Nangang Millennium Yao Fortress
Guangdong Yao Museum
Liannan Shunde Cultural Plaza
Pangu King Cultural Park
Nangang Millennium Yao Fortress
Liannan Yao Autonomous County, a magical Yao settlement, is located in the northwestern part of Guangdong Province. It is located north of the Tropic of Cancer between 24°17′16″ - 24°56′2″ N latitude and 112°2′2″ - 112°29′1″ E longitude. It borders Lianzhou City in the northeast, Yangshan County in the southeast, Huaji County in the south, Lianshan Zhuang and Yao Autonomous County in the west, and Jianghua Yao Autonomous County in Hunan Province in the northwest.
Liannan County is 47.5 kilometers wide from east to west and 73.5 kilometers long from north to south, with a total land area of 1,305,929 square kilometers (of which 1,153,929 square kilometers is Yao area, accounting for 88%; and 152 square kilometers of land area is Han area, accounting for 12%), which translates into 1,958,893,500 mu. Among them, 1,479,187,000 mu of forestry land, accounting for 78.02%; 102,493,000 mu of agricultural land, accounting for 5.4%; 179,424,000 mu of pasture land, accounting for 9.46%; 15,166,000 mu of ponds and reservoirs of water surface, accounting for 0.8%; towns, villages, roads, factories and mines of land of 40,480,000 acres, accounting for 2.14%; 79,250,000 acres of bare rocky mountains, accounting for 4.18%. 4.18%. There are 161 peaks above 1,000 meters above sea level, and the highest peak is Dawu Mountain in Jinkeng Township, which is 1,659 meters above sea level.
Liannan's climate is a humid climate in the middle subtropical monsoon, with an average annual temperature of 19.5°C, a mild and pleasant climate, and a total precipitation of 1,660.5 millimeters, which is abundant and rainy and hot in the same season. Summer prevails south wind, winter prevails northeast wind, because it is located in the southern foothills of the Nanling Mountains, the mountainous areas of the three-dimensional climate is obvious, the temperature difference between the high mountains and the flatlands of 4 - 5 ° C. Liannan County's climate in the four seasons, the summer is long and the winter is short, the transition between spring and autumn is fast, the spring is cold and humid, the summer is hot and rainy, the fall is cool and windy, and the winter is cold and dry.
Administrative divisions
Liannan County Yao Autonomous County has six townships under its jurisdiction, with a population of more than 150,000, of which more than 80,000 are Yao, more than 70,000 are Han Hakka, and there are a small number of ethnic minorities, such as Zhuang, Hui, and Manchu. The Yao people live in 80% of the county. In the high mountains and steep hills stretching for hundreds of miles, there are Yao villages everywhere, so Liannan is known as the "hundred miles of Yao Mountains".
History
Liannan Yao Autonomous County, the Qin Dynasty belonged to Changsha County, the Han Dynasty belonged to Guiyang County, the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and belonged to the Shixing County, the North and South Dynasty to Yangshan County, the Sui Dynasty belonged to Xiping County, the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty belonged to the Lianzhou. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was changed from a state to a road and belonged to Lianzhou Road, which was followed in the Ming Dynasty. To the Qing dynasty in the forty-second year of the Kangxi (1703), began to set up Liyao Tongzhi, straight Guangzhou Province. In the first year of the Republic of China (1912), the Yao Affairs Office was set up to govern the Yao settlement area. In the 16th year of the Republic of China, the Lianyang Yaoyao Bureau was set up, which was subordinate to the Guangdong Provincial Government. Republic of China in 24 years changed Anhua Administration, Republic of China in 35 years, the withdrawal of Anhua Administration set Liannan County, the name of Liannan appeared for the first time in this.
After the founding of the country, on May 16, 1950, the Liannan Yao Autonomous County People's Government was established, the county government in Sanjiang Town, Yao District. 1953 January 25 Lianshan, Liannan County merged, the establishment of the Liannan Yao Autonomous Region (county level), the original Lianxian Sanjiang area and Yangshan Zhaigang area (including today's Zhaonan Town) into the autonomous region of the map. 1954 March, the original Lianshan jurisdiction out of the restoration of the Lianshan County. In June 1955, Liannan Yao Autonomous County was renamed Liannan Yao Autonomous County, and in December 1958, it was merged with Lianxian, Lianshan, and Yangshan to form Lianyang Autonomous County, with its capital located in Lianzhou Township; in October 1960, after Yangshan County was transferred out of Lianyang County, Lianyang Autonomous County was renamed Lianzhou Autonomous County, and in October 1961, Lianzhou Autonomous County was abolished. In October 1961, the Lianzhou Autonomous County was abolished, and the Lianxian County, Lianshan County and Liannan Yao Autonomous County were restored to the jurisdiction of Shaoguan District. 1983, after the merger of the district and the city, Shaoguan City was under the jurisdiction of Shaoguan City, and in January 1988 it was transferred to the jurisdiction of Qingyuan City.
Liannan territory, rolling hills, before the founding of the country, living mainly Yao, Han, Zhuang three nationalities. According to historical records and archaeological discoveries, about 1500 years ago, the culture of the Central Plains had spread to Liannan, and there was already a sizable Han population. In the Sui and Tang dynasties, Liannan already had a certain number of Yao people living in the area, and a unique social and political organization - Yao Lao system was created in the Yuan Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, "eight rows and twenty-four rushes" (rows are big cottages, rushes are small cottages) were formed. The Yao people here are divided into the Dashan Yao and Pai Yao. Pai Yao is called "Pai Yao" because the Yao people used to live in clans and build houses on the mountains, and their houses are stacked up in rows, forming mountain fortresses which are called "Yao rows" by the Han people; and "Overhill Yao" is called "Pai Yao" because their ancestors mainly plowed the mountains and "ate all the food in one mountain". The name "Paiyao" is derived from the fact that their ancestors mainly plowed the mountains and "ate all the food and passed through the mountains", and their migration was erratic. According to folklore and historical records, the Paiyao mainly come from the middle and lower reaches of Hunan's Xiangjiang and Yuanjiang River basins and the Dongting Lake area. Around the Sui and Tang dynasties, their ancestors migrated to the Liannan mountainous area and settled there via Chenzhou and Daozhou. The Dashan Yao migrated to Liannan from Hunan and Guangxi respectively during the Qing Dynasty, and have built strongholds and settled down after the founding of New China. The Zhuang migrated to Liannan from Lianshan and other places after the Zhengtong period of the Ming Dynasty. In the long years of history, the people of all ethnic groups friendly exchanges, *** with the development of this beautiful and fertile land in Liannan.
Liannan Yao compatriots, although living in the mountains, but successive feudal ruling class on the Yao people using discrimination and oppression of the policy, the military constantly besiege, "pear their nests, kinds of endless" political divide and rule, the Yao settlement area divided into Lianshan, Lianxian, Yangshan jurisdiction, and to buy a number of Yao upper class to act as their puppets, creating Yao internal contradictions; economic exploitation and economic compatriots by every means possible to the Yao people. They exploited and plundered their Yao compatriots in every possible way. In addition, the internal disputes in Yao area were many, the armed fights were endless, the Yao leaders and practitioners took the opportunity of mediation to extort and extort money, the life of Yao compatriots was extremely poor, and the population was reduced from 100,000 people in history to more than 22,000 people at the time of liberation, and the politics, economy and culture of Yao area were still kept in primitive state of the old feudal society, and the ethnic conflicts were very sharp. 1949 the liberation army liberated the nationalist party's Sanjiang Town of Liannan County, and then the whole area of Liannan was liberated, the Yao people gained the dream of the people, and the Yao people got a new life. In April, 1950, the Chinese *** Beijiang District Committee and the Commissioner's Office decided to form the Chinese *** Liannan County Working Committee and Liannan County People's Government, and appointed Cheng Chongzheng as the secretary and county chief. May 16, Liannan County People's Government posted the establishment of the bulletin. China *** Liannan County Working Committee and Liannan County People's Government was established for the realization of regional autonomy for the Yao people of Liannan laid the foundation.
Millennium Yao Village
Lianshan Mountain, more than 800 meters above sea level, known as "China's first Yao Village" Liannan Yao Autonomous County Nangang Millennium Yao Village, is China's largest, oldest and most distinctive Yao Village. It is surrounded by dangerous mountains, running streams and peaks. Looking upwards, rows and rows of neatly organized classical architectural dwellings are scattered all over the hillock, and all the ancient houses have green brick walls and black tile roofs, with unique and spectacular shapes.
1, architecture
Through the unique flavor of the building, the wisdom and courage of the Yao people jumped in front of us. They open up more than one mountain from generation to generation, build their fortresses on the steep mountains, gather their clans and live together, and the water supply facilities are perfect, which makes people marvel. At the same time, they reclaimed arable land and planted dry grains; they planted bamboo and trees on the steep slopes of the high mountains to create forests after forests; and where there were water sources, they reclaimed terraces against the mountains and planted rice. They built in the Ming Dynasty fortress door, fortress wall, stone arch bridge, stone road, sarcophagus tomb, as well as the Ming and Qing Dynasties built the green brick house, etc., although after hundreds of years of wind and rain, so far the style still exists, in the mountains and steep mountain range constructed a picture of the primitive life of self-sufficiency.
The Millennium Yao Village is actually a large "bunker". The fortress was built halfway up a mountain that was easy to defend and difficult to attack, with defenses in all directions and strong barriers, and is said to have resisted enemy attacks many times in history. We saw the restoration of the fortress entrance about 7 meters high, about 2 meters wide, the door on both sides and the top of all with hardened boulders, fortress door on the left and right sides, also all with stone walls, a meter thick, enough to feel its solidity.
2, song and dance
Yaozhai is not big, you can slowly stroll in the village, see "Mr. Gong" chanting, see Sha waist sister (unmarried women) embroidery, see A Gui (unmarried men) brewing, to the terraced fields to see the cattle, to see the Yao people jumping long encouragement really, come to the Yaozhai, can't help listening to the songs here, can't help but see the dance here. The dance of the Yao people is a very important part of their lives.
Yao village is the home of song and dance, every October 16 Pan Wang Festival, playing song hall, or July 7 singing festival, Spring Festival and other grand festivals, Yao men, women and children, all out, playing the song ring, or song, or disk song, or fight song, singing to the middle of the night, hissing to give up. Among them, "playing songs" has become a traditional folk event in Liannan Yao Autonomous County, which is listed in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage.
The songs and dances of the Yao village are very "ceremonial". First of all, the salute (cannon) cannon, nine cannon cannon, people will be excited to "out of the song hall". Vast song hall procession by the ritual host - "Mr. Gong" led by umbrellas and bamboo streamers followed by the team, followed by a long drum team, bullhorn team, gong team, suona team, song and dance team and so on, drums and horns in the sky, carrying songs and dances.
Out of the song hall of the crowd arrived at the "song hall ping", it will be "over the state dance" performance, according to legend, row of Yao's ancestors migrated to the Liannan, a *** over the Kyushu ten provinces, after thousands of hard work, "over the state dance! "
Paiyao's ancestor's performance is said to have been performed in Liannan.
Over the next long encouragement performance, rich in legend, which is Liannan row of Yao generations of folk traditional dance. Legend has it that a long, long time ago, there was a hard-working handsome young man called Tang Dongbi rescued a heavenly fairy named Fangsha thirteen sister, the two fell in love with each other for a good relationship. However, when the Jade Emperor found out about it, he ordered the Thunder God to come down to the earth to force the fairy to return to the palace. The fairy instructed Tang Dongbi to cut down the piano tree to make a long drum, dance and play it seventy-two times, and then they could meet each other in the sky. Tang Dongbi did as he was told, and they were reunited as they wished. Since then, the Yao people have been dancing the long drum to express the blessing of faithful love.
3. Specialties
Patty cake, bamboo rice, fire-smoked meat, pork fried greens, etc. are authentic Yao specialties, green vegetables are planted in front of the house. The Yao family's rice wine is soft and sweet in the mouth, and the aftertaste is not small. There is also a "communal canteen" in the Yao village to entertain foreign guests.
There are no inns in the Yao village, it is best to live in the Yao people's home, and they eat and live together, when you leave, leave some money on the line. You can also live in Liannan County.
The Yao family also has the March 3 Plowing Festival, the June 6 Tasting Festival, the July 7 Singing Festival, the October 16 Panwang Festival and the Juggling Festival.
Paiyao Costumes
The Yao people have created a rich and colorful culture and art during their long history. The colorful and simple costumes are part of their culture and art. As early as in the Han Dynasty, there are records of the "colorful clothes" and "colorful clothes" of their ancestors. For thousands of years, although the Yao people have been in a state of migration and nomadic cultivation, their costumes still maintain the distinctive Yao characteristics of many styles, eye-catching colors, simple patterns and exquisite craftsmanship.
First, the headdress. Paiyao men, women and children all stay long hair, coiled head into a conical wu shape. In order to be beautiful, their hair buns are wrapped with red, green, yellow floss, and then inserted 1 to 3 pheasant tail. Ear hanging aluminum, tin, silver earrings, neck set on several collars. This is the general male and female **** the same dress. Outsiders are not careful, it is difficult to distinguish between men and women. In fact, men and women's headgear attire is a clear difference: the male sector wrapped in red turban, more than a zhang long, the top of the head wrapped into a large millstone like, inserted cocktail sword like, appear very powerful. And the female community wrapped in embroidered bandana, bandana also wrapped in jade bracelet-shaped "white wood through" (a spongy tree stamen), or wild barley beads, inserted in the pheasant tail is a white soft feathers, and inserted with silver hairpins or silver hairpins, flowers, and other decorations, appear very beautiful and dignified. However, all the women who wear the headscarf are a sign of marriage. Unmarried girls do not wear a headband on their heads. Junliao, Daping and other places in Yao row, married women, wearing bamboo shells tied into a large plate "small building", wearing a variety of silver cards, silver hairpin, solemn and dazzling, more Yao characteristics. In addition to headdresses, collars, women also wear aluminum or silver bracelets, women in wealthy families wear jade bracelets, gold earrings. Children mostly wear iron or aluminum anklets to show that they avoid evil and are lucky.
Again, clothing. Paiyao, regardless of gender, all wear loquat lapel with no collar and no buttons to open the chest. This lapel wide and long to wear on the body, stacked in front of the chest, and then more than ten feet long belt wrapped around the navel. Wear short to the knee as wide as a bucket of "bucket pants". This kind of clothing is a local special yarn cotton cloth, dyed indigo, coffee, brown and black and other colors. The cloth is solid and durable, and with the embroidered or white cloth edges on the side of the garment, it looks beautiful, simple and unique to the Yao family. There is also a clear difference between men's and women's clothing. Men's clothes are shorter than the navel; women's clothes are longer than the thigh. Men's world wrapped in red cloth, women's world wrapped in white belt, clear at a glance. As they wear "bucket pants", the knees hit the foot binding, foot binding with white cloth, black cloth, yellow and white flowers slip cloth, from the ankle winding to the knee and the leg of the pants. In the past, they wore straw shoes or cloth shoes, and now most of them wear rubber shoes and liberation shoes. No matter what kind of shoes they wear, they are all bought in the Han district. Yao women can embroider, but not make shoes. Probably none of their ancestors had the habit of making shoes, and this is still the case until today.
Besides the usual attire mentioned above, the Paiyao also have festival dresses and "marriage dresses", which are usually worn when they go out to visit friends and relatives, go to the market, and wear them on New Year's festivals. These dress are pricked pattern pattern, pattern taken from life, such as birds and animals, running water and clouds, mountain flowers and wild grass, winding vines and climbing vines, all kinds of nature's exotic scenery, almost all have been blended into the Yao women's skillful embroidery. At the same time also with aprons and phi colorful cloak, colorful, different patterns, brilliant. The cloak is covered with metal-shaped copper drums, copper plates, gongs, golden dragons, white horses, unicorns, lions, phoenixes and so on. Head plus wearing gold flowers and silver hairpins, copper plates and drums, walking golden light flashing, dancing up Dingdang sound, very harmonious. This dress, the male world of self-prepared, female with the "dowry" brought from the mother's family, to each person's lifetime use, to a hundred years of life, as a life dress, dressed for the coffin.
On weekdays, the Yao family with the equipment: the male world birdshot, animal skin bag (containing gunpowder, tobacco miscellaneous) pointed wood knife three Bo Bao. The female sector of the embroidered Yao bag, tall parasol, hook Tsui Chai sickle is also three treasures.
About the row of Yao clothing, in the "unprecedented" Cultural Revolution period, some people proposed to "break the four old" forcibly forced Yao people to modify the Chinese, was strongly opposed by the Yao masses. Nowadays, some Yao compatriots who joined the army and went out to study and returned to their hometowns are still wearing their hair and clothes back to their Yao family costumes. What is the reason? This is the Yao mentality, but also the living environment. Because they live in the mountains, engaged in reforestation, hunting, farming and other mountain labor. Often climb mountains, thorns and thorns, wrapped in a turban to prevent mange, thorns and thorns stabbed skull; wearing shorts to facilitate walking on the rugged road; playing foot binding to prevent poisonous snakes, mountain locusts and mountain streams and stones attack. Therefore, so far, in addition to some young people on the street to the market to change to wear Chinese clothing, middle-aged Yao compatriots, still wear Yao clothing.
In April 2021, Liannan County was ranked 47th on the 2021 China's Most Beautiful Countryside Top 100 Counties and Cities list.
In November 2020, the 2020 China's most beautiful counties list was released, and Liannan County was on the list.
In October 2020, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment awarded Liannan County the title of the fourth batch of national ecological civilization construction demonstration cities and counties.
In December 2019, the National People's Committee named Liannan County as the seventh batch of national ethnic unity and progress demonstration areas.
In March 2015, Liannan County was awarded the third batch of advanced units in the creation of national rule of law counties and municipalities.