China. China's ancient military system, refers to the Chinese . China's ancient military service . The system of military service in the ancient times of China. It mainly includes the military-agriculture unification system, the universal military system, the conscription system, the military household system, the solidarity military system, the militia system, the conscription system, the guard system, the eight banners green . The system of the eight banners and the green.
Soldier-agriculture system
Before the Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period, it was the military in agriculture. The so-called military in agriculture, is to use agricultural weapons as weapons. Ancient weapons were made of copper, and so were agricultural weapons. Weapons were hidden in the public house, and were issued only when the battle was imminent, that is to say, the so-called granting of armor, the granting of soldiers. Weapons can only be supplied to the official army. Teams, the countryside defense corps class of soldiers, can not be given with. However, when the enemy came over, it was not possible to defend oneself with just any agricultural weapon, so the Six Towers said that the people were taught to use a certain kind of agricultural weapon as a certain kind of weapon.
The system of all soldiers
By the Warring States period, the system of all soldiers had begun to emerge due to the expansion of the scale of war and the intensification of confrontation. In the Spring and Autumn Period, countries used troops in the tens of thousands at most. By the time of the Warring States period, however, the number of holes and rankings was in the tens of thousands. According to Zuo Zhuan - The Second Year of Cheng Gong, when Duke Haha of Qi fled northward after losing a battle, the official army at that time. Although the army was defeated outside the country, the local defense troops were still there. And the "Warring States Strategy" Su Qin said the words of King Xuan of Qi, said "Han Wei war and victory over Qin, the soldiers half folded, four after all do not defend; war and do not win, the country to the perilous death of the following;" can be seen in the local defense of the soldiers, have been transferred out, as the official military. This is the reason for the sudden increase in the number of soldiers in the Warring States period. In the Chinese . Chinese history. This is the reason why the number of soldiers increased so much during the Warring States period. In the late Warring States period, Qin and Chu had millions of soldiers, while the armies of the other five states had 300,000-500,000 soldiers. In the late Warring States period, Qin and Chu had millions of troops, while the other five armies had between 300,000 and 500,000 troops.
Conscription
The conscription of conscripts. Conscription was widely practiced in Chinese . China in ancient times was widespread and existed in almost every dynasty, more notably the Three Dynasties, Spring and Autumn, Warring States, Qin, Han, and Three Kingdoms.
After the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the formal organization . Six armies and eight divisions were organized, but the six armies and eight divisions were semi-standing armies that produced in normal times and fought in wartime. Moreover, the six armies were basically composed of Zhou people from Guanzhong, and the eight divisions were basically composed of Yin people who had been relocated by the Zhou to the vicinity of Luoyang, and there were still traces of tribal soldiers. As early as the Western Zhou, the vassals had a brigade (about 500 men) to three armies (about 37,500 men) of armed . The army was expanded in the Spring and Autumn period, but it was basically similar to that of the Western Zhou, except that the traces of tribal soldiers were slowly fading away.
By the Warring States, the scale of war expanded to more than 100,000 to several hundred thousand on both sides . The wars were prolonged, frequent and at short intervals, coupled with the change from the slave . The wars were longer, more frequent and at shorter intervals, coupled with a shift from the slave . The wars were longer, more frequent and shorter in intervals, together with the transition from the slave system to the feudal system. The transition from the slave system to the feudal system was gradually completed. The transition from the slave system to the feudal system was gradually completed, and the slaves and subordinates, who could not be used as a source of soldiers, became farmers. The slaves who could not be used as a source of soldiers became peasants and became a source of soldiers. In order to win this decisive battle, the king of Qin personally rushed to Hanoi County and conscripted all adult men to support the front line. After the establishment of Qin, Emperor Qin Shi Huang also conscripted a large number of men to guard the Great Wall, conquer Hetao and Lingnan, etc. Excessive military service was one of the reasons for the demise of the Qin Dynasty . The excessive military service was one of the reasons for the fall of the Qin dynasty. Conscription during this period was still largely temporary, and the system . System . The system of universal military service was not yet established.
By the time of the Qin Dynasty, the conscription was still largely temporary, and the system.
By the Han Dynasty, the central .
By the Han Dynasty, the central government had basically established universal compulsory military service. The Three Kingdoms period due to frequent wars, the number of conscripts is even greater, such as Cao Cao had a "collection of the Qingzhou Turbans million, choose their strong 300,000 number for the Qingzhou soldiers", Wu also forced the Shan Yue out of the mountains for the soldiers, in the history of more than a hundred thousand.
After the Three Kingdoms, some dynasties have implemented the military household system, some implement conscription, but conscription has always existed, especially in the event of large-scale wars, in order to meet the needs of the war, the court are for a large number of conscripts. Court for a large number of conscripts, such as Emperor Yang for the conquest of the Goryeo "in Shandong to increase the military government, sweeping the land for the soldiers"; Du Fu wrote in his poem, "the night sleeps in the village of Shiteng, there are mandarins night to catch people", "and then put in the line of the men", all indicate that the Tang government. In Du Fu's poem, he wrote, "The officials caught people at night in the village of Shitengu" and "The middle-aged men are traveling again". The government's efforts to quell the Anshi Rebellion did not spare even the elderly and teenagers as young as 14 or 15 years old.
Military household system
The so-called military household system is to separate the military and civilian registration, the military household registration of the family for generations to send people to serve in the army, while the civilian households only rent transfer, do not have to serve in the army. China. China. This system was adopted in the history of China. The system was adopted in Chinese history by the North and South Dynasties, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty.
Beginning with the Qiang Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of minority folk in the north were forced to take up military service. Beginning with the Qiang Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of northern minorities entered the Central Plains. The minority peoples of the north entered the Central Plains and successively established a number of political . Northern China established some political . These governments... These governments were divided into Han and Hu, and the emperor of the Northern Dynasties once said to the Han people, "The North is for the Han people. The Emperor of the Northern Dynasty once said to the Han. people, "The North people are your guests, get you a dendrobium of corn, for you to fight the thieves", and to the native people, "The Han. people are your slaves, the husband is your slave. Han. for your slaves, husband for your plowing, women for your weaving", in order to prevent and control the Han. In order to prevent the Han. In order to prevent the Han. In order to prevent the resistance of the Han. Gradually become military households, of course, the Northern Wei Xiaowu Emperor also have Han. Of course, the Xiaowu Emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty also had Han. In the Southern Dynasty, starting from the Beifu soldiers, the people exiled to the South from the North. In the Southern Dynasty, starting from the Northern Households, the people exiled from the north to the south were the main ones. In the Southern Dynasty, starting from the Northern Household Soldiers, the people exiled from the north to the south were the main ones, and gradually formed the situation of being soldiers for generations. The further development of this situation led to the formation of the military household system.
Military households did not have to pay taxes to the government in most dynasties. In most of the dynasties, they did not have to pay taxes to the government, and in some cases, they were given land by the workers, but they had to bear the burden of military service. Mulan's poem, "Yesterday, I saw the military posting, the Khan's great point of view ...... volume volume has the name of the master," indicating that his family is likely to be a military household. The biggest advantage of the military household system is the integration of soldiers and farmers. The biggest advantage of the military household system is the unity of soldiers and farmers, usually production, wartime war, saving the feudal. The military expenditure of the feudal dynasty, but also to avoid the conscription system to increase the burden of agriculture. The most important advantage of the system is that the soldiers and farmers are united in production in normal times and in wartime. The strength of the Tang Dynasty in the early and middle periods is not unrelated to the better implementation of the government military system (also known as the author's military household system).
There were many sources of military households, including those who were military themselves, those who were captured or plundered as a result of war, and those who were not included in the military households because of crimes. In each dynasty title is also different, sui and tang government soldiers Palau, sui set up folded Chongfu, eagle yangfu, etc., tang set up six guards, and divided into the left and right, each set up generals, for the twelve generals. In the Ming for the guards, the national guards hundreds of thousands of guards, guards all military fields, military . The army was self-sufficient. Qi Jiguang family is hereditary Dengzhou Wei Commanding Commander.
There are two main disadvantages of the military household system. Once there is no war for a long time, the military households will be forced by the officers to slave and plunder the military households. The government added the miscellaneous affairs and so on to produce the flight, in the long run will become old and weak and can not fight, some officers conceal the flight or heir of the military households do not report, private occupation of their land. In the latter part of the Tang Dynasty, due to the breakage of the government military system, the Tang government. In the late Tang Dynasty, due to the destruction of the governmental military system, the Tang government could not do anything more than to provide soldiers for war. The government could not fight for the soldiers, but could only listen to the clans and towns. The Ming Dynasty was even more so, in the middle of the latter guards could not fight, had to recruit a large number of soldiers, to participate in the southeast coast of the anti-Japanese ministry. Teams include the Guangxi wolf soldiers, Hubei village soldiers, as well as tobacco soldiers, canal soldiers and other hired soldiers, the famous "Qi Jiajun" is also the recruitment of soldiers.
Another disadvantage, from the North Dynasty, the military aristocracy in the government soldiers. Another disadvantage is that from the Northern Dynasties, the military aristocratic forces that emerged from the government soldiers raised their heads, while the Southern Dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen were all established by military regimes. Changes established, Tang Gaozu Li Yuan grandfather for the Western Wei one of the eight pillars, to participate in the Wagang army Li Mi is also Guanlong military aristocracy. This situation to the Tang Dynasty, finally evolved into the "Anshi Rebellion" as the starting point for the continuation of the Northern Song Dynasty clan situation, resulting in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms of the unprecedented division. The hereditary government soldiers have raised a number of difficult to rule the proud soldiers and tough generals.
Solidarity Soldier System
During the period of the Empress Wu, the solidarity soldier system emerged at the local level. system. First practiced in Henan, Hebei Province, and then extended to the Guannei Province, the general idea is to select the Ding household Yin support, body. The general idea is to select the Ding family rich, strong body to fill the unity soldiers, exempt from their levy, usually to practice bow and arrow. To dai zong when more clearly stipulated, spring and summer to agriculture, fall and winter set. The government issued weapons and rations to the soldiers. The government issued weapons and food. The united soldiers were local soldiers, mainly responsible for local security and other affairs.
Militia system
The military system practiced by Wang Anshi in the Song Dynasty when he changed the law. Wang Anshi's law of militia was linked to the system of Baojia. He set up the Baojia law, with ten families as one Bao, and set up a Bao chief. Fifty families were divided into one big bail, and a big bail chief was set up. The five hundred families were to be the first bao, and there was to be the head and deputy of the bao. If a family had two daughters, one of them would be the guardian. At the beginning of the day, a number of people to watch out for thieves. The first is to teach them the art of martial arts, and then to register them as militia.
Recruitment of soldiers
Recruitment of soldiers is also known as the system of hired military service. The most typical example of a conscription system in history. The most typical examples of the military recruitment system in history are the Northern Song Dynasty, the Southern Song Dynasty, as well as the Yuan Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty.
The conscription system of the Song Dynasty, to a large extent, is to make the soldiers have no constant generals, generals have no constant soldiers, the purpose is no longer out of the situation of clans and towns, and in order to prevent the people. People . The purpose was to prevent the people from... In order to prevent the people... resistance, in the places where there were disasters, the victims were recruited as soldiers. However, the recruitment of soldiers greatly increased the burden of the Song government. However, the recruitment of soldiers greatly increased the burden of the Song government, and the recruits were mostly rascals without organization and discipline. Organization and discipline, and disaster victims for soldiers and old and weak without combat effectiveness, it is no wonder why the Northern Song Dynasty foreign wars more negative than winning less. To the Southern Song Dynasty, the situation is even worse, the army. The team seat food and can not fight but also infestation of 100. Surname, officers eat empty as capital business, can be said to be the Chinese . It can be said that this was the worst time in Chinese history. The most lax period in the history of the armed forces.
The situation in the Yuan Dynasty was different. The main force of the Yuan Dynasty was the Mongol and Semyon armies, whose main task was to suppress the Han Chinese. The main task was to suppress the Han. The main task of the Yuan army was to suppress the Han Chinese and Southerners, who were permanently stationed in the big and prosperous cities. The government relied on the brutal exploitation of the people to give them favorable treatment. The government gave them favorable treatment by brutally exploiting the people, and as a result, for decades, they created a situation in which the nobles. As a result, for decades, the noble officers have never seen combat, and it has been written that they "use flying cups as flying cannons, meat formations as military formations, and songs of praise as songs of triumph". When the Red Turbans revolted, the 6,000 tall Azorian troops (composed of the Northwestern ethnic Azorians) were all together. When the Red Turbans revolted, 6,000 tall Azorian soldiers (composed of Azorians from the Northwest Folk) attacked Liu Futong's . Liu Futong's peasant. The result was that before the battle started, the Mongol commanders saw the number of volunteers. The Mongolian commander, seeing the large number of volunteers, fled shouting "Apu, Apu" (run, run).
The situation in the Qing Dynasty was special. The eight banners of Manchuria, which had been soldiers for generations, were given a monthly allowance by the state. The state gave monthly regulations according to the head, like the military household system. But from the beginning of the Kangxi, the flag battalion is no longer mastered by the flag, but the deployment of the Ministry of War, the flag is not all for the soldiers, only to select some of them as a standing army, flat into the training and not production, so I think it should also be categorized into the recruitment of soldiers, and to the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the flag army combat effectiveness declined, the combat is mainly rely on the Han army green. Battalion, then it is completely recruiting. To the late Qing Dynasty, green. Battalion can not fight, for the suppression of the Taiping Army, Zeng Guofan. In order to suppress the Taiping Army, Zeng Guofan created the Xiang Army, based on the self-recruitment of battalion officers, the entire battalion of self-service. The whole army only obeyed the officers. From Zeng Guofan, the first modern warlord in China. This led to the formation of the Xiang Army, which was later followed by Li Hongzhang's Huai Army, the Beiyang Army, and the Nationalist Army, and the Nationalist Army. The People's Republic of China. Party army. The Red Army, in the Chengdu area, was a mercenary army, and the Red Army was a military force in the Chengdu area. The Red Army, at the beginning of its establishment, was reorganized in the Sanwan Reorganization. The Red Army, at the beginning of the Sanwan reorganization, in order to reflect the difference with the old army, an important move was made. In order to differentiate itself from the old army, one of the most important steps taken by the Red Army was the abolition of the hire-agent relationship. The Red Army has been in the process of reorganizing itself in the Sanwan Reorganization.
Guard system
The guard system of the Ming Dynasty was much the same as the military household system of the Yuan Dynasty, and the soldier's registration was also hereditary. The Ming system: 5,600 men as guards. One thousand one hundred and twelve people for the thousand households, one hundred and twelve people for the hundred households. The head of the Shivu, the successive generations that is within the number of its Shivu, the Ming Dynasty is outside. Every one hundred households, there are two general flag, small flag ten people, so *** for one hundred and twelve people. Wei set up all commanders, subordinate to the five military governor's office. There are three kinds of soldiers: the first kind from the draft, is inherent in the founding of the country. The second kind of subordination is the surrender of enemy soldiers. The third kind of banishment, is the criminal law to be punished as a soldier, commonly known as the "army". The conscripts and submissives, of course, served as soldiers for generations, and so did the banished soldiers. After the death of the body, to transfer its heir, the heir is extinct, but also to transfer their relatives to supplement, called "sentence Ding". This is clearly based on the Yuan Dynasty's military registration law, and supplemented. The five military governor's office, mostly with the early Ming dynasty vassal's children and grandchildren, is also imitated the Yuan dynasty officers hereditary system.
Banner green. Battalion system
The Qing Dynasty military system in the early and middle eight banners and green. Battalion. The flag soldiers stationed in the Qing Dynasty, and the Han. People living in separate cities. Han soldiers of the Qing Dynasty, called the Green Banner, also known as the Green . Battalion. Before the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the use of soldiers, is the external conquests to the eight banners, and internal strife to the green. Battalion. Eight banners soldiers in the Guanwai, the fighting force is quite strong, but after entering the Guanwai corrupted. Defeat is also quite fast. Sanfan rebellion, the eight banners soldiers have been insufficient. And to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom period, green. Green Battalion soldiers have also been unable to use. After the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the main force of the Qing army was mainly Xiangjun and Huaijun.
Looking at the ancient military system of China. China's ancient military system, conscription, military households, conscripts appeared one after another, and mixed with each other, in general, the conscription system with the development of the times, more and more unable to meet the needs of the feudal. The system of conscription, in general, with the development of the times, is more and more unable to satisfy the feudal. The system of conscription, in general, was less and less able to satisfy the needs of the feudal state. In general, with the development of the times, the conscription system is less and less able to meet the needs of the feudal state. The military household system, because of the unity of soldiers and farmers, does not require the government to pay for the maintenance of soldiers and is respected more, but he is easy to abolish the bad problems can not be eradicated. Bad problems can not be eradicated; the Northern and Southern Song Dynasty's conscription is the most failed, because of the money spent and can not raise soldiers, the Qing Dynasty's conscription system is relatively successful, the Qing Dynasty, the ordinary people. The Qing Dynasty almost no burden of military service, production development, a large increase in population, however, the recruitment system of the persistent problem of empty pay has been continued from the Qing to the new China. However, the problem of the conscription system continued from the Qing Dynasty to the founding of the new China. The government is also working on the development of a new system of military service.
Other
In addition, the border minority military system and the peasant. The military system of the border minorities and the peasant. The military system of the righteous army is also unique. The military system of the minority ethnic groups is also unique. The minority ethnic groups usually practiced a tribal military system in which the soldiers and the people were united, and started to turn to the Han Chinese when they entered the Han Chinese area in the interior. When they entered the Han. When they entered the Han areas in the hinterland, they began to turn to the Han center. The centralized feudal military system. The transition to the centralized feudal military system of the Han. From the Chen Sheng Wu Guang Uprising. Rebellion to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Rebellion. The Peasants' Revolt. The military system of the. The military system of the rebel army reflected the transition of the peasant. The military system reflected the new class... The military system embodied a new type of class relations within the peasant class. The military system embodies the new class relations within the peasant class and the ideas of "equalizing the rich and the poor" and "equalizing the noble and the lowly".