1. jujube patch (jujube juice {(another name is Chihuo Zaoyang}))
Also known as jujube inchworm, it is the "number one enemy" that harms jujube trees. Larvae harm buds, young leaves and flower buds, spin silk and hinder leaf extension. In severe cases, all the leaves can be eaten up, and at the same time, it also harms a large number of crops such as apples, pears, peaches, potatoes and peppers. Jujube Buqu began to emerge in mid-March, and when jujube buds germinated, larvae began to hatch and endanger jujube buds. Its main biological characteristics are:
1. Every year, pupae are concentrated in the surface soil around the root neck of jujube trees for wintering;
2. The adult is hermaphrodite, and the wingless female moth climbs the tree, mates with the winged male moth, and lays eggs in blocks under the rough bark;
3. Older larvae eat a lot and have strong drug resistance;
4. Female moths without wings can't pass through smooth objects. Although larvae can pass through smooth objects, they are easily caught by sticky objects.
According to the growth history of jujube step, five lines of defense set by Professor Li Lianchang can be used for prevention and control. The specific methods are: one binding, two piling, three digging, four paving and five coating. Complete the first three lines of defense from March 15 to March 20th.
Five lines of defense: that is, five preventive measures such as one tie, two piles, three excavations, four paving and five coating are taken on the ground around the base of the trunk. The first system: tie an 8- 10 cm plastic cloth near the base of the trunk and 5- 10 cm above the ground, stick the joint with plastic or nail it with small shoes, so that the female moth can't climb the tree; The second pile: under the plastic bag, pile a cone-shaped mound, the surface of the mound should be firm and flat, and the plastic sheet of 1.5 cm should be buried at the upper edge, so that the plastic sheet can be more firm and seamless; The third digging: dig a small ditch with a width of 10 cm around the mound, and the wall of the ditch is straight and smooth, so that female insects who can't climb up can fall into the ditch; The above three lines of defense are required to be completed before the panic.
After the adults are unearthed, the fourth and fifth lines of defense, namely, four spreading: after the adults are unearthed at the vernal equinox, 10% mixed phosphorus powder or 2.5% trichlorfon powder or 3% 1605 or 35% methyl thiophosphate toxic soil (drug-soil ratio 1: 65438+) and five coating: clods and stone crevices.
In the jujube tree area where five lines of defense can't prevent jujube step in time, pesticide can be sprayed to kill the larvae when the jujube tree sprouts and spreads its leaves and most of the larvae enter the second instar. Commonly used pesticides are: 75% phoxim 1000 times solution, 50% malathion 1000 times solution, and 25% deltamethrin1.5-20 thousand times solution or 20% quick killing solution for mature larvae.
Second, jujube armyworm.
Jujube armyworm, also known as jujube sickle-winged moth and jujube bud moth, is a small LEPIDOPTERA pest, which damages jujube buds, leaves, flowers and fruits by spinning larvae. There are three generations a year, and the pupae overwinter in the rough cracks in the trunk and base of the main branch of jujube and in the rhizosphere topsoil. The first generation larvae mainly damage jujube buds, the second generation larvae mainly damage jujube buds and young fruits, and the third generation larvae mainly damage jujube leaves and colored jujube fruits. Adults lurk in the weeds on the back of jujube leaves or under trees during the day, and move at dawn and evening, which has strong sexual attraction and strong chemotaxis to black light, but poor chemotaxis. Therefore, the use of pollution-free sex pheromones for prediction and prevention has excellent results. According to the above biological characteristics, the following comprehensive prevention measures can be taken to control the harm.
1, completely scraping bark and blocking tree holes with yellow mud in winter or early spring can eliminate more than 80% of overwintering pupae and basically control the harm of the first and second generation larvae.
2. Large-scale sex pheromone control: During the occurrence period of the second and third generations of jujube armyworm, a large number of male moths can be eliminated by hanging a sex lure per mu with synthetic pheromones. So that female moths cannot mate and reproduce, and the occurrence amount is effectively controlled.
3. Control with Trichogramma or microbial insecticides: The second and third generations of jujube tree armyworm, each jujube tree releases 3,000-5,000 Trichogramma, and the egg parasitism can reach about 75%. Spraying 200 times microbial pesticides, such as Cordyceps sinensis and moth killer, on the crown of the tree in larval stage can achieve 70-90% control effect.
4. Chemical pesticide control: If necessary, that is, when the insect population density is particularly high and the buds of jujube trees are 3 cm and 5-8 cm long, 80% dichlorvos 800- 1000 times or 75% phoxim 2000 times or 2.5% deltamethrin 4000 times or 25% chlorfenapyr 65438 can be sprayed on the trees respectively.
5. In autumn, in the middle and late August, sokcho was trapped and died at the base of the trunk or main branch. In winter or early spring, sokcho and the overwintering pupae attached to the bark are taken down and burned centrally.
Jujube peach borer
Jujube moth, also known as peach moth and jujube maggot, is a worldwide pest. Jujube, apple, pear, hawthorn and other fruit trees were the hardest hit. The insect has 1-2 generations a year, and overwinters with mature larvae spinning flat round cocoons (winter cocoons) in the soil near the trunk. In June of the following year, when the temperature rises to about 20℃ and the soil water content reaches about 10%, the overwintering larvae begin to be unearthed, spinning under clods, stones and grass roots to form spindle-shaped cocoons (summer cocoons) for pupation, and the excavation peak is formed after each rain. Adults have no phototaxis and chemotaxis, but they have strong chemotaxis. It is effective to use the sex attractant of peach moth to attract moths. Adults mostly lay eggs on jujube leaves and the back of fruit, and the first and second generation larvae feed on fruit in July and August-September respectively. According to the above biological characteristics, the following comprehensive control techniques should be adopted on the premise of forecasting pests.
1. Digging cocoons or ridging cocoons to destroy them: it should be done after thawing in spring and before larvae are unearthed.
2. Plastic film mulching: In spring, cover the ground with plastic film within the radius of 100 cm around the trunk to control the emergence of larvae, pupae and adults.
3. Pick up the fallen fruit and kill the fallen larvae.
4. Cultivate the soil under the tree to prevent the larvae from being unearthed, and cultivate the soil for about 20 cm.
5. Prevention and control of sex pheromone: The sex pheromone of peach moth was used for prediction and control.
6. Chemical control: When the peach moth trap lures the first male moth, it is at the peak of overwintering larvae, and 0.5 kg of 25% 1605 microcapsule or 25% phoxim capsule can be spread around the trunk or the whole garden, and mixed with 5 times of water and 300 times of fine soil to make toxic soil for spreading or 10%. When the peak of attracting moths appears around 1 week, it is the best time to spray on trees. Generally, in the middle and late July and the middle and late August, when the first and second generation adults are in full bloom, 2.5% deltamethrin 3000 times or 20% mirex 2000 times or 25% chlorfenapyr 65438 times or 50% parathion 65438+ are sprayed respectively.
Four. Germinating weevil
Also known as jujube flying elephant, jujube bud weevil and so on. , a COLEOPTERA pest, eats only buds and leaves. The insect occurs once a year 1 generation, overwinters in the soil as larvae, and when jujube trees germinate in the middle and late April (the temperature reaches 8-20℃), adults come out in groups to eat jujube buds. Adults have suspended animation, eggs are laid in the gaps of deciduous branches, larvae hatch and fall into the soil, where they overwinter for about 10 months. According to the above biological characteristics, the pest is mainly controlled by spraying 10% mixed phosphorus powder or 1.5% 1605 powder or 3% phoxim powder on the ground. Or spray 25% insecticidal star 1000 times solution on the tree to kill the adults on the tree. When dusting powder on the ground, it is necessary to use the combination of suspended animation of adults and vibrating trees to concentrate on poisoning the landing adults.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) jujube madness
Jujube witches' broom is a devastating disease of jujube trees. After the jujube tree was infected, it showed the following abnormal phenomena: 1, the flower organ was inverted, the flower stalk was elongated to 3-6 times that of the normal flower, and sepals, petals, stamens and pistils grew into light green lobules abnormally. A diseased tree with strong tree potential will draw small and short branches between the axils of leaflets to form branches. 2. Positive and negative buds of developing branches and fruiting mother branches germinate and grow many times a year, and small yellow-green branches and leaves are continuously extracted to form dense branches, which are not easy to fall off in winter. 3. A large number of dormant hidden buds germinated on the trunk of the whole branch, and small yellow-green branches appeared. Sometimes, young trees and branches will sprout under the trees.
The occurrence of jujube witches' broom usually shows symptoms on some branches and tillers, and then gradually spreads to the whole tree. Young trees generally die 1-2 years after the onset, and big trees generally die gradually in 3-6 years after infection.
The pathogen of jujube witches' broom is phytoplasma, which is a microorganism between virus and bacteria. At present, it is found that 1, grafting can spread diseases. After grafting diseased branches, the shortest incubation period is 25-3 1 day, and the longest is 372-382 days. 2. Pollen, seeds, wild leaf juice and soil are not contagious. 3. Insects such as Rhopalosiphum avenae and Rhopalosiphum dentatum in China are the main vectors for spreading pathogens.
According to the occurrence and infection characteristics of jujube witches' broom, the following comprehensive measures should be taken to control it.
(1) Remove diseased branches and tillers of diseased trees at any time, eliminate the source of the disease and prevent the spread. The ward organizes special personnel to patrol throughout the year, and it is found that diseased trees, branches and tillers should be removed in time to prevent the spread.
(2) when digging out the diseased tree, the big roots should be planed to avoid recurrence. The occurrence of diseases can be controlled by strictly excavating the diseased trees in seriously ill areas year after year.
(3) Even if a tree has diseased branches, the whole tree should be planed. Don't just go to the diseased branches without planing the trees. Going only to the crazy branches and not to the diseased trees will often lead to the consequences of spreading the disease.
(4) After the diseased tree is infected, the germs will die with the dead branches and leaves, and will not spread again, so it is not necessary to burn the fallen diseased tree.
(5) After the diseased trees are cleared, young trees should be replanted in time to resume production. When planting trees, only thick roots with a diameter of more than 0.5 cm need to be removed from the diseased tree pit, and soil disinfection is not needed.
(6) strong seedlings. The selection of rooting and tillering seedlings should be strict to avoid taking rooting and tillering seedlings from diseased plants. Disease-free rootstocks and scions are used for grafting.
(7) Breeding and adoption of disease-resistant varieties. This is the fundamental way to control jujube witches' broom in the future.
(8) Control vector insects and reduce vector organisms. In the first ten days of May, the first generation adults of Chinese pests, such as leafhoppers, entered the peak of emergence, and were sprayed with 50% 1605 EC 1500 times of compound fruit 1000 times, or 20%, 2000 times of chlorhexidine+1000 times of compound fruit. Not only in jujube orchards, but also in other orchards and woodlands near jujube orchards.
Six, jujube rust jujube rust
Jujube rust is an important leaf disease of jujube trees, which sometimes harms fruits. In the early stage of leaf disease, light green spots scattered on the back of leaves, then gradually turned into light grayish brown, and finally the diseased spots turned into yellowish brown, forming a protruding summer spore pile. When the epidermis of the lesion is broken, yellow powdery summer spores are scattered. When the damage is serious, the whole tree leaves from August to September, and the tree is weak, which seriously reduces the yield and quality of jujube fruit. The pathogen of jujube rust mainly overwinters with diseased leaves with summer spores, and becomes the primary source of infection in the second year. Sometimes, it can overwinter in the bud in the form of mycelium. From late June to early July of the following year, when there is more rainfall and the temperature is suitable, the overwintering summer spores begin to germinate and invade the leaves. It began to turn yellow in the middle and late July, and a large number of leaves began to fall in the middle and late August. Rainfall and high humidity are important conditions for the occurrence and epidemic of jujube rust.
According to the occurrence and harm characteristics of jujube rust, the following measures should be taken to prevent and control it:
(1) Inhibits the origin of bacteria. During the winter dormancy period of jujube trees, the diseased leaves should be thoroughly swept, buried or burned in a centralized way, so as to prevent them from growing in vain. (2) reasonable pruning. Loosen the dense branches and improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the crown. Do a good job of drainage in rainy season. Short-stalk crops such as beans should be planted in jujube-grain intercropping land near the crown to ensure good ventilation and light transmission of the crown.
(3) chemical control. The spraying period should be determined according to the weather factors such as the morning and evening of summer rainy season, rainfall frequency and temperature. Generally, the northern jujube area began spraying drugs before the onset in the first half of July, with an interval of about 20 days. Spraying bordeaux mixture or triadimefon twice can control the harm. In the dry years from June to August, there is no need to spray chemicals except watering the land.
Seven, jujube fruit shrink disease
The occurrence of jujube fruit shrinkage disease is positively correlated with the density of sucking insects, and it is often prevalent because of high atmospheric humidity, especially intermittent rainfall or cloudy days.
Prevention and control methods:
(1) If the susceptibility index was relatively high last year, we should first clean up the fallen leaves and fruits in the jujube orchard, treat them centrally, and cut off the transmission source.
(2) Strengthen the management of fertilizer and water in jujube orchard and improve the stress resistance of trees. For older trees, the old bark should be scraped off and burned before the jujube tree germinates, and the mixture of stone and sulfur should be sprayed on the whole tree.
③ Chemical control: the fungus 1 800 times solution or streptomycin sulfate 6500 times solution was sprayed for the first time at the end of June, and it was sprayed every 10 day from the end of July to the beginning of August.
Eight, jujube fruit cracking disease
The disease is a physiological disease, which occurs in a large area in rainy days when jujube fruit is close to maturity.
Prevention and control methods:
(1) reasonable pruning, pay attention to ventilation, improve the light transmittance and reduce the incidence.
(2) Spraying 3000ppm calcium chloride aqueous solution from the fruit swelling stage, and spraying it every 10-20 days thereafter until harvesting, or spraying 800- 1000 times of amino acid calcium solution from the fruit swelling stage.