Jingyuan Faquan Temple Temple Essay 150 Words

Ancient Architecture The main architectural forms of Ming and Qing Dynasty ancient buildings We commonly see: hard mountain, overhanging mountain, hiatus, hipped, save the tip of the five forms. In this most basic form of architecture, hipped and single-eaved hipped, heavy eaves hipped; hermitage has a single-eaved hermitage, heavy eaves hermitage, three drops of water pavilion hermitage, large eaves hermitage, rolled shed hermitage, etc.; hard hill, overhanging hill, common both one-story and two-story buildings; save the tip of the building has a triangular, four-cornered, five-cornered, six-cornered, eight-cornered, round, single-eaved, heavy eave, multi-eaves, and other forms.　　First, the general rules of the Qing Dynasty building general rules (also known as the general rules), is to determine the scale of the building ministries, proportions followed by the **** the same law. These laws provide a large proportion of the relationship between the parts of the ancient architecture and scale relationships. It is to make a variety of different forms of architecture to hold a unified style is very key and important principles.　　The general rules of Qing-style architecture mainly involves the following aspects: face width and depth, column height and diameter, face width and column height, closing points and side feet, up and out of the lower frame, step frame and lifting the frame, the height of the platform Ming, hiatus hill, hipped push hill, the building components of the trade-offs between proportional relationships.　　1, face width and depth of Chinese ancient architecture of the plane to rectangular for the most common, a rectangular building, there are two scales on the plane, that is, its width and depth. The long side of the width, the short side of the depth. For example, a three-room north house, it is wide in the east-west direction and deep in the north-south direction. Monolithic buildings are made up of the most basic unit, the "room". Every four pillars around a room, a wide for the "face width", also known as "face width", deep for the "depth". A number of single face width of the sum of the total width of a building, known as the "through the face width"; a number of single depth is composed of a single building through the depth.　　Ancient building face width (specified between the face width) of the determination to be considered to many aspects of the state, that is, to take into account the actual need (that is, the so-called principle of application), but also consider the actual possibility (such as the length of the timber, such as the diameter of the inch, etc.), and to be subjected to the limitations of the feudal hierarchy. In ancient times, the determination of the width of the bright room is also subject to the constraints of the feudal ideology, when considering the width of the doorway must be used in accordance with the size of the doorway ruler on the "official", "fortune", "wealth", "righteousness" and so on. "Righteousness" and other auspicious word size. The width of the second room discretionary, generally 8/10 for the bright room, or according to the actual need to determine.　　2, column height and diameter of the ancient architecture of the height and diameter of the column is a certain proportion of the relationship between the column height and face width also has a certain ratio. Small buildings, such as long purlin or six purlin small style, between the surface width and column height of the ratio of 10:8, that is, the so-called surface width is usually ten feet, column height of eight feet. Column height and diameter of the ratio of 11:1. such as the Ministry of Works of the Qing Dynasty, "engineering practice rules" stipulates that: "where the gable column to the face of eight-tenths of the width of the high, seven-tenths (should be seven percent) of the diameter of the inch. If the face width of one foot, the column height of eight feet eight inches, diameter seven inches seven minutes." Five purlins, four purlins small type building, face and column height ratio of 10:7. According to these provisions, can be projected, known face width can be derived from the column height, know the column height can be derived from the column diameter. On the contrary, known column height, column diameter can also be deduced from the face width.　　3, closing points, side foot Chinese ancient architecture columns up and down the two ends of the diameter is not equal, excluding the short columns of a class of melon columns, any columns are not up and down the diameter of the cylinder, but the root (foot, root) is slightly thicker, the top (head) is slightly thin. This root thick, thin top method, known as the "slip", also known as "closing points". To make the column to close the points, both stable and light seven, giving people a comfortable feeling. The size of the building of various types of closing points is generally 1/100 of the height of the column, such as column height of 3 meters, closing points for 3 centimeters, assuming that the root of the column is 27 centimeters, then, the column head closing points after the diameter of 24 centimeters. Big style building columns, "building regulations" for 7/1000. 4, on the out, out of the bottom (out of the water, back to the water) Chinese ancient architecture out of the eave out of the eave is far-reaching, and the size of its eave size also has size regulations. Qing-style regulations: small room seat, to the eaves purlin to the outer skin of the eaves rafters (such as no eaves to the outer skin of the old eaves rafters) the horizontal distance for the size of the eave, known as "on the eave out", referred to as "on the out", due to the eave of the downward flow of water, it is also figuratively referred to as "out of the water", "out of water". "out of the water". No arch or small building on the eaves out of the size of 3/10 of the height of the eaves, such as the eaves of 3 meters high, the size of the eaves out of the three equal parts, of which the eaves rafters out of the head of the two parts, flying rafters out of the head of the head of the account for a share.　　Ancient Chinese buildings are built on the foundation of the foundation of the ground part of the foundation is known as Tai Ming, small room seat Tai Ming high for the column height of 1/5 or 2 times the diameter of the column. Taiwan Ming by the gable columns to the outside of the part of the Taiwan Ming out of the edge, corresponding to the roof on the eaves, also known as "under the out", under the out of the size, the small practice is set on the eaves of 4/5 or eaves diameter 2 times, the large practice of the Taiwan Ming Ming high Taiwan Ming on the skin to the pick tip of the beams under the skin of the height of 1/4. Large Taiwan Ming out of the edge of the eaves of the 3/4. Ancient architecture of the on the out is greater than the under the out. Out of ancient architecture is greater than the next out, there is a scale difference between the two, this difference is called "back to the water", back to the role of the water is to ensure that the eaves of the water will not be poured down in the water on the platform, thus playing a role in protecting the column roots, walls from rain erosion.　　5, step frame, lifting frame step frame: qing style ancient architecture wooden frame, adjacent to two purlin in - in the horizontal distance is called step frame. According to the position of the frame can be divided into different gallery step (or gable step), gold step, ridge step, and so on. If it is a double ridge purlin scroll shed building, the top center step is called "top step". In the same building, in addition to the porch step (or gable step) and the top step in the scale of change, the rest of the step frame size is basically the same. Small style corridor frame is generally 4D-5D, gold ridge step is generally 4D, the top step frame size is generally smaller than the size of the gold step frame, four purlin scroll shed, for example, to determine the size of the top step frame is generally: four frame beams at both ends of the purlin in the size of the equal parts of the five equal parts, the top step frame accounted for a share of the gable step frame each accounted for two, the top step frame size should not be less than a minimum of 2D, the maximum should not be greater than 3D, within this range can be adjusted.　　Lifting frame: the so-called lifting frame, refers to the wooden frame adjacent to the two purlins in the - in the vertical distance (lifting height) divided by the length of the corresponding step frame obtained by the coefficient of the commonly used lifting frame of the Qing Dynasty buildings are five lifting, six five lifting, seven five lifting, nine lifting, and so on. The ratio of the height of the lift and the step frame is 0.5, 0.65, 0.75, 0.9 and so on. Qing-style practice of the eaves (or porch step), generally set at five, known as the "five to take the head". Small houses or garden pavilions, the eaves also have four or five lifts or five or five lifts, depending on the specific circumstances of the flexible treatment. Small house ridge step is generally no more than eight or five lift. Large building ridge step is generally not more than ten, the changes in the roof of the ancient architecture of the roof frame decided to curve the advantages and disadvantages of the roof, so in the use of the frame should be very careful to pay attention to the effect of the roof curve, so that it is natural and gentle. For thousands of years, the ancient architectural craftsmen have accumulated a set of successful experience in the use of frame, forming a relatively fixed program. Such as small five purlin house, generally for the eave step five lift, ridge step seven lift. Seven purlin house, each step were five, six five, eight five, and so on. Large building steps can be five, six five, seven five, nine lifts.　　Second, the construction of common ancient buildings 1, hard mountain building roof only two slopes before and after, the left and right side of the wall and roof intersection, and purlin beams all sealed in the wall of the building called hard mountain building. Hard mountain building is the most common form of ancient architecture, whether residential, gardens, temples have a large number of such buildings.　　Hard mountain building to small type for the most common, Qing "engineering practice rules" lists seven purlin small type, six purlin small type, five purlin small type several kinds of small type hard mountain building examples, these kinds of hard mountain building is also common form. Seven purlins front and rear corridor type building is the largest and the most prominent building in the small style residence, which is often used as the main room, and sometimes also used as a hall. The six purlin front porch type is used as the compartment with porch, the supporting room, and also can be used as the front porch after no porch type of the main room or the back cover room. Five purlins without porch type building is mostly used for the compartment without porch, back room, inverted seat room and so on.　　Hard mountain building, there are also many examples of large style, such as palaces, temples in the ancillary rooms or rooms with more hard mountain form. Large hard mountain building with arch and no arch two kinds of practices, with arch hard mountain examples are less, generally only one bucket or a bucket of two liters of cross hemp leaves do not step on the arch. No arch large hard mountain instances more, it and small hard mountain of the difference between the main building scale (such as face width, column height, depth are greater than the general small building), roofing practices (such as roofing more green tile, set the ridge decorated with kissing beasts or the use of glazed tiles), architectural decoration (such as beam square more Shi oil paintings, not like a small building decorative simple elegance) and other aspects.　　2, hanging mountain type building roof has two slopes before and after, and the two mountain roof hanging in the mountain wall or mountain roof frame outside the building, known as the hanging mountain (also known as pick mountain) type building. The purlins between the overhanging buildings are not wrapped in the wall, but are picked out of the wall, and the picked out part is called "out of the top", which is the main point that it is different from the hard mountain.　　To the building shape and roofing practices, hanging buildings can be divided into two kinds of large roof ridge hanging mountain and the rolled shed hanging mountain. Large roof ridge overhanging mountain before and after the intersection of the roof has a ridge, the roof is divided into two slopes. Commonly, there are five-purlin overhangs, seven-purlin overhangs, and five-purlin and seven-purlin overhangs (the latter two are mostly used as doorways). The double purlins are placed at the ridge of the hanging roof, and there is no ridge on the roof, while the front and rear slopes form a ridge at the ridge. Commonly, there are four purlins, six purlins, eight purlins and so on. There is also a combination of two types of overhangs, hooks and laps, known as a hall and a volume, this form is often used in the hanging door.　　3, hipped building Hipped building roof has four major slopes, the front and rear slopes of the roof intersect to form a ridge, the two hills of the roof and the front and rear of the roof intersect to form four ridges, so the hipped building is also known as the four halls, five ridges of the hall.　　The hipped hall building is the highest type of ancient Chinese architecture. In the hierarchical feudal society, this form of construction is commonly used in palaces, temples and other royal buildings, is the main building on the central axis of the most commonly taken form. Such as the Forbidden City noon gate, the Hall of Supreme Harmony, Qianqing Palace, the Imperial ancestral temple gate, enjoy the Hall and its back, Jingshan Shouhuang Hall, Shouhuangmen, Ming Changling Pride Hall, etc., are hipped buildings. In feudal society, the hipped building has actually become the royal building, other government offices, government offices, commercial port, residential buildings, etc., is never allowed to use the hipped this form of construction. This special political status of the hipped building determines that it is made of large materials, majestic volume, decorative opulence, with high cultural relics and artistic value.　　4, hiatus building in the form of a variety of ancient buildings, hiatus building is one of the most basic, the most common form of construction.　　Heshan building roof is steep and precipitous, the corners of the light up, delicate and exquisite, extraordinary momentum, it has a hipped building majestic momentum, but also save the tip of the building playful style. Whether it is the emperor's palace, princely mansions, city walls and enemy towers, altar altar temple, classical gardens and stores and other types of buildings, are a large number of this form of architecture, even the most famous composite buildings, such as the Yellow Crane Tower, Tengwang Pavilion, the Forbidden City Corner Tower, etc., are also in the form of a major combination of hermitage, which is important to see hermitage architecture in China's ancient architecture position.　　In the external image, the hiatus building is hipped (or four corners of the tip) building and the organic combination of the building, as if a hiatus roof perched on a hipped roof. Therefore, it has some features of both hipped and overhanging buildings. If the lower purlin of the building is used as the boundary to divide the roof into upper and lower sections, the upper section has the image and characteristics of hipped architecture, such as the roof is divided into two slopes in front and back, the purlins between the tips of the roof are singled out to the face of the mountain, and the purlins are installed with bojiao boards on the outer ends; the lower section has the image and characteristics of hipped architecture. No matter single-eaved hiatus, heavy-eaved hiatus, three-drop (i.e., triple-eaved) hiatus, large roof ridge hiatus, and rolled-shed hiatus, they all have these basic features.　　Although the Heshan-style buildings are characterized by a certain image, but the internal structure of this shape has many special treatment methods, thus forming a variety of construction forms. These different structures are directly related to the distribution of the building's own column network, but also with the functional requirements of the building and purlin distribution has a certain relationship.　　5, save the tip of the building building roof at the top of the intersection for a point, the formation of a pointed roof, this building is called save the tip of the building. Save the tip of the building in the ancient architecture in a large number of existence. Classical gardens in a variety of different forms of pavilions, such as triangular, four-pointed, five-pointed, six-pointed, eight-pointed, round pavilions, etc. are save the tip of the building. In the palace, altar and temple also has a large number of save the tip of the building, such as the Forbidden City in Beijing, the Palace of Harmony, Jiaotai Hall, Beijing, Beijing, the State Council of Paiyong, Beihai Xiaoxitian Guanyin Hall, are four corners of the save the tip of the palace-style buildings. And the Temple of Heaven Prayer Hall, the Royal Dome is a typical round altar temple building. In other parts of the country in the altar temple garden, there are also a large number of save pointed building.　　First, the palace China has experienced a long feudal society, successive emperors in order to meet their extravagant life and maintain the majesty of their rule, often large-scale construction, building a variety of palaces and halls. Qin Shi Huang united China after the construction of Afang Palace, has reached an amazing scale. Weiyang Palace built in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the palace city around 8900 meters. Han Gaozu Liu Bang was once angered by the sight of the extravagance of this palace building, and Xiao He, who presided over the planning of this project, said, "The Son of Heaven has the four seas as his home, and it is not strong enough to be powerful." This shows that the ruling class has recognized that the grand scale of the palace building can also be used as a tool to consolidate its power. This view of Xiao He made the subsequent emperors pay more attention to the capital city and palace buildings. Therefore, after the Qin and Han Dynasties, palace buildings have always occupied an important position in ancient Chinese architecture. Unfortunately, many palace buildings have become relics. Now preserved the largest, most complete, but also the most exquisite palace buildings, first of all, the Forbidden City in Beijing.　　The entire Forbidden City is grand in scale and extremely spectacular. Only to the core of the palace part of the Forbidden City, for example, it is 760 meters long east to west, 960 meters long north to south, covering an area of more than 720,000 square meters. According to the general habits of palace architecture, the Forbidden City can also be divided into the emperor to deal with political affairs of the outer court and the emperor lived in the inner court of the two major parts. Qianqingmen in the Forbidden City, is the outer and inner court between the dividing line. Outer court to "three halls" - the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Central Harmony, the Hall of Baohe mainly in front of the Gate of Supreme Harmony, on both sides of the Hall of Wenhua and the Hall of Wujing two groups of palaces. The inner court to "after three palaces" - Qianqing Palace, Jiaotai Hall, Kunning Palace, which is flanked by concubines living in the East and West six palaces, that is, it is often referred to as "three palaces and six courtyards". The overall layout of the Forbidden City, highlighting the traditional feudal rites, "before and after the bed" system. And the entire design of the Forbidden City is the design of the idea is a prominent manifestation of the power of the feudal emperor and the strict feudal hierarchy. For example, the main buildings in addition to the strict symmetry of the layout in the central axis, with special emphasis on the "three halls", "three halls" and highlights the ceremony held in the Hall of Imperial Harmony (commonly known as the Hall of the Golden Emperor). To this end, in the overall layout, "three halls" not only occupies the most important space in the Palace, and it in front of the square area of 2.5 hectares, strongly set off the Hall of Supreme Harmony is the main brain of the entire Palace City. Coupled with the Hall of Supreme Harmony and is located in the high 8 meters divided into three layers of alabaster on the base of the Hall, each layer has alabaster stone railings around, and there are three layers of stone carving "Royal Road". So that the Hall of Supreme Harmony appears more majestic, as if from a distance as the mythical Qiong Palace, extraordinary weather. As for the inner court and other parts, because they belong to the outer court, so the layout is more compact.　　In addition, it should be pointed out that the Forbidden City is the best example of architecture is a kind of time and space continuity art. People from the Tiananmen Gate step by step into the Forbidden City, through the end of the gate and the noon gate, on both sides is a repeat of the room, and then into the door and the "three halls", a series of buildings, especially the three halls as if it were an important part of a musical movement. Then there are the "Three Courts". They are the constant repetition of similar buildings, which can be said to be another section, or "variations" on the theme of the piece. And each palace itself, are formed by many components of the repetition. As for the east and west sides of the lower corridor, hipped, building, door and other buildings are like with the main theme of the accompaniment. In this way, people walking in the Forbidden City feeling, is in the process of time on a series of continuous spatial sequence of impressions produced by the sum, which is very similar to the artistic effect of the music, so the entire Forbidden City, like a large, cohesive movement.　　Of course, the entire Forbidden City building as a result of the embodiment of the emperor's political power and service, and therefore inevitably produce strict and stereotyped shortcomings, but from the Forbidden City complex of the entire architectural art, it reflects the special style of China's ancient architectural art and outstanding achievements, is one of the world's outstanding architectural complex. And this masterpiece, from the Ming dynasty after the creation of the Yongle years, more than five hundred years, constantly rebuilt, rebuilt, the use of manpower and material resources is difficult to estimate, it can be said that "poor the world's power to serve a person". Therefore, the magnificent Forbidden City, is the crystallization of the wisdom and sweat of the ancient working people of China.　　Classical gardens in China's existing number of famous classical gardens, most of them are the Ming and Qing dynasty relics. The essence of Chinese classical gardens is concentrated in Jiangnan. The former has the so-called "Jiangnan gardens A world, Suzhou gardens A Jiangnan" comments. China's architectural community also believes that "the essence of Chinese classical gardens in Jiangnan, focusing on Suzhou, the number of large and small gardens villas, artistic attainments of the fine, is rare in any part of the world today." The reason for this situation, mainly because since the Spring and Autumn Period, Suzhou has been an important city in the south of China, it has material abundance, cultural development, mountains and water superior conditions, since the Jin Dynasty moved south until the Qing Dynasty, successive generations of aristocrats and bureaucrats continue to build gardens for their enjoyment in Suzhou. As a result, the existing classical gardens in Suzhou are quite impressive. There are fifteen classical gardens discussed in Liu Dunzhen's book "Classical Gardens of Suzhou" (The Humble Administrator's Garden, Liouyuan Garden, Lion Grove, Canglang Pavilion, Nets Master's Garden, Yiyuan Garden, Couple's Garden, Yipu Garden, Huanxiu Villa, Congcuishuang Villa, Crane Garden, Changyuan Garden, Jugyuan Garden, Remnant of the grain garden, Wang Washma Lane, a house courtyard), among them, the most famous of which, the Humble Administrator's Garden, the Liouyuan Garden, the Lion Grove, the Canglang Pavilion, and the Nets Master's Garden, are the national key units of cultural relics protection. In addition, some famous classical gardens have been preserved in other places in the south of the Yangtze River and in the north of the country to this day. The Summer Palace and the Beihai in Beijing, as well as the Summer Resort in Chengde, Hebei, are the most famous classical gardens in the Beijing area. Whether it is the classical gardens in the south or the north, and whether it is the royal palaces of feudal emperors or the private gardens of bureaucrats, landlords, and rich merchants, although the scale and style of the gardens show their own characteristics due to the different positions of the regions and the garden owners politically and economically, they are all built to satisfy the hedonistic life of the feudal ruling class, and there are many **** artistic techniques in the garden layout and landscaping. Artistic techniques in the garden layout and landscaping have many **** the same place. These **** similarities, constitute a strong poetic and picturesque Chinese classical garden art. From the perspective of our appreciation of classical garden art, some of the following gardening art techniques, should be particularly pointed out.　　First of all, the Chinese classical garden landscape is mainly imitation of nature, that is, the use of artificial forces to build the natural scenery, to achieve "although some people do, like from the sky" of the state of the art. Therefore, in addition to a large number of buildings in the garden, but also chiseled pools and mountains, planting flowers and trees, with artificial imitation of natural landscape scenery, or the use of ancient landscape paintings as a blueprint, with the poetry of the mood, constituting a number of picturesque scenes. Therefore, Chinese classical gardens are a synthesis of many arts, such as architecture, ponds, horticulture, painting, sculpture and even poetry. This characteristic of classical Chinese gardens is mainly determined by the nature of Chinese gardens. Because whether it is the feudal emperors or bureaucratic landlords, they both covet the city's generous material enjoyment, but also want to not risk the pain of labor to seek the "pleasure of the mountains and springs". Therefore, their gardens, in addition to meet the needs of residential enjoyment, more importantly, the pursuit of beautiful mountain scenery, in order to achieve the purpose of living in the city can still enjoy the interest of the mountains and forests.　　Secondly, the Chinese classical gardens are limited by the historical conditions of the long-term feudal society, most of them are closed, that is, there are walls around the gardens, and the scenery is hidden in the gardens. Moreover, except for a few royal palaces, the area of gardens is generally small. To reproduce the beauty of natural landscape in a small area, the most important and difficult thing is to break through the limitations of space, so that the limited space to show an infinite richness of the garden. In this regard, classical Chinese gardens have high artistic achievements and become the essence of classical Chinese gardens.　　Generally speaking, the most important technique of classical Chinese gardens to break through the space limitation and create rich garden scenery is to adopt the zigzag and free layout, to divide the scenic spots and space, and to "borrow scenery".　　The so-called zigzag and free layout, with the gardens of some countries on the European continent, the layout of the usual geometric pattern of the relative. This kind of zigzag and free layout, in the area of smaller private gardens in Jiangnan, especially prominent. They emphasize the deep and winding, the so-called "scene is worth deep, not curved not deep", is this approach. For example, most of the gardens in Suzhou, the entrance, commonly used rockery, courtyard, leakage window as a barrier, appropriate blocking the line of sight of visitors, so that people into the garden door just vaguely see the corner of the garden, a few twists and turns in order to see the garden of the whole picture of the mountain pools, pavilions and pavilions. To the layout of a compact, varied, step by step for the wonderful features of the garden in Suzhou, the entrance to the garden door on the first leakage of windows, to emphasize the depth of the garden twists and turns. As for the garden of the scene, not like the axis of the Western garden of the scene, but with the curved plane, step by step, the scene, in order to unfold. Some of the corridor on both sides of the wall to open a number of beautifully shaped windows and holes in the door, people walk through it, it is like a frame, the scenery of the garden as a landscape painting into the beautiful windows and holes in the door.　　As for the division of scenic spots and space, it is through the clever use of landscape, trees, flowers, buildings, etc., the whole garden is divided into a number of scenic spots, each scenic spot has its own characteristics, while highlighting the key scenic spots that reflect the main features of the garden. For example, the largest garden in Suzhou, the Humble Administrator's Garden, the whole garden includes the middle, west and east parts, of which the middle is the essence of the whole garden. At the same time, the water area accounts for about three-fifths of the garden, pavilions and pavilions, most of the waterfront, light and lively modeling, and try to four sides of the air, in order to receive the natural scenery of the water town of Jiangnan. The garden space treatment, wonderful use of mountains, pools, trees, pavilions, pavilions, less use of walls. Therefore, the garden space everywhere to communicate, interspersed with each other, forming a rich hierarchy. Again, such as Beijing's Summer Palace, it's a large scale, the whole garden area of about 3.4 square kilometers, it can be divided into many scenic spots, some of which also form a large garden in the package of small gardens, such as Harmony Garden. But in these many scenic spots, Kunming Lake and Wanshoushan is its essence. It is these key scenic spots constitute the main features of these gardens. Various gardens regardless of their size, as long as the main scenic spot is very distinctive, even if the other aspects of the slight lack of, can still give people a deep impression.　　As for the "borrowed scenery" this artistic technique, but also the Chinese classical garden to break through the spatial limitations, a traditional method of enriching the garden. It is outside the garden or near or far away from the scenery cleverly lead "borrow" to the garden, become part of the garden landscape. This technique is very common in China's classical gardens, and has a very high achievement. For example, the existing classical gardens in Suzhou, the earliest history of the Canglang Pavilion, one of its important features is good at borrowing scenery. Because of the garden gate outside a large body of water around the garden, the garden on this side of the boundary wall, but with a leaky window outside the corridor, cleverly the river scenery "borrowed" into the garden. Another example is the Summer Palace in Beijing, in order to "borrow" the nearby Yuquan Mountain and the farther west of the mountain scenery, in addition to the name of the "Lakes and Mountains of the true meaning of the" place to give full play to the artistic effect of the borrowed landscape techniques, in other areas also made a careful design. Such as the Summer Palace of the West Causeway, in addition to the six different forms of the bridge point of view, there is no tall buildings blocking the line of sight. The north-south length of the Kunming Lake is also suitable for the garden to see all the peaks of the western mountains reflected in the lake. At the same time, the two embankments of peach and willow, just the right shade of the fence, the boundaries between inside and outside the garden invariably disappeared. The peaks of the West Mountain, the two embankments of the smoke and willow, and the shadow of the tower of Yuquanshan are naturally combined into one, and become the scenery of the garden, and the spatial scope of the garden is invariably enlarged, and the scenery is also richer. What is presented in front of people's eyes is a picture scroll of the beautiful lake and mountains with Wanshoushan Fuxiang Pavilion as the near view, the two embankments and Yuchuan Mountain as the middle view, and the peaks of Xishan Mountain as the distant view. Chinese classical garden of this borrowed landscape techniques, in the "garden metallurgy" book, summed up as five methods, namely, "far borrowing, neighboring borrowing, up borrowing, down borrowing, borrowing at the right time". Some of the examples mentioned above mainly belong to the scenery outside the garden, is "far borrowing". The so-called "neighboring borrowing, up borrowing, down borrowing, in time to borrow", mainly refers to the garden within the borrowed scenery. The so-called "neighboring borrowing" refers to the garden within a short distance from the scene, each other on the scene, set off each other, echo each other. Such as the Summer Palace in the "Spring Pavilion" near the pavilion, bridge, willow, stone, etc., each other because of borrowing, appear to be coordinated and beautiful. "Rang borrowed" generally refers to the garden in the blue sky and white clouds, or the moon and stars and other celestial phenomena. However, like looking up at the mountain peaks, waterfalls, as well as pines and cypresses, magnificent buildings can also be called Yang borrowed. Such as entering the main gate of Beijing Beihai Park, you can look up to see the unique white tower; "down to borrow" refers to such as the fence looking at the reflection of the lake, Linxuan view of the pool fish swimming, etc.; "should be borrowed" refers to the good use of the seasons of the year or January between the different times of the day scenery Changes - such as spring flowers and plants, summer shade, autumn foliage, winter snow, the morning sunrise, the evening sunset afterglow ...... and so on, can be borrowed at the right time. Such as suzhou to the exquisite deep master of the net garden, the garden's important scenic spot "temple spring yi" is based on the song peony poem in two lines "thanks to the chemical industry pity lonely, still left peony temple spring wind", by the end of spring peony flowers to create a landscape.　　Third, the Chinese classical garden is particularly good at using a strong national style of various buildings, such as pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, corridors, pavilions, Xuan, boats, pavilions, bridges, etc., with the natural water, stone, flowers, wood, etc., composed of a variety of interests of the garden landscape. To common pavilions, porches, bridges, for example, they constitute the artistic image and artistic realm are unique. Such as pavilions, not only is the shape is very colorful, and it is in the garden in the middle of the "point of view" and "lead the scene" role. Such as Suzhou West Garden of the Lake Pavilion, the Humble Administrator's Garden has a cave half Pavilion, Beijing Beihai Park's Five Dragons Pavilion. Again, such as gallery, it is in the middle of the garden is to guide tourists to visit the route, but also plays a role in dividing the space, the combination of scenery. Such as when people walk in the Beijing Summer Palace promenade, you can see the beautiful scenery of Kunming Lake; Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden of the water corridor, it is light and elegant, people walking on it, like walking on the waves; Suzhou Yiyuan compound corridor, separated by a flower wall, the wall of the form of leakage of the window (also known as the "flower windows" or "flower (also known as "flower window" or "flower wall hole"), so that the garden has a boundary is not a boundary, seems to be separated from the non-separation, the scene in the scene, small in the big, endless changes, this leakage window in the Jiangnan classical gardens in the use of a wide range of ancient architects, which is a brilliant creation of the architects. Because the original relatively monotonous and boring wall, after the window decoration, not only adds a rich change, that a different window pattern in the wall has become an exquisite decorative pattern, but also through the skillful use of a "leakage" word, so that the garden scenery is more vivid, dexterous, adding an endless interest. Suzhou's West Garden, the Lion's Grove of leaky windows are fully embodied in this feature. As for Chinese gardens in the bridge, it is even more rich and colorful form, in the world of architectural art. The most prominent examples are the seventeen-hole bridge and the jade belt bridge in the Summer Palace in Beijing. Each of them has its own vivid and chic shape, which decorates the scenery of the Summer Palace even more touching. In addition, Jiangsu Yangzhou Slim West Lake of the five pavilion bridge, Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden of the corridor bridge is another style, become one of the most striking garden scenery in these gardens.