Among them, the Amazon Plain is the largest plain in the world. S?o Paulo is the largest city in the southern hemisphere.
Most of the area has a tropical climate, and some parts of the south have a subtropical climate. The average annual temperature is 25 to 27 degrees in the Amazon Plain and 16 to 19 degrees in the south.
Demographic Profile
The Atlantic coast is densely populated, while the interior is sparsely populated.
Brazil's population of 186,957,906 (June 2, 2008) is the 5th largest in the world. The Southeast Region is the most populous region in Brazil, with a population of more than 78 million according to IBGE 2004 data, equivalent to 42% of the total Brazilian population. The region is home to Brazil's three most populous states (S?o Paulo with 70 million people, MG with 19 million, and Rio with 15 million) and two largest cities (Rio and S?o Paulo). The commercial zone anchored by S?o Paulo and Rio is formed at the border between S?o Paulo and Rio, and the region gathers about 23% of the Brazilian population, making it the most densely populated region in the country.
Ethnicity and Immigration
Brazil has significant racial and cultural differences. The inhabitants of the south are mostly of European origin and can be traced back to immigrants from Italy, Germany, Poland, Spain, Ukraine and Portugal at the beginning of the 19th century. The inhabitants of the north and northeast are partly indigenous and partly of European or African origin. The Southeast is the region with the widest distribution of Brazilian ethnicity, with a predominantly white (mainly of Portuguese and Italian descent) mixed race, Afro-Brazilian mixed race, and Asian and Indian descendants.
Thus throughout Brazil, Brazilians, Portuguese and Africans began to mix frequently. The Indians who previously inhabited the area had cultural characteristics that were evident in the region, such as black and white mixed colors were considered peaceful by the Portuguese and began to love the Mare people, which later caused a catastrophe when they began to attack and destroy villages on the interior. In 1532, since the establishment of SAO VICENTE, the Portuguese began to come to the area as colonizers. Due to the development of the mining industry in the 18th century, the Portuguese kings of the states began to come here in droves, and with them came slaves from Angola and Mina in Africa, who belonged to the African indigenous people. From the first year of colonization, the proportion of blacks began to grow tremendously.
In the 19th century, the immigratization of Asia and Europe began to be stimulated by the arrival of Germans in 1818, Italians in 1875, Spaniards in 1880, and Japanese, Syrians and Lebanese at the beginning of the 20th century.At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, in the Southeast, the most immense migratory currents in Brazil took place, and the Italians and the The Portuguese were the main component of this migration, as the emancipation of the slaves began at that time, and there was a great need for labor on the plantations and in the newly emerging Brazilian industry.
There have been several major waves of immigration in Brazil's history, with more than 4.97 million immigrants moving to the country between 1884 and 1962, mainly from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Poland, and Arab countries. Most of the yellow people came from Japan, Korea and China. There are 1.3 million Japanese and 250,000 Chinese in Brazil, mainly in S?o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.
Racial Composition of the Brazilian Population
The racial composition of the Brazilian population is complex for historical reasons. In Brazil, people of different races and colors live together to form a colorful picture. Indians were the earliest inhabitants of Brazil. since the 16th century, immigrants from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany and other European countries entered the country. With the rise of Brazilian plantations and the exploitation of mines, from 1532, Portugal began to traffic large numbers of black slaves from Africa to Brazil. By 1822, before Brazil's independence, blacks accounted for 60% of the country's population. after the 19th century, a number of Chinese and Japanese immigrated to Brazil.
History and Politics
History
Ancient Brazil was inhabited by the Indians, and on April 22, 1500, the Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral arrived in Brazil. Pedro Cabral, a Portuguese navigator, arrived in Brazil on April 22, 1500. He named the land "Holy Cross" and declared it Portuguese. As the Portuguese colonial plunder began with the logging of Brazilian mahogany, the word "mahogany" (Brasil) gradually replaced the "Holy Cross" as the name of the country of Brazil, and is still in use today, where the phonetic translation is "Brazil". "In the 16th century, Portugal sent an expedition to establish a colony in Brazil in the 30s, and appointed a governor in 1549. 1807 Napoleon invaded Portugal, and the Portuguese royal family moved to Brazil. 1820, the Portuguese royal family moved back to Lisbon, and Prince Pedro stayed in Brazil as the regent. 1822, September 7, declared complete independence from Portugal, and established the Brazilian empire. 1889 November 15, General Fonseca staged a coup d'etat against Portugal. On November 15, 1889, General Fonseca staged a coup d'état to overthrow the empire and establish the United States of Brazil. 1964, the Brazilian military coup d'état came to power, and in 1967 the name of the country was changed to the Federative State of Brazil*** and the State. 1985, the military government returned the political power to the people in March. 1989, November 15, 1989, the Brazilian military coup d'état held its first direct election in nearly 30 years, and Fernando Collor was elected president. 1992, the military government returned the political power to the people. On December 29, 1992, President Collor was forced to announce his resignation on suspicion of bribery, and Vice President Itamar Franco took over the presidency on the same day. On October 3, 1994, Fernando Enrique Franco was elected president. On October 3, 1994, Fernando Enrique Cardoso was elected President of the Republic. Cardoso won the national election, January 1, 1995 inaugurated as the 38th President of Brazil. October 4, 1998, Cardoso was re-elected. January 1, 1999, the card was inaugurated as the 39th President of Brazil, the term of office until December 31, 2002.
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva ran for president for the fourth time in October 2002 and won, being elected the 40th President of Brazil, taking office on January 1, 2003, for a four-year term. He was the first worker-born president in Brazil's history, and was re-elected in October 2006, and formally sworn in on January 1, 2007, becoming the second president in Brazil's history to be re-elected in a direct election.
Brazil was once ruled by Portugal, with Portuguese as the official language. However, the Portuguese language in Brazil is heavily influenced by Indian and African languages, and even some place names, plant and animal names, are along the African dialect. Therefore, Portuguese dictionaries don't work very well in Brazil, where the Portuguese language is already very different from where it originated. Brazilians usually understand basic Spanish, and as for English, it is less common.
Flag
The Brazilian flag is a green rectangle with a yellow lozenge in the center and a dark blue circle in the center of the lozenge. In the circle is the celestial sphere with a white ribbon with the words "Order and Progress" in Portuguese. On the celestial sphere are five white stars, symbolizing the country's 26 administrative regions. The national colors of Brazil are green, which symbolizes the forest, and yellow, which symbolizes minerals and resources.
National Coat of Arms
A large five-pointed star protrudes from the center of the design, symbolizing the country's independence and unity. Inside the large pentagram there are five small pentagrams on a blue circle, representing the Southern Cross constellation, and 22 small pentagrams in a circle, representing the Brazilian states and the Federal District. A wreath of flowers woven from coffee and tobacco leaves surrounds the large pentagram, behind which stands a sword with its hilt at the lower end of the pentagram. On the ribbon is written in Portuguese the words "Federación ****empleo de Brasil" and "November 15, 1889" the coat of arms of the Brazilian State (the day of the foundation of the ****empleo).
The national flower is the hairy crabapple.
National Anthem: Hino Nacional Brasileiro
The first national anthem of independent Brazil was composed by the musically talented Pedro I himself. On September 7, 1822, the day Brazilian independence was proclaimed, he composed the song "O Patria, O Emperador, O Pueblo" and personally sang it at a patriotic rally in S?o Paulo that night, accompanied by a chorus, and it became Brazil's first national anthem. After the abdication of Pedro I, the famous musician Francisco da Silva, founder of the National Conservatory of Music in Rio de Janeiro, composed a song that later became the first national anthem of Brazil. After the abdication of Pedro I, the famous musician Francisco da Silva, founder of the National Conservatory of Music in Rio de Janeiro, composed a song that later became the national anthem of Brazil. In 1909, the famous poet Oriso Duke Estrada rewrote the lyrics. In 1909, the famous poet Oriso Duke Estrada rewrote the lyrics, which were examined by a committee of experts and made the national anthem of Brazil in 1922. The national anthem "Hear the Cry of Ipiranga" recalls Pedro I's cry of "Independence or Death!" on September 7, 1822, on the banks of the Ipiranga River outside S?o Paulo. It celebrates the independence of the motherland and is filled with the love and affection of the Brazilian people for their country.
Brazil's Currency--RealBrazil's economic strength ranks first in Latin America. 1992 Brazil's GDP 430.5 billion U.S. dollars. July 1, 1994, the abolition of the original name of the currency Crucialo Real (abolition of the U.S. dollar to 2,750 Crucialo Real), and at the same time, named the new name of the currency for the Real （On April 5, 2009, the exchange rate was R$2.2095 to US$1. In 2008, the GDP was US$1,665 billion, making it the world's 10th largest economic powerhouse, and only US$18 billion short of Spain, which was ranked ninth.
Brazil is rich in mineral resources, with proven reserves of 65 billion tons of iron ore, and the world's second-largest in terms of production and exports. Uranium ore, bauxite and manganese ore reserves rank third in the world. There are also rich chromite, nickel and gold ores. Coal reserves are 23 billion tons, but of low grade. Oil reserves are about 3.6 billion barrels, with another 1.5 billion barrels of oil shale, and 133 billion cubic meters of natural gas. Water resources are abundant. Forest cover is 52.2%. Industry ranks first in Latin America, and a relatively complete industrial system was built in the 1970s, with major industrial sectors such as iron and steel, automobiles, shipbuilding, petroleum, cement, chemical industry, metallurgy, electric power, textiles, construction, etc. Nuclear power, communications, electronics, airplanes, etc. are all part of the industry. Nuclear power, communications, electronics, aircraft manufacturing, military industry has crossed into the ranks of the world's advanced countries.
Coffee, sugar, citrus production in the world's first, cocoa, soybeans for the second, corn in the third. Food is basically self-sufficient, but need to import a small portion of wheat. Animal husbandry is well developed.
The main tourist attractions are Rio de Janeiro, S?o Paulo, Salvador's churches and ancient buildings, Brasilia, Iguazu Falls, Itaipu hydroelectric power plant, Manaus Freeport, Black Gold City, Paraná Stone Forest and so on.
(Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant was built jointly by Brazil and Paraguay.)
Brazil's road transportation accounts for 70% of the country's total transportation, railroads account for 17%, and less than 10% of waterways. The total length of roads is 1.5 million kilometers, and the total length of railroads is 30,300 kilometers. The main ports are Victoria, Sandos, Rio de Janeiro and so on. There are 3 airlines in the country.
The main trade objects are the United States, Europe **** body, Japan, the Middle East and Latin American neighbors. The main imports of petroleum, chemical raw materials, optical instruments, wheat and so on. Exports of steel, transportation equipment, iron ore, pulp, shoes, coffee, sugar, soybeans, orange juice and so on.
Brazil is globally renowned for its high quality coffee and strong flavor, and is the world's largest coffee producer and exporter, known as the "Kingdom of Coffee". Coffee is native to Ethiopia in Africa and was introduced to Brazil in 1727. Brazil is located in the southeast of South America, located in the tropics and subtropics, unique geographic and climatic conditions are very suitable for growing coffee, coupled with cheap labor, coffee planting industry quickly emerged. 19th century, Brazil's coffee planting almost all over the country, and then formed a nearly a century-long period of "coffee boom". Coffee planted on a large scale, bringing wealth and prosperity to Brazil. in the early 20th century, Brazil's coffee production accounted for more than 75% of the world's total output, thus winning the "coffee kingdom" of the name. Coffee is one of the important pillars of Brazil's national economy. There are 500,000 large and small coffee plantations in the country, with a planting area of about 2.2 million hectares and a working population of more than 6 million people, with an annual output of about 2 million tons of coffee and an annual export of nearly 2 billion U.S. dollars. In recent years, due to changes in the export structure and the downturn in the international coffee market, Brazil's coffee production and exports have declined. Brazilians love coffee, and in the 1960s, the annual per capita consumption of coffee in Brazil reached 5.8 kilograms. In the past two decades, with the emergence of other beverages, Brazil's per capita coffee consumption still exceeds 3 kilograms. In Brazil, whether in the city or in the countryside, all kinds of coffee houses can be found everywhere. People can drink rich and aromatic hot coffee almost anytime, anywhere.
Capital: Brasília
Brasília is located in the center of the Brazilian plateau, and its climate is divided into wet and dry seasons, with the wet season running from September to April, and the dry season running from May to August each year. The wet and dry seasons are distinct, and the temperature difference between morning and evening is also large, with an average annual temperature of 19 degrees. The population is 2.1 million.
Brasilia was built in the late 1950s on a plateau more than 1,000 meters above sea level in the state of Goiás, in the interior of Brazil, and in 1960 the capital was officially moved from the old capital of Rio de Janeiro.
In order to develop a large area in the north and to have a balanced development between the interior and the coast, the capital was moved from Rio de Janeiro on the Atlantic coast to Brasilia in the middle of the Brazilian plateau in 1956. The builders designed a modern city with unique architecture and a beautiful environment, taking into account the high terrain and cool, pleasant climate. The designers also cleverly dammed and broke the flow of two small streams flowing through Brasilia to form an artificial lake with an area of 46 square kilometers surrounding the city, which was used to regulate the humidity of the city's air. It took only about three years for Brasilia, the green garden city, to miraculously appear in the original desolate red soil plateau.
Brasília is the shortest city in South America, and on December 17, 1987, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) recognized the city as a World Heritage Site.
The city was built according to the "airplane-shaped master plan" of the famous Brazilian architect Lucio Cospe. An artificial lake was created by damming the river, and the entire city resembles a jumbo jet airplane with its head held high, symbolizing that Brazil is flying with the sunrise.
"Nose" for the three powers of the Square, that is, the Parliament, the courts and the seat of the Presidential Palace; fuselage is a 8-kilometer-long, 250-wide east-west main boulevard, in which the "front compartment" of the government ministries Plaza, arranged on both sides of the ministries of office buildings, "rear compartment", "the rear compartment", "the rear compartment", "the rear compartment". The "rear compartment" is the cultural and educational district, sports city, the National Theater, the television tower and other buildings; "tail" is the industrial zone for the capital; "wing" is along the artificial lake spread the overpass and residential neighborhoods. The "wings" are the interchanges and residential neighborhoods along the artificial lake. The Plaza de los Tres Direitos is the centerpiece of the Brazilian capital. Its parliamentary building consists of two side-by-side 28-story building, there is an aisle connected, in the shape of "H", is the first letter of the Portuguese "people", which means "all for the sake of the people" of the legislative purpose.
The platform on both sides of the building there are two giant bowl-type peculiar building, the right side of the House of Representatives building is a side of the sky "bowl", symbolizing the "wide acceptance of public opinion"; the left side of the Senate building is an inverted "large bowl On the left side of the Senate building is an inverted "big bowl", symbolizing the "concentration of public opinion". The lower side of the "bowl" is the two chambers meeting hall, as well as restaurants, stores, garages and other ancillary buildings.
Main tourist attractions in Brasilia:
1) Square of Three Powers: one of the landmarks of Brazil, and one of the must-see attractions of Brazilian tourism. The square is surrounded by the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate, the National Court of Justice, the Presidential Palace, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the National Monument of National Independence, the Monument to the Workers and many other buildings. The biweekly flag raising and lowering ceremony also attracts many tourists.
2) Presidential Memorial: Located in the middle of the "airplane", the statue of President JK faces the Parliament building, where the casket of the President is displayed, as well as a variety of historical artifacts from the construction period of Brasilia.
3) Brasilia Cathedral: The church is a hyperbolic and transparent building, with a giant statue of an angel hanging on the inner roof. Here the Head of State often holds major events and Pope Pedro II preached here during his visit to Brazil.
The first big city: S?o Paulo Overview (S?o Paulo)
S?o Paulo is the largest city in South America, founded in 1554, is also the largest city in Brazil and South America, S?o Paulo state capital, located in the southeast of the state. With an altitude of 760 meters above sea level, it covers an area of more than 1,500 square kilometers, three times the size of Paris, and has a population of more than 16 million. S?o Paulo has a pleasant climate, with little change in climate and temperature throughout the year, and a large difference in temperature between morning and evening
, which is said to be "a year without four seasons, and a day with four seasons". Brazilian seasons and domestic opposite, December to February each year is the summer of S?o Paulo, rainy, but the highest temperature is about 30 degrees; June to August each year is the winter of S?o Paulo, the average temperature of 16-20 degrees above and below;
S?o Paulo is the country's largest industrial center, financial center, cultural center. It is the largest industrial center, financial center, and cultural center in the country, where about half of the country's industrial production is concentrated, and where about half of the country's industrial output is produced, and where 3/5 of the country's 500 largest companies are headquartered. S?o Paulo has 3,000 financial institutions and more than 1,300 banks, and Santos is the world's largest coffee export port. It is also home to dozens of institutions of higher learning, including the prestigious University of S?o Paulo and the University of Medicine, six television stations and more than 270 newspapers and magazines, and the National Library, which has a collection of millions of books. S?o Paulo generates more wealth each year than the annual GNP of one quarter of the world's countries.
S?o Paulo is a modern city that has been changing and renewing itself at a dizzying pace for over 400 years. Numerous overpasses, several subway lines, the ring highway and helicopter companies make it easy to get around. S?o Paulo's commercial district is centered around Paulista Street and the Pra?a de República. It sells handicrafts, precious stones and antiques. In Liberdade, you can find Chinese signs, Chinese restaurants and stores selling Chinese goods.
Main tourist attractions in S?o Paulo:
1. Catedral Metropolitana: The largest church in South America, inaugurated in 1954, is a towering Gothic structure, surrounded by a pedestrian plaza, one of the shopping areas.
2. Ibirapuera Park: Located in the southern suburbs of S?o Paulo, covers an area of 1.6 million square meters, there are artificial lakes, group sculptures, many museums, is one of the world's famous large parks.
3. Oriental Street (Liberdade): many Japanese, Chinese and Korean expatriates live in the area, which has a distinctive oriental cultural atmosphere, there are many Chinese-run restaurants, stores and travel agencies.
Second largest city: Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro is Brazil's second largest city, the country's largest seaport, and the national commercial and financial center. Rio de Janeiro has some of the most beautiful beaches in the world and is the largest tourist center in Brazil.
Located in the southeastern part of the Brazilian territory, in the north into the Guanabara Bay on the west coast, there is a 14-kilometer-long cross-bay highway bridge and the east coast of the city of Niteroi connected to the January 1502, Portuguese colonizers came to the Bay, mistakenly thought that this is a large river into the sea, casually named the "River of January," the translation of the word is the Christ like "Rio de Janeiro".
Half a century later the foundations of the city were laid and the name was given to it. After more than 400 years of development, Rio de Janeiro has become a megacity and financial center for industry and commerce, second only to S?o Paulo, the largest foreign trade port alongside Santos, and home to some of Brazil's most renowned museums, the largest library in Latin America, the world's largest soccer stadium, and the country's largest parks and botanical gardens.
The two bread-like peaks (the Ocuca Hills) towering over the southern mouth of Guanabara Bay are the symbols of Rio de Janeiro. Take the cable car to the top of the mountain at an altitude of 395 meters, and look out over the beautiful city of Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Bay sparkling, white sails; the beach stretches along the shore of the bay, silver sand dazzling, like ants, parasols such as flowers in full bloom; wide promenade stretching out to the end of the invisible, the car shuttle endless, facing the sea and the dense cluster of modern buildings......
Many of the world's Christian countries have Carnival, but in terms of the scale of the large number of participants, the content of the rich, the atmosphere of the warmth, to be the first to Brazil, and in the Brazilian cities, and counting Rio de Janeiro for the most. Every year in mid- to late February, the Brazilian nation celebrates three days and three nights. At that time, the streets and alleys of Rio de Janeiro lights, colorful flags flying, everywhere Phi a holiday dress. People out of the city, like a tidal wave on the streets, men and women, young and old, all heavily made-up, enjoy twisting waist, waving their hands, jumping samba. As if to put a year in the heart of the pent-up worries and hard work all vented out. Various music, dance, theater performances and competitions are held. Grand make-up parade Ba Festival celebrations to a climax, large colorful car clustered around the elected "King", "Queen" leading the way, the vast procession, the devil, angels, beautiful women, demon fairy, warriors, dignitaries, noblemen, black slaves and other kinds of Strange dress dazzling, dazzling; the audience applauded for their favorite characters, throwing flowers and ribbons. The annual Carnival shows the passionate and exuberant national character of Brazilians.
Major tourist attractions in Rio de Janeiro:
1) Jesus Hill (Cordoba Hill), named for the 38-meter-high, 1,200-ton statue of Jesus built on the top of the hill, which has become a symbol of the Brazilian nation.
2) Rio beaches: the beaches, which stretch for dozens of kilometers from north to south, have become one of the most sought-after destinations for tourists from all over the world, with Copacapana and Ipanema being the most famous.