Painting and calligraphy
Author: Shen kuo
People who collect paintings and calligraphy often take an empty name. Occasionally, it is the pen of Zhong, Wang, Gu and Lu, and those who see it compete for sale. This is called "otology". There are also paintings that you can see and touch with your hands. According to legend, it is said that not hiding color is a good painting, which is called "listening to the sound of bones under the ear". Ouyang Gong tasted an ancient painting peony flowers. There was a cat under the flowers, and its essence was unknown. When the Prime Minister visited Wu Gong and Ou Gong's in-laws, he said, "Peony is also this afternoon. Why is it clear? Its flowers are colorful and dry, and it is also a flower in this day; The cat's eye is black in a line, so is the cat's eye at noon. If there are exposed flowers, the room will be collected and colored. The cat's eye is round in the morning and evening, and it is getting longer and longer. At noon, it is like a line. " This is also good for the ancients.
The Old Wall was painted by Suoguo Temple and written by Gao Yi. There are paintings and people playing music, which is the most thoughtful. Those who are sick and hold the pipa play the next string by mistake, and the word "four" is issued by all. The word "four" on the pipa is on the first string, but this dial is to cover the second string, which is also wrong. I can say there is nothing wrong with it. Cover the pipe with the sound of agitation and the pipa with the sound of plucking. When the cover is plucked for the lower chord, the sound is on the upper chord. Yi's arrangement can still be like this, and his master knows it.
The beauty of calligraphy and painting should be based on god, but it is difficult to ask for it. Most painters in the world can criticize the defects of image, position and color, but as for the Austrian painter, he is rarely seen. For example, Yan Yuan's "Painting Review" said: Wang Wei often does not ask about the four seasons when painting. When painting flowers, he often takes peaches, apricots, hibiscus and lotus flowers as a scene. In the painting "Sleeping in the Snow" collected by Yujia, there are plantains in the snow, which is handy and can be understood. Therefore, it is difficult for laymen to discuss it by absorbing reason and obtaining God's will. Xie: "Although the paintings of the Health Association should not be beautifully prepared, they are full of charm and they are outstanding." There is also a poem in Ou Wenzhong's "Car Map": "Ancient paintings do not draw shapes, and Mei poems have nothing to hide. Few people are complacent and look at paintings without looking at poems. " This is really painting knowledge.
Wang Zhongzhi has seen my paintings, and he especially likes Wang Wei's Huangmei Mountain. He painted Huangmei and Caoxi, all like people. After reading their deeds and their paintings, you can see their people.
The Supplement to National History says: "The guest shows Wang Wei with" According to Music Map ",and Wei says:" This "Nishang" is the third stack and the first shot. "Before the guests come; It is the letter that leads the work and presses the song. " Curious people. When painting and playing music, only one sound can be drawn, while the stone orchestral string uses the word "one". Why is there no such sound in any song? Is it the first shot of the third stack of "Nishang"? Or in the suspected dance festival and his movements, there is no strange sound to test, and it is not like this. There are thirteen stacks of "Song of Nishang", the first six stacks have no beat, and the seventh stack is called stack. Since then, there have been beats and dances. Therefore, Bai Letian's poem says: "The middle sequence is broken at the beginning." The middle sequence is the seventh stack, and the third stack has a beat? But when you say "the third stack is the first shot", you know it's wrong. Or: Someone has seen the painting "Playing the Piano" and said, "This play is also Guangling San." This may be credible. There are several sounds in Guangling San, but none of his songs, such as splashing water, are true. Draw cows and tigers, but horses don't. I tried to ask the painter, and he said, "Horses are capillaries, so they can't draw." Yu Nan said: "The mouse hair is fine, why do you want to draw it?" Work can't be right. When drawing a horse, it is not as big as a full scale, because it is very small, so it is capillary and cannot be drawn; As big as a mouse, you have to draw hair. However, cows and tigers are also big and small, and the reasons should not be obvious. However, cows and tigers have deep hair and horses have shallow hair, so the reasons should be different. Therefore, they are called calves and tigers. Although they painted their hair, they just brushed it off. If things are detailed, turn them into verbosity; It's very vivid, and it's hard for laity to refute it. If you draw a horse as big as an ox or a tiger, you should draw a hair, but if you see a pony without hair, you can't. This mediocrity cannot be justified. In addition, all the pavilions painted on Sung Jae Lee Mountain are painted with cornices, which means looking up from the bottom, just like a person looking at the eaves of the tower from the ground and seeing its purlin. This argument is incorrect. Most landscape methods are covered with a large field of vision, such as a man's view of a rockery. If according to the method of true mountain, only one heavy mountain can be seen from the bottom, then how can you look carefully and you should not see its valley? Another example is a house, you should not see things in the yard and the back alley. If people stand in the east, Shanxi will be far away; People stand in the west and Shandong is far away. How to draw such a picture? Li jungai doesn't know how to see the big picture from the small, but he has his own wonderful reasons for folding high and folding far, so he is citing examples.
The painter painted the Buddha's body with light. It was a big mistake to have a plaque as round as a fan, and the light was on the side. Seeing the carved Buddha's ear in the canal, I don't know that light is always round. There is also a picture of a Buddha, with the light tail backward, called Shunjing, which is also ridiculous. Buddha's light is the light of fruit. Although the wind can't move, how long will the wind shake! In ancient Chinese, the word "Ji" went from one to another, which is consistent with the meaning. China is the king, or Zuo Zuo is itself. Seng Zhao said: "People who know everything and say everything are saints! Confucius said,' Go to school.' People can't do this, they are all self-contained. "Already the whole person.
The plain mountains and rivers painted by Yuan Wailang of Emperor Song are particularly good. His favorite paintings include Wild Goose in Pingsha, Pu Yuan Sailing Home, Sunny Blue Mountain, Autumn Moon in Dongting, Rainy Night in Xiaoxiang, Night Bell in the Smoke Temple and Sunset in Fishing Village, which are collectively called "Eight Scenes". Going to the village to paint well, Di saw him painting mountains and rivers and said, "You paint faithfully, but you are not interested in nature." He used it to cover up his words and said, "It is here that those who often suffer from it are not as good as the ancients." Sandy said, "It's not hard to hear. You should first seek to defeat the wall, put a silk on it, lean on it and look at it every day. Long-term observation, although on the wall, but like mountains and rivers. Have a vision: the highest is the mountain, and the lowest is the water; Ridge is valley, lack is stream; The obvious is close at hand, and the gloomy is far away. God created it on his own initiative, but obviously people, birds, plants and animals are flying around. Writing casually is silent, and the natural environment is natural and not artificial. This is called a living pen. " Use it to draw from here.
Since the ancient prose was changed from official script to official script, the methods were confused, and later it was changed into regular script, with more and more mistakes, which was almost impossible to verify. If words are powerful, no words are heaven. The word "Wu" in the word book is to say, follow and read. This is not heaven. This is a modern fallacy. Even if the seal script of the Han dynasty was not abolished, there were suspicious people. For example, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty called Dong Fangshuo Yun in code: "Come, sir." Yun Jie: "Come, come, also." Press the word ""to follow, and the sound stings. No, never. This is either handed down by later generations, not at that time. For example, "Golden Hair Road" is "Golden Hair Road" and "Fire Circle" is "White Water Ren Zhen", which is a language of * * *. According to the words, the sound is single. From gold, such as,,, all from, not a hair. Goods from shellfish, really from equipment, is not a method, why not backlog. There must be a mistake between the dictionary and this historical record.
Bill Han's poems in the Tang Dynasty were very beautiful. He wrote more than 100 poems, which were collected by the fourth generation of Sun Yi in the Tang Dynasty. In Nan 'an County, Quanzhou, the land is hidden in the sky, and there are many children and grandchildren. I have been to Nan 'an, and I have seen his handwriting. The handwriting is pure and lovely. In the next few years, Yi Que presented it. The counselor joined the army after becoming a loyal minister, and finally became a monk in the temple. In Beijing, I saw the poem "Send the Light Master", which was also inked, and it was no different.
Jiangnan Xu Xuan is a good seal character, reflected in the sun. In the center of the painting, there is a wisp of thick ink, which is in it; As for the bend, there is no edge. It is because the pen tip is straight down and will not fall to one side, so the pen tip is often used when painting, and this pen method is also used. Xuanzi tasted: "Learn the method of plaque in my later years." Xiao Zhuan likes thin and long places, and the method of plaque is impossible without old pens.
"Record of Famous Paintings": "Wu Daozi tasted the Buddha and left a round light. When he was at the conference, he waved to people and passed the rules in the circle, and the audience was amazed. " Painters have their own methods, but leaning their shoulders against the wall and waving their arms naturally follow the rules. Its stroke thickness is naturally consistent, and one finger rejects the wall. This is not surprising. That's not the beauty of Daozi. It's shocking.
During the Jin and Song Dynasties, the ink was mostly mourning and asking for letters from the sick. In Tang Zhenguan, the purchase of past life ink is very strict, not the loss of books. All into the government. What was put in the scholar-bureaucrat's house was not taken by the court that day, so it has been passed down to this day.
Carp is called carp because it has a row of 36 scales with black characters on it, like a cross. Wen cong fish, inside, 360 also. However, the minefield method takes 300 steps as a mile. Afraid of the four generations of laws, there are those who don't attack each other.
At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xu Xi, who was clothed in cloth in the south of the Yangtze River, and Huang Quan, a pseudo-Shu Hanlin, were both famous for their good paintings, especially those on flowers and bamboo. Ping Shu, Huang, his second son Jubao, Jushi and his younger brother Wei Liang were all transferred to the Hanlin Painting Academy, and they became famous for a while. Later, Pinghe and Xu Xi in the south of the Yangtze River went to the capital and sent them to the Painting Academy to taste their paintings. The beauty of yellow flower is that it is colored, and the pen is extremely new and thin, and almost no ink can be seen, but it is dyed into a light color. This is called sketching. Xu Xi's brushwork with ink and pen is sloppy, but he dabbled in Danfen, which is impressive and meaningful. If you hate it, you will say that its paintings are rough and evil. "Son of Xi" is an example of yellow, not to mention the use of pen and ink, and it is also called "boneless painting" with color painting. The work is not harmonious with yellow and cannot be flawed, so the dental products are obtained. However, its charm is far less than that of Xi.
Yu Liao loves learning books, saying: "Although the charm of books is in the heart, testimonies must be used to give lectures. Often suffering from the words of the world, inseparable. When two words, three words and four phrases are combined into one word, these words must be separable. If the number of strokes is similar, the size must stop. The so-called similar strokes, such as the word'', is a combination of four words, so that the words'',' wood',' several' and' you' must be equal in size. For example, the word ""is a combination of two characters. When both "Shang" and "Xiao" are used, the length of big is equal. You can't force the strokes to stop if they are far apart. If you are widowed, you will get angry; If you are few on the right, you have to be angry. If it is from the mouth or from the gold, the amount is different, that is,' take the top gas;' The gas of the flower bottom. If there are different words from, from, from the mouth and from the stomach, then' uncle' should be taken down and' and' should be taken up. Wait, we must know and say, "When you hold a pen, you always put your thoughts in front of it." The ancients were good at law.
Of Wang Xizhi's books, the only one that was passed down in the old times was "On Music and Yi", which was written by relatives of Xihe with stones, and the others were passed down on paper. Emperor Taizong collected the ink of the two kings, but the stone version of Le Yi Lun followed Emperor Taizong into Zhaoling. Zhu, Yaozhou, our ambassador, Wen Taofa got it from Zhaoling and passed it on to the world. Or: the princess changed with a fake one, and Yuan never went into the cave again. This dynasty entered the bachelor's home of Gao Shen. Among the emperors, Gao Anshi, the son of the gentry, is the master book of Qiantang. See you later. The stone has been broken, and finally there is a word "sea" that is unique. Ten years after his family, Anshi was in Suzhou, and the stone was broken into several pieces and tied with iron. When I died peacefully, I didn't know where the stone was. Or cloud: a wealthy family in Suzhou got it. Never seen it either. Today's Le Yi Lun is copied, and the strokes are not as clear as before. Xihe small letters are almost unique here. A suicide note or something is incomparable.
According to Shaanxi Province, the king gathered all the best artists to paint the walls of Shousheng Temple, which was a wonderful moment. 18 painters were killed, all of which were buried in the west wing of the temple, so there would be no such pen in the world. That was not the case. Up to now, there are more than ten walls along the corridor, among which the west corridor "welcoming relics" and the east courtyard "Buddha's mother wall" are the most wonderful, and the gods and colors are flying. There are "Guimu" and "Thin Buddha", and the others are not very good.
When Jiangnan was in power, Beiyuan made Dong Yuan good at painting, especially the prospect of autumn haze, and wrote more about the real mountains in Jiangnan, which was not a strange pen. Later, the methods of Ju Ran monk and Zu Shuyuan in Jianye were wonderful. Both Dayuan and Ju Ran's Brush should be viewed from a distance. His pen is careless, nearsighted and has few objects; From a distance, the scenery is abrupt, and the feelings are far away, such as seeing a foreign land. Such as the source painting "Falling Flowers", myopia is reactive; Looking at the village from a distance, you can see that it is a night scene; At the top of the far peak, there is a reflective color. This beauty is also.
Classical Chinese translation:
People who collect paintings and calligraphy often only pay attention to the reputation of painters. Occasionally there are rumors that a work was written by Zhong, Wang, Gu and Lu, and everyone will rush to buy it when they see it. This is the so-called "ear knowledge". Others looked at the painting and rubbed it with their hands. According to legend, it is considered that the canvas is a good painting without wiping your fingers, which is called "listening to sound with bones" under the "ear guide"
Ouyang Xiu once got an ancient painting of peony flowers with a cat under it. Ouyang Xiu doesn't know whether this painting is good or bad. Prime Minister Wu Yu and Ouyang Xiu are in-laws. As soon as they saw the picture, they said, "This picture is a peony at noon. How did you know? The flowers are completely open, the petals are scattered and the colors are dry. This is the flower at noon. The black pupil of the cat's eye is like a line, which is the cat's eye at noon. If it is a flower with dew in the morning, it should be a closed corolla with bright colors. Cats' pupils are round in the morning and evening. The closer to noon, the narrower it is, and it will be as thin as a line by noon. " This is a brush stroke that is good at studying and pondering ancient paintings.
The old murals in Jokhang Temple are original works of Gaoyi. There is a mural on the wall, which is the most meaningful place for musicians to play music. Most people who look at the painting will think that the pipa player in the painting dialed the lower chord by mistake, because all wind instruments are pronouncing the word "four", and the word "four" on the pipa should be on the upper chord. In this painting, the plucked piece held by a person covers the lower chord and is wrongly drawn. I don't think it's wrong, because wind instruments sound when the fingers are lifted according to the holes, while pipa sounds when the strings are crossed. The plectrum in this painting covers the lower chord (indicating that it has just crossed the upper chord), so the sounding chord should be the upper chord. Gao Yi's painting layout can still be like this, which can infer his originality.
The mystery of calligraphy and painting works should be understood from the artistic conception, and it is difficult to seek only from the similarity of traces. Most people who look at paintings in the world can only criticize the flaws in the image of things, the location of equipment and the use of colors. As for those who can truly understand the profound artistic conception and philosophy of excellent paintings, it is rare. For example, Zhang Yanyuan's Painting Review said: "Wang Wei paints landscapes regardless of seasons, such as flowers, and often paints peaches, apricots, hibiscus and lotus flowers that bloom in different seasons on the same landscape map." My family's collection of painting "Yuan An Sleeps in Snow", a banana in the snow, is a handy creation, which can be painted everywhere, so it can get a good impression. It's hard to argue with ordinary people. Sheikh said: "Although the paintings of the Health Association can't describe the external image of things completely subtly and realistically, they have vivid air and charm, and the paintings surpass famous artists and are unprecedented works." Ouyang Wenzhong's "Cart Poetry" also said: "Ancient paintings do not draw shapes, and Mei poetry has nothing to hide. Few people are complacent and look at paintings without looking at poems. " These are all remarks that really understand the mystery of painting.
Wang Zhongzhi likes my family's Tibetan paintings, and he likes Wang Wei's Huangmei Mountain best. This is because the painted Huangmei and Cao are as charming and restrained as their people. After reading the deeds in their biographies and Wang Wei's paintings, we can imagine their true images.
The painter painted the light of the Buddha's body, sometimes it was flat and fan-shaped. If the Buddha turns sideways and the light turns sideways, it is all wet. They probably only saw the carved Buddha statue, but they didn't know that the round light was fixed. Some people draw a walking Buddha and drag its luminous tail behind it, which is called "following the scenery", which is also wrong. The light of Buddha is the light that has been cultivated into some kind of fruit. Even if you encounter a robbery that can destroy everything, you will not waver. Where is the ordinary wind that can blow?
Song Di, the foreign minister, is meticulous in painting, especially good at Hirayama and Shui Yuan. His favorite works include Wild Goose in Pingsha, Sailing Home from Pufan, Yangshan, Wind and Snow in Jiangtian, Autumn Moon in Dongting, Night Rain in Xiaoxiang, Night Bell in Rock Temple, Sunset in Fishing Village, etc. They are called "Eight Scenes", and most of the people who like them are circulated. A few years ago, Chen Yongzhi of Xiaoyao Village was good at painting. Song Di saw his landscape paintings and said to him, "Your paintings are really exquisite, but they lack natural interest." I deeply admired his words and said, "I often worry that my paintings are not as good as those of the ancients, which is why." Song Di said, "It's not hard to do. You can first find a dilapidated wall, stick a large white silk canvas against it, then lean against the ruins and watch the projection of the ruins on the canvas at sunrise and sunset in the morning and evening. After looking at it for a long time, you can see the upper part of the ruins through the canvas. Gao Diping is concave and tortuous, and it can become a landscape. Concentrate on thinking: the top of the broken wall is a mountain, and the bottom is water; The depression is a valley, and the gap is a mountain stream; The obvious place is the close shot, and the vague place is the distant view. God knows, and suddenly I found that the broken wall was full of people, flying animals and plants everywhere, completely lifelike. Therefore, writing at will and silently drawing an image of understanding, the artistic conception in natural painting is natural, unlike artificial creation, which is called' living pen'. " Since then, the painting style has been continuously improved.
Xu Xuan is good at Xiao Zhuan calligraphy in Southern Tang Dynasty. When he looks at his Xiao Zhuan works in the sun, there is a thick ink in the center of each stroke, right in the middle of the strokes. As for the twists and turns of the strokes, this thick ink is also in the middle, and there is no bias to both sides of the strokes. This is because the nib is straight, neither backward nor oblique, so the nib is often in the middle of the stroke. This is the authentic stroke of Xiao Zhuan calligraphy. Xu Xuan once claimed that "it was not until his later years that he figured out the method of plaque." All baby seals generally like to be thin and long; Compromise with crooked flat pen is beyond the reach of experienced calligraphers.
The Record of Famous Paintings says: "Wu Daozi once painted a Buddha statue, leaving a circle of Buddha light unpainted. He raised his hand and waved it in front of thousands of people when the ceremony was held. The Buddha's light is as round as a compass, and everyone is amazed. " Painters have their own methods of drawing circles, as long as they put their shoulders close to the wall and stretch their arms as far as possible. Nature is like drawing a circle with compasses. The painter's method of controlling the thickness of strokes is to keep a distance with one finger of the hand holding the pen close to the wall as the standard, and the drawn lines are naturally uniform in thickness. None of this is surprising. The beauty of Wu Daozi's paintings lies not in these places, but only in stunning layman's eyes.
The existing calligraphy works of figures in the Jin, Liu and Song Dynasties are mostly letters asking about funeral. During the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, the measures to search for original calligraphy of former students were very strict. As long as it's not a letter asking for condolences, it's all going to the Forbidden City. The things collected by the literati today were not collected by the imperial court at that time, so they can be passed down to the present.
At the beginning of this dynasty, Chu Shi Xu Xi in Jiangnan and Hanlin Huangquan in Houshu were both famous for being good at painting, especially flowers and bamboo. After Shu was pacified, Huang Quan, his philosopher and his younger brother Wei Liang entered the Song Dynasty and were transferred to the Hanlin Painting Academy, where they were good at painting. Since then, Jiangnan was pacified, and Xu Xi was recruited to the capital and sent to the Painting Academy. Comment on their painting style, Huang and his son paint flowers, and the beauty lies in coloring. The pen is so bright and meticulous that you can hardly see the ink. They only dyed it in a faint color. They call themselves "sketching"; When Xu Xi painted flowers, he used ink, which was particularly scrawled. Then he painted them with a little color to make them look very different and have a vivid charm. Yellow envy Xu Xi to surpass himself, saying that Xu Xi's paintings are crude and clumsy, so he expelled Xu Xi from the painting academy and waited for a letter. So Xu Xizhi's son imitated Huang Zhu's painting style, not to mention pen and ink, but directly used color to paint, saying that this painting was "boneless painting", which was as fine as Huang Zhu's, and others could no longer criticize its defects, so he was included in the works imported by the Academy. However, the so-called "boneless painting" is far less attractive than Xu Xi's works.
My nephew Shen Liao likes learning calligraphy. He once said: "Although the charm of calligraphy can only be understood through understanding, the composition can only be learned through talking. The common writing problem in the world is that the parts of compound words are arranged in disorder. A word consists of two words or three or four words, and this word should be detachable; If the number of strokes is similar, let them be symmetrical in size. The so-called similar strokes, such as'', means that four words are combined into one word, and the sizes of'',' wood',' several' and' you' should be unified; Another example is the word'', which is a combination of two words. The sizes of "up" and "down" should be the same. If the number of strokes is very different, it should not be even. Those with fewer strokes on the left should be collected above, and those with fewer strokes on the right should be collected below. For example, from' mouth' to' gold', the number of strokes is different, that is, the word' up' is combined and the word' down' is combined; For example, from' you' and from' mouth' to' stomach', all three words are combined into one word, and the strokes on both sides are different, so the word' uncle' should be combined below, and the word' and' should be combined above. Wait, you have to know. He also said, "When you are writing, you should always think about the writing method of each stroke form in your mind before you put pen to paper. This is a good way for the ancients to practice calligraphy. "
Wang Hee-ji Wang Wang Xizhi's calligraphy works, in ancient times, it is said that only "Le Yi Lun" was written by Wang Xizhi, and the others were circulated on paper or silk. Emperor Taizong collected the Mo Bao of Wang Xizhi's father and son, and only the stone carvings of Lun were left. Later, Taizong died and was buried in Zhaoling. When Zhu was in the back of Liang Dynasty, our ambassador in Yaozhou stole Zhaoling and got the stone carving of Lun, which made it famous all over the world. It is also said that this stone carving was replaced by a forged stone carving when Princess Taizong was buried with her, and the real stone carving was never buried in the ground. This stone carving entered the bachelor's home of the current senior staff. When the emperor was in power, Gao Anshi, the son of Gao Shen, was the master book of Qiantang. I saw the stone carvings of Lun in his home. At this time, the stone carving has been damaged and incomplete, and there is only one word "sea" left at the end of the text. Ten years later, the Gaoan family was in Suzhou, and the stone carving was broken into several pieces and tied together with iron hoops. Later, he died in the afterlife, and the stone carving is unknown. Or the stone carving was thrown into a rich man's house in Suzhou, but no one saw it again. The book Le Yi Lun, which is now circulating, is a copy of stone carvings, and its strokes are not as fresh as those of previous stone carvings. Xi zhi's lower case works have probably disappeared here. As for "classics" and so on, it can't be compared with this work.
During the reign of Jiangnan, Beiyuan made Dong Yuan good at painting, especially "Misty Clouds and Autumn Colors", which depicts the real southern mountains and rivers rather than the strange and steep brushwork. Later, Jianye and Ju Ran, a monk, inherited Dong Yuan's painting method, and they both reached a superb level. Generally speaking, Dong Yuan and Ju Ran's ink paintings should be viewed from a distance. Their brushwork is so sloppy that it hardly looks like the image of an object at close range. From a distance, the scenery suddenly appeared, giving people the feeling of witnessing the wonders of the scenic spot. For example, Dong Yuan's "Falling Painting" shows no effort at all, but looks from a distance. The village is deep and far away, and it is the dusk scene of the distant mountain when the sun goes down. The distant peaks have the afterglow of the sunset, which is the wonder in his paintings.
Chinese Translation and Translation of Classical Chinese