former residence, which has been admired by millions of people? Why take the history and cultural content beyond Venice, two thousand years later than the Viet Nam "Venice of the East" signboard hanging on their own, self-indulgence, self-congratulation, self-aggrandizement?
The ancient city of Lijiang, Yunnan Province, 2400 meters above sea level, was approved by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage, seems not glorious enough, but also to the Venice of the East to call itself [16]. According to the newspaper, Suning Electric Group is ready to invest in the real estate industry, want to the north bank of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Pukou District, 4530 acres of land, the construction of large-scale real estate projects, "Venice Water City"; a total investment of 5 billion yuan, the plan will be completed within 5-6 years all the clouds. Tianjin is also planning to open a man-made "Venice Water City", in addition to the cited outside, from the Internet can also know the plan to build the Venice of the Orient as the goal of Ningbo, Suzhou, Shanghai, Guilin, Xiamen, Qingdao, Wuxi Taihu Lake, Weihai, Shandong, Wuhan, East and West Lake District ... and so on, as for the above-mentioned As for the above-mentioned water townships Tongli, Zhouzhuang, Wuzhen, etc. is even more rightfully called itself the Venice of the East. It seems that if you don't wear a hat like this, you won't be able to show your value! The Venice of the East as if McDonald's and KFC, opened everywhere, China to whetstone how many Venice will emerge? It is still too early to count!
Now, where the real estate industry is involved in high-level residential areas, or theme parks, satellite cities, the planning of artificial lakes, with the river surrounded by waterfront buildings, they are named "XX Venice" or "Venice Garden", "Venice Casino"! The reason for the emergence of such a nest of wind is very simple, government officials hold the right to approve land, banks hold the right to lend, real estate companies know Chinese public relations, speculation on the development of real estate and the development of tourism in the bright future, to attract the government to plan, the bank to invest in, and from which to reap a high level of illegal gains, backroom operation, each other peace and quiet. On the government's part, the demolition of old buildings and the erection of new ones is an important indicator of political performance and career advancement.
These are superficial phenomena, the bones of China is now a weak country to learn from the strong country, by the strong country condescending influence, consciously and unconsciously have a sense of inferiority, their own ancient city of water and feel dishonored, said the Venice of the Orient, will be immediately on an equal footing with the others! Learning from the strongest countries should be, the long-term direction. The key in the waist bone to be straight, and the waist bone straight premise is to respect their own culture, a deep understanding, love and care of their own cultural heritage. Inferiority complex precisely, favor to look down on their own cultural heritage, the tragedy is here. Live in high-class housing, enjoy the Venice of the East-style man-made beautiful environment, the lack of material enjoyment of life is not the urgent need to treat is the spiritual and cultural anemia, spiritual and cultural anemia, so their newly created attractions, will not transport the idea of naming, can only be called Venice in a thousand different ways.
When the value of culture out of people's minds, bulldozers on stage, unscrupulously bulldozing homes, erosion of farmland, filling rivers, destruction of cultural relics and monuments, and the rest is to cheer the economic benefits of upgrading the luxury of vulgar, beautiful scenery of the "Venice of the Orient" is so everywhere.
2003, 8, 8
References
[1] Xinhua News Agency, "China's 2002 Annual Environmental Situation Bulletin," in the "2002 Inner City Lake Water" section.
[2]Meng Wentong's posthumous work, "The History of Yue", "Wu and Yue's Boat Division and Water Warfare", pp. 109-110, People's Publishing House, 1983, Beijing
[3]Yuan Yaping, "Jiangnan Style, Ancient City, Cultural Depths" - Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, builds a new city with an ancient culture and a new city with a modern culture. -Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, to build a large city of tourism, People's Daily, 2002, 4, 23
[4]Tang Bai Juyi, "Looking at the Gate of Heaven", Tang Poetry Review, vol. 2157, Zhejiang Education Publishing House, Hangzhou, China, 1996
[5 Tang - Bai Juyi "Leisurely Walking on the Third Day of the First Month", Tang Poetry Review, Volume 1, p.2160, Zhejiang Education Press, 1996, Hangzhou
[6] Tang - Du Xunhe "Sending Someone to Visit Wu", Tang Poetry Review, Volume 2, p.2916 Zhejiang Education Publishing House, Hangzhou, 1996
[7] Yue Chang, the ancient city of Jiangnan see Shaoxing, Shaoxing Daily, 2003, 6, 13
[8] Water city style tourism festival, Shaoxing Daily, 2002, 4, 7
[9] Ming Jiajing Wenzhou Prefecture Records Volume 1, the establishment of the history of the city 1964 Shanghai Bookstore, according to the photocopies of the collection of Tianyi pavilion
[10]Ming Jiajing "Wenzhou Fu Zhi" Volume one, the establishment of the history of the city 1964 Shanghai Bookstore According to the Tianyige collection of photocopies
[11]Ming Jiajing "Wenzhou Fu Zhi" Volume one, the establishment of the history of the city 1964 Shanghai Bookstore According to the Tianyige collection of photocopies
[12]Qing dynasty - guangxu eight years of the "yongjia county Zhi" Volume eight, the martial arts Zhi, military system
[13]Qing dynasty, Yongjia county Zhi" Volume eight, the military system
[14]Qing dynasty, Yongjia county Zhi" Volume eight, the military system
[15>[16]Qing dynasty, Yongjia county Zhi[13]Northern Song Dynasty - Yang Pan, "After the Yongjia Hundred Songs", most of which has been lost.
[14]Encyclopedia of China, CD-ROM version 1.1, No.3 Geography Volume, Venice Article, published by Encyclopedia of China Publishing House
[15]CNA Hangzhou, March 26, 2003
[16]Li Zhenxiang, Oriental Venice - A Sidelight on the Ancient City of Lijiang in Yunnan Province, CNA, 2003-04-14. 08:26:48