(ca. 813 ~ ca. 858)
A poet of the Tang Dynasty. His name was Yishan, Yuxi Sheng, and Fan Nanzi. Originally from Hanoi, Huizhou (present-day Qinyang, Henan), his ancestors moved to Xingyang (present-day Henan). He studied ancient literature for the first time. He was appreciated by Linghu Chu of the Niu Party and joined his tent, and learned ekphrasis. In the second year of Kaicheng (837), he was awarded a bachelor's degree with the strength of Linghu. In the following year, he entered the office of Wang Maoyuan, the king of Jingyuan, who belonged to Li's party, and Wang loved his talent and took his daughter as his wife. As a result, he was ostracized by the Niu Party and moved from one vassal town to another, and he remained unfulfilled for the rest of his life. Li Shangyin's poems are about 600 in number. Li Shangyin's political poems are full of depth and breadth. There are many poems directly touching on current affairs, especially "One Hundred Rhymes for Walking to the Western Suburbs", which traces the 200 years of the Tang Dynasty from the scene of the countryside in ruins and the people's insecurity to the prosperity and decline of the Tang Dynasty, and its style is close to that of Du's poems. The four poems of "The Tower of the City of An Ding" and "Crying for Liu Zhi" reflect his political aspirations and indignation. His historical poems, which are based on the past and satirize the present, are a great achievement. These poems often ridiculed the previous or current kings for their despotism and misuse of the country, while some of them used history to express their own feelings about their lack of talent. Most of these poems are written in metered stanzas, intercepting specific scenes in history and coloring them, with the artistic effect of seeing the bigger picture in a small way and expressing the deeper meaning of the words in a subtle way. Masterpieces such as Two Songs from the Sui Palace and The Southern Dynasty. His lyrical poems are y emotional and delicate, with a strong sentimental flavor, such as "The setting sun is infinitely good, but it is only near dusk" (Ascending to Leyouyuan). Li's poems are less lyrical and less direct, and he is especially devoted to the idea of "gentle curvature", which often has a deep and subtle meaning and an endless aftertaste. However, his poems are often obscure and difficult to understand. His poems on objects are characterized by their exquisite and subtle imitation, and they are able to express the inner charm of the objects and the feelings of the author through typical characterization and rendering of the environment and atmosphere. Untitled poems are unique to Li Shangyin. Most of them are based on the theme of love between men and women, and are characterized by a subtle and sincere sentiment, and elegant and refined diction. For example, "Last Night's Stars, Last Night's Wind" and "It's Hard to Say Goodbye When We Meet". Some of them are also a metaphor for the interaction between friends and friends and the feelings of the world, such as "When the moon is already low" and "Where is the mournful kite with the urgent pipe". There are also some poems that are difficult to understand. In addition, there are a few erotic poems, which are light and flamboyant. These poems were not written in one place at one time, and there is no unity of thought throughout. Most of these poems belong to the situation where the meaning of the poem is not easy to express or the complexity of the meaning cannot be expressed, so they are collectively called "Untitled". Since they are relatively obscure and complicated, they have been interpreted in different ways over the centuries. The basic style of Li Shangyin's poems is deep and graceful, and he is able to bring somberness in his beauty, and not lose the heaviness in his flow, which has a deep influence on the later generations of poets and lyricists. His poems had a wide inheritance. Li Shangyin's poems had a wide range of inheritance. His seven rhythms were the most accomplished, inheriting Du Fu's strict and staccato features, and integrating the colorfulness of Qi Liang's poems, the beauty of the folk songs of the Six Dynasties, and the fantastical and symbolic techniques of Li He's poems; his cryptic style was influenced by Ruan Ji; some of his long poems, such as the "Han Tablet", were close to Han Yu's songs and lines; and some of his lyrical landscape poems were light and colorful, not losing the taste of the Sheng Tang's topical poems. Li Shangyin was a representative writer of the Late Tang ekphrasis. His ekphrasis was neat, precise, sparse, and natural.
The masterpieces of Li Shangyin's ekphrasis are Dien Xiangguo Linghu Gongwen, Re-sacrifice to maternal uncle Situ Gongwen, and Shang Hedong Gongqi, which are sincere, euphemistic, and touching. However, his ekphrasis is mostly official and poor in content. Its prose is less extant. In addition, there are some short fugue of miscellaneous writings intended to satirize the world. There are Li Yishan Poetry Collection, Fannan Collection and Fannan Collection Supplement. For more information, please refer to the biographies in the old and new books of Tang, the biographies of Tang's geniuses, the recent Zhang Caitian's "Yuxi Sheng's Chronology" and Cen Zhongmian's article "Yuxi Sheng's Chronology" (《玉溪生年谱会笺》平质》).
The famous Hairpin Phoenix
One of them is:
Red crispy hands, yellow vine wine, full of spring color of the palace wall willows;
East winds are bad, the love is thin,
A pocket of sorrow, a few years away,
Wrong, wrong, wrong.
Spring is as old as ever, but the people are thin, and moist with tears;
The peach blossoms are falling, and the pavilion of the leisure pool,
Though the mountain alliance is there, it is hard to trust the brocade letter,
Mo, Mo, Mo, Mo.
The second one:
The world is thin, the people are evil, the rain sends the dusk flowers to fall easily;
The wind is drying up in the morning, the tear marks are remaining,
Wanting to write down the affairs of the heart, solo language slanting fence,
Difficult, difficult, difficult.
People have become different, today is not yesterday, the sick soul is like a swing rope;
The sound of the horn is cold, the night is late,
Fearing that people will ask, I swallow my tears and pretend to be happy,
Hiding, hiding, hiding, hiding.
These two sections of lyrics, although from different people's hands, the former for the famous Southern Song Dynasty lyricist Lu You, the latter for his ex-wife Tang Wan, but infused with the same feelings of resentment and helplessness, because they **** the same story of a poignant love story - Tang Wan and Lu You Shen Yuan love dream.
Lu You is a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. He was born in Shanyang, Yuezhou, a solid family of books, in his early childhood, when the Jin people invaded the south, often fleeing with their families around. At that time, his maternal uncle Tang Cheng's family had a lot of interaction with the Lu family. Tang Cheng had a daughter, named Tang Wan, the word Huixian, since childhood, quiet and beautiful, not good at talking but understanding. With the age of Lu You very much in love, the two childhood sweethearts, ear to ear, although in the midst of war and chaos, the two uninitiated teenagers are still accompanied by a period of pure and unadulterated good times. With the growth of age, a haunting sentiment in the hearts of the two gradually grew.
Youthful Lu You and Tang Wan are good at poetry, they often borrowed poetry to talk about their feelings, before the flowers and the moon, the two poems, each other and sing, Li Ying into a pair, just like a pair of colorful butterflies dancing in the flowers, the eyes in the eyes of the overflowing with happiness and harmony. Parents of the two families and friends and relatives, also think they are made for each other, so the Lu family to a beautiful and incomparable family heirloom phoenix hairpin as a token, booked the Tang family this marriage of marriage. After adulthood, one night in the wedding room, Tang Wan became the daughter-in-law of the Lu family. From then on, Lu You, Tang Wan is more fish and water happiness and harmony, love is deep, intoxicated in the world of two people, I do not know what day and night, to what academic studies, fame and fortune, and even the family relatives are temporarily thrown out of the sky. Lu You at this time has been shaded fill Dengshilang, but this is only the first step into the official, followed by Lin'an to participate in the "lock hall test" as well as the Ministry of Justice will be examined. The newlywed Lu You stayed in a tender place and had no time to take care of his exams. Lu You's mother, Tang, was a strict and tyrannical woman. She hoped that her son, Lu You, would win the examination and become an official in order to honor her family. Witnessing the current situation, she was greatly dissatisfied, and several times as an aunt, but also in the position of a mother-in-law, she reprimanded Tang Wan, and ordered her to focus on her husband's future in the imperial examinations, and to be indifferent to the love of her children. But Lu, Tang two people are entwined in love, no matter what, the situation has never seen a significant improvement. Lu's mother was disgusted with her daughter-in-law, thinking that Tang Wan is really the Tang family's broomstick, will delay her son's future to the end. So she came to the outskirts of the Wulan nunnery, nuns in the nunnery Miaoyin child, daughter-in-law fortune-telling. Miaoyin some pinpointing, said in a serious manner: "Tang Wan and Lu You eight characters do not match, the first to be misguided, and ultimately will not be able to protect their lives." Lu mother heard, scared out of her wits, rushed home, called Lu You, forced him to say: "Quickly repair a letter of repudiation, will be Tang Wan repudiation, otherwise the old body and the same end." This sentence, undoubtedly the sunny sky suddenly thunder, shocked Lu You do not know why. To be Lu mother will Tang Wan's all kinds of not counted again, Lu You heart sad as a knife, always filial piety of him, in the face of resolute attitude of his mother, in addition to the secret sobbing, there is no other way. Forced to mother's order is difficult to disobey, Lu You only agreed to send Tang Wan back to her mother's home. This situation seems to be unreasonable today, as the feelings of two people are not allowed to be interfered by others. But in ancient China, where filial piety was highly regarded, the mother's order was an imperial decree, and the son of a human being had to disobey it. In this way, a pair of affectionate lovebirds, line will be no reason for filial piety, secular work and the fate of the virtual mystery of the eight living broken up. Lu You and Tang Wan hard to part, can not bear to go, get together without fate, so quietly built another courtyard to accommodate Tang Wan, Lu You a chance to go to Tang Wan with a duck dream renewed, Yan good as ever. But the paper always can't hold fire, shrewd Lu mother soon noticed the matter. She strictly ordered the two to cut off contact, and married a docile Wang's wife for Lu You, completely cutting off the long love affair between Lu and Tang.
Unable to do so, Lu You had to pack up a full of grievances, under the supervision of his mother, re-examining the science and technology coursework, study hard for three years, at the age of twenty-seven years old left his hometown of Shanyin, went to Lin'an to participate in the "lock hall test". In Lin'an, Lu You won the admiration of the examiner Lu Fu with his solid knowledge of economics and his brilliant writing skills, and was recommended to be the head of the examination.
The second-place finisher in the test happened to be Qin Ocarina, the grandson of the chancellor Qin Hui. Qin Hui was so humiliated that he took Lu You's paper out of the examination at the Ministry of Rites in the spring of the following year. This made Lu You's career suffer from a storm at the very beginning.
Lu You returned to his hometown, where the scenery was still the same and the people were already new. When he saw the scenery, he was saddened by it. In order to get rid of the sadness, Lu You was alone in the green mountains and green water, or sitting in the wild temple to explore the ancient; or in and out of the restaurant to drink and recite poems; or wandering in the market to sing and cry wildly. Thus living a life of leisure and debauchery. In a flowery spring afternoon, Lu You casually strolled to the Shen Garden of Yushu Temple. Shen Garden is an elegant layout of the garden garden, garden flowers and trees, stone mountain towering green, winding paths, is a good place for local people to travel in spring to enjoy the flowers. Deep in the garden on the secluded path to walk on the face of a woman in sheep's clothing, low head and walk Lu You looked up fiercely, was actually separated for several years of his ex-wife Tang Wan. In that instant, time and eyes are frozen, the two eyes glued together, are feeling confused, I do not know is a dream is true, eyes full of I do not know is love, is the complaint, is thinking, is pity. At this time, Tang Wan, has been married by the family of the same county scholar Zhao Shicheng, Zhao family is a royal descendant, the distinguished family, Zhao Shicheng is a generous heavy love of the readers, he once suffered emotional setbacks Tang Wan, showed sincere sympathy and understanding. Tang Wan's traumatized heart has gradually calmed down, and began to sprout new feelings. At this time and Lu You's unexpected encounter, undoubtedly Tang Wan has been closed to reopen the heart, which has been stored for a long time of the old tenderness, a thousand grievances all of a sudden leaked out, the weak Tang Wan on this feeling almost unable to withstand. And Lu You, although a few years through hard reading and poetry and wine to suppress the thoughts of Tang Wan, but at this moment, that buried in the depths of the old feelings can not help but gush out. Four eyes, a thousand things, ten thousand feelings, but do not know where to start. This time Tang Wan is with her husband Zhao Shicheng together to enjoy the Shen Garden, Zhao Shicheng over there is waiting for her to eat. After a while in a trance, has been another person's wife of Tang Wan finally lifted the heavy footsteps, leaving a deep glimpse after walking away, leaving Lu You in the flowers in a daze.
The wind came and woke up the old dream of Lu You, he could not help but follow the figure of Tang Wan and went to the pond under the willow bushes, and saw Tang Wan and Zhao Shicheng eating in the pool on the water pavilion. Hidden see Tang Wan lowered her head and frowned, intentionally or unintentionally stretching out the red sleeves of the jade hand, and Zhao Shicheng pouring slow drink. This déjà vu scene, see Lu You's heart is broken. Yesterday's love dream, today's infatuation all around the heart, feelings, and then put pen on the pink wall inscribed a que "hairpin phoenix", which is the beginning of the first word mentioned.
Then, Qin Hui fell ill and died. The dynasty re-recalled Lu You, Lu You was ordered to serve as Ningde County book, far away from his hometown of Shanyin. In the spring of the next year, with an inexplicable longing, Tang Wan once again came to the Shen Garden, wandering between the winding paths and corridors, suddenly glimpsed Lu You's inscription. Repeatedly recited, remembering the past two people poetry and singing scenes, can not help but tears, ups and downs of the heart, unknowingly and a word, inscribed in the words of Lu You, which is the beginning of the second "hairpin phoenix".
Tang Wan was a woman of great affection, and her love for Lu You was a perfect union, but it was ruined by the storms of the world. Although Zhao Shicheng re-gave her emotional comfort, but after all, once the sea is hard to water. The deep-rooted love affair with Lu You always stayed in the deepest part of her emotional world. Since seeing the inscription of Lu You, her heart is difficult to calm. Memory of the watery past, sighing helpless world affairs, feelings of the fire tormented her, so that she was increasingly emaciated, worry into a disease, in the autumn season into a falling leaf quietly with the wind and passed away. Leaving only a queer "hairpin phoenix", so that future generations for the sigh of relief.
She could have had a better romance and memories. The human way is:
Departure is the most, east and west flowing water, finally solve the two meet.
Shallow love is like, traveling clouds, as if in a dream.
The poor man's will is thinner than the clouds and water, and it is more difficult to be reunited.
Thinking about it, I've never been able to get my head around it, but I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to get my head around it.
At this time, Lu You, the career is spring. His literary talent was appreciated by the newly crowned Emperor Xiaozong of Song, and he was given the rank of scholar. Afterwards, his career was smooth, and he had been able to achieve the Baohua Pavilion service system. During this period, in addition to his dedication to politics, he also wrote a large number of poems reflecting his worries about the country and the people. When he was seventy-five years old, he wrote a letter of resignation and returned to his hometown with gold and purple ribbons. Lu You had been wandering for decades, trying to forget his sad past with Tang Wan, but the farther away from home, the more Tang Wan's shadow haunted his mind. This weary travel back, Tang Wan has long been dead, he has also reached his twilight years, but the old things, the Shen garden still harbor deep affection. Often walk alone on the path in Shenyuan, remembering the deep imprinted in his mind that glimpse of a scene, then he wrote "Shenyuan nostalgia" poem:
One:
Dreams broken incense disappears for forty years, the Shenyuan willow old not fly Mian;
This body line as Jishan soil, still hanging traces of the account of the past.
The second:
The sun on the city is painting the corner of the sadness, Shen Garden is no old pool platform;
The sadness of the bridge under the spring wave green, suspected to be a shocking shadow.
Shenyuan is Lu You's place of nostalgia, but also his place of sadness. He thought of Shenyuan, but was afraid to go to Shenyuan. Spring again, the peach and willow green, annoying birds and flowers, although the wind and candles of Lu You can no longer personally to the Shen Garden to find the past, but the encounter with Tang Wan, the sad eyes, poor and timid attitude, the inexorable steps, want to speak and stop the look, so that Lu You remember, and then assigned "dreaming of Shen Garden" poem.
One of the poems:
The road near the south of the city has been afraid to walk, Shen Yuan home more sad;
The fragrance through the sleeves of the plum blossoms, green dipped in the temple bridge in the spring water.
The second:
Spring has come again to the small street in the south of the city, and I can only see the plum blossoms but not the people;
The jade bone has long been immersed in the soil under the spring, and the ink mark is still locked between the wall dust.
Since then, Shen Yuan has changed owners several times, the personnel landscape has changed all the former appearance, has been "powder wall drunken dust indifference", there is only "broken clouds and dreams". Lu You was eighty-five years old on a spring day, suddenly felt physically and mentally refreshed and light. Originally prepared to go to the mountains to collect medicine, because physical strength does not allow the folding to the Shen Garden, the Shen Garden at this time and after some sorting out, the scenery roughly restored the old view, Lu You full of affection wrote the last Shen Garden love poem:
Shen home flowers such as brocade, half of the year to recognize the release of the Weng;
Also believe that the beauty of the end of the earth, can not stand the dream of a too hasty.
Shortly thereafter, Lu You passed away.
Feudalism destroyed Lu You's innocent love, but it couldn't stop him from thinking and singing about love. In the face of harsh reality, he was powerless to return to heaven, can only be a pocket of sadness, a cavity of grief and indignation poured out in the words of the unhelpful. A "hairpin phoenix" can not restore the world of Lu You's love, but it has become a song of the ages.
Time has changed, the scenery of the Shen Garden has been different, the poems on the powder wall is no trace. But these poems recorded Tang Wan and Lu You love song, but in later generations of love among the people of the long circulation.
The plot of this traditional Peking Opera play is as follows: During the Southern Song Dynasty, Lu You, a talented scholar from Shanyin, was engaged to his cousin Tang Hui Xian at a young age. When Tang Hui Xian was a little older, her parents died in Sichuan. His mother, Tang, ordered Lu You's brothers to bring Tang Hui Xian to Shanyin. Tang believed in Buddhism and often went to the Niangniang Temple to burn incense and worship. The owner of the temple was not empty, but used the Buddha to hide himself, and kept a number of small nuns to work in secret. Seeing Tang Hui Xian's beauty, he plotted with Qin Hui's nephew, Luo Yushu, to offer Tang Hui Xian to Qin Hui in order to meet him. The Tang Hui Xian was told that the only way to save Tang Hui Xian was to join a nunnery. The Tangs were so confused that when Lu You's brother was going to take the examination, he earned Tang Hui Xian's admission to the temple. When Tang Hui Xian entered the temple, she denounced Bukong angrily and was tortured as a result. Zong Zi Chang, a knight-errant of Shanyin, had heard of Bukong's evil deeds and sent a righteous man, Dugu Ce, to sneak into the temple to kill Luo Yushu and bring Bukong and the others to the temple to kill them. When Tang Hui Xian was shocked and fainted, Zong Zi Chang found a fan with a poem written by Lu You by his side. He knew that she was Lu You's fiancée, and decided to fulfill his wish when Lu You returned to China. When Lu You went to Lin'an to take the examination, Qin Hui was afraid of him and rejected him. After he returned home, he was very moved by the fact that he could not hear from Tang Hui Xian and was determined not to marry her, but Tang went around to ask the matchmakers to seek another match with him. Zongzi often suspected Lu You of being unrighteous, and planned to test his heart in the Shen Garden. When Lu You spied Tang Hui Xian in the garden, he was so shocked that he inscribed a poem "The Hairpin Phoenix" on his handkerchief and sent it to Tang Hui Xian. When Tang Hui Xian read it, she mourned y and became ill. Zong Zi Chang knew that they were y in love and invited Lu Zi Yi, Lu You's brother, to talk to Tang. Tang came to her senses and agreed to marry her. On the day of the wedding, Tang Huixian was sick and dying because of her long-time depression. The moon was never full, and she was left with an eternal regret.
More than thirty years ago, during a performance in Beijing, I happened to read Lu Fangweng's lyrics, and was y touched by the poem "The Hairpin Phoenix". Lu Fangweng is a patriotic poet of the Song Dynasty, who did not submit to treachery and sycophancy, and strongly advocated the fight against the Jin Dynasty. But in the decadent Southern Song dynasty, the king dusky minister sycophant, Qin Hui and other collusion with the Jin people, sell out the country, although great ambition, ambition is difficult to stretch, half a lifetime of depression can not be achieved. His life is a lot of things to sing and cry about, and the most unfortunate encounter in his personal life is the marriage tragedy with his cousin Tang Hui Xian. The most unfortunate encounter in his personal life was the marriage tragedy with his cousin Tang Hui Xian, for which he wrote the words "Hairpin Phoenix".
I (Xun Huisheng) liked the words and sympathized with the story, so I wrote the play. The play was written with the intention of exposing the poisonous effects of the feudal system and feudal marriage through the tragedies of Tang and Lu. However, according to Zhou Mi's "Qidong Wild Words" and Chen Guan's "The Old and the New", Tang Huixian was expelled from Gou and changed to Zhao Shicheng, a member of the royal family, and Fuangweng met her in the Shen Garden, and gave her the title "The Hairpin Phoenix", which was inscribed on the wall, and quoted from Lu Fuangweng in his later years, "Forty years of dreaming about the disappearance of the fragrance, and the willows in the Shen Garden are old and do not blow. This body line for the Jishan soil, still hanging traces of a hyun"; "the city on the slanting sun painting corner sad, Shen garden is not the old pool platform. The sad bridge under the spring wave green, was once a shocking shadow to shine" and other poems as evidence. I think if Tang Hui Xian remarry, Lu Fang Weng may not be so adored, never forget. Historical blackmail is not uncommon, Song notes are not enough to believe a lot of things, such as Xu Menghua "Three Dynasties North League will be edited", said Mrs. E Wang again, the king sent Han Liangchen to the money to send, the reader laughed at its absurdity. Again, such as Li Qingzhao again suitable for Zhang Ruzhou, almost unanimous, the later according to the "Jinshi record after the preface" verification, is known to be all false. I thought Lu, Tang two people if clean, to be reunited in the future, will make the drama more intense, touching more, and can provoke the audience **** Ming. I love Lu and Tang, and the play, more in line with the love of the intention to portray their people, so a different way to write Tang Huixian expelled from the nunnery, for Zong Zi Chang saved, and managed to reunite with Lu Fong-weng. Unexpectedly, on the day of the wedding, Hui Xian fell ill, and eventually became the last hate. The original lyrics of "The Hairpin Phoenix" were added to the play to enhance the sound and color. This was an attempt at the time, and there was no such example in the old days of Pihuang.
The play was written in 1928, and was first performed on August 26 of the same year at the Kaiming (now Democratic) Theater in Beijing. The play was performed on August 26th of the same year at the Kai Ming (now Democracy) Theatre in Beijing. I played the role of Tang Hui Xian, Jin Zhong Ren played Lu You, Zhang Chun Yan played Lu Zi Yi, Zhao Tong Shan (Furong Cao) played Qiu Xiang, and Ma Fulu played Bu Kong. Since then, it has been performed many times and has been highly praised, and is known as one of the five major tragedies of Xun's school.
In the original adaptation, there was no scene in which Lu You angrily beat the evil nun Bukong, but later Mr. Jin Zhongren suggested adding this detail in view of the heavy tragic atmosphere of the play, which made the audience's mood too depressing, and the play was easy to be warmed up without a little spice. After the performance, the off-stage effect is very good. In recent years, in practice, I feel that the original scene is more, there is a need to refine the compression, the theme of the play and the mother of Lu Tang's character should be more distinct. Therefore, the play was re-processed, deleted or merged with scattered scenes, and enriched appropriately in order to make the theme more prominent. The adaptation was finalized in 1961.