Edit this passage Mazu.
Mazu was born in the first year of Stegosaurus in Song Taizu (AD 960), and his grandfather Fu Lin lived in Fujian on March 3rd. Father Lin (only Yin), in the early Song Dynasty, was appointed as the capital of supervision. Before she was born, her parents had given birth to five daughters, hoping to have another son, so they burned incense early to pray for our son, but the baby was a baby girl, and their parents were somewhat disappointed. The night before the baby girl was born, neighbors saw the meteor turn from the northwest sky into a red light, dazzling, and dyed the rocks on the island red. Therefore, parents think that this baby girl must not be an idle girl, and she is particularly fond of her. Because she never cried from birth to the second month, she was named Moline, and her parents also called her Moline Niang. Maureen was cleverer than other sisters when she was a child. When she was eight years old, she was inspired by her teacher. She can not only read aloud from memory, but also understand the meaning of words. When she grows up, she is determined to do good deeds and help others all her life and never marry. Her parents obeyed her wishes. She is devoted to charity and public welfare. She has been studying medicine, treating people and teaching people to prevent and eliminate disasters. People praised her. She is calm and helpful. As long as she can help the villagers solve their problems, she is willing to do it, and often guides people to avoid misfortune. People are willing to discuss with her and ask her for help when they are in trouble.
Maureen grew up by the sea. She also knows astronomy and meteorology, and is familiar with water. There are many reefs in the strait between Meizhou Island and the mainland. Fishing boats and merchant ships wrecked in this sea area are often rescued by Maureen, so people say that she can "sit on the ground and cross the sea". She can also predict the weather changes and inform the boatman in advance whether she can sail, so it is said that she can "predict the strange" and call her "goddess" and "dragon lady"
On September 9th, 4th year of Yongxi, Song Taizong, Maureen died at the age of 28.
Edit this passage about the deification and worship of Mazu.
Song Taizong yongxi four years (987), matsu was 28 years old. The day before the Double Ninth Festival, Mazu said to his family, "My heart is so clean that I don't want to live on earth. Tomorrow is the Double Ninth Festival, and I want to climb the mountain. Say goodbye to you in advance. " Everyone thought that she was going to climb high and overlook, but she didn't know that she would become an immortal. The next morning, Mazu burned incense and recited scriptures, and said to her sisters, "Today, I want to climb a mountain and travel far away to realize my wish, but the road is difficult and dangerous, so you can't accompany me." Sisters smiled and comforted her and said, "Just swim, why worry!" Mazu then bid farewell to her sisters and went straight to the highest point of Mae Peak. At this moment, I saw the thick clouds on the top of Meifeng Peak, and a stream of white gas went straight into the sky, as if I heard the fairy music played by a string of silk and bamboo in the sky, which went straight into the sky and reflected the rainbow. Mazu flies in the sky by driving Xiangyun in Changfeng. Looking down at the world, it is looming. Suddenly, the clouds were mixed up and out of sight. Meizhou people looked up and were shocked. Since then, Mazu has often appeared, and villagers can often see her beside caves in rocks, or sitting in clouds, or Zhu Yi flying on the sea. Always show dreams and show saints, save people in emergencies and protect the country and the people. So people in the village built a temple in Mei Feng, and worshiped it devoutly. Later generations came to worship in an endless stream.
Because Mo Niang was kind to the people before her death, she was honored as the goddess of the sea by the coastal people after she ascended to heaven, and a temple was set up for sacrifice. Later, she appeared repeatedly at sea, and all the people who crossed the sea prayed for her. She is honored as the "psychic goddess", and temples are all over Haidian. Mazu belief has gone through 1000 years since its birth. As a folk belief, it has a long duration, a wide spread and a deep influence, which is not found in other folk worship.
There is one on Mazu Festival. The worship and praise of Mazu by emperors in past dynasties has promoted Mazu from a folk god to an official patron saint of navigation, with a higher and higher godhead and wider spread. From Puyi area to all corners of the country, it has reached the point where no one knows and no one can replace it.
Before the Song Dynasty, Mazu's enlightenment began when he went to Korea in the fourth year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty (1 122). The temple was built at the mouth of the river, and (Hui Zong) gave it to Shunji Temple. "Later, the reason for sealing Mazu in the Song Dynasty was' the fog hunger in spring' and' the sacred fire helped burn the bandits' (Volume II, title of Meizhou Island Records).
From the 26th year of Shaoxing, Song Gaozong (1 156) to the Qing Dynasty, emperors of all dynasties conferred titles 36 times, and the title was changed from 2 words to 64 words. In the Ming Dynasty, the title was changed from "Lady" and "Princess" to "Tian Fei", and the temple was built as the capital. In the twenty-third year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1648), it was changed to "Tianhou". And included in the national sacrificial ceremony, for the spring and autumn festival. Therefore, the folk belief in Mazu has become more and more fixed, and the status of "Poseidon" has become more and more stable.
For thousands of years, Putian has preserved many folk customs about Mazu, reflecting the particularity of Mazu belief. His belief in manners and customs, Mazu's words and deeds, personality and so on were gradually absorbed by the people, forming many customs.
Edit this section Mazu worship area
Mazu, as a folk god of praying and protecting the sea, has been circulating for more than 1000 years since Song, Jingyuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Among the temples dedicated to Mazu, there are coastal provinces and cities in China and Mazu Tempel in other provinces except Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet. The Integration of Mazu Palace and Temple contains the records of articulated Mazu Tempel in more than 500 counties and cities in 30 provinces and cities (including Hong Kong and Macao). With the development of navigation and transportation in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, China people have traveled all over the world, including Japan, Southeast Asia, Canada, the United States and even Paris. Mazu, also known as Tian Fei, Tianhou, Notre Dame and Tianmu, is a god believed by boatmen, sailors, tourists, businessmen and fishermen in past dynasties. In ancient times, sailing at sea was often attacked by wind and waves, and the ship sank and people died. The safety of the crew has become the main problem for seafarers, who place their hopes on the blessing of the gods. Before the ship sets sail, it is necessary to worship Tian Fei, pray for the safe blessing of the wind, and set up a sacred position for Tian Fei on the ship.
Edit this festival of Mazu Tempel and Mazu in Meizhou.
Mazu Tempel, located outside Meizhou Island, is famous overseas, and now it has become a holy place for China sailors to worship all over the world, and it is also a holy place that compatriots at home and abroad yearn for. Mazu Tempel's incense lasts all the year round. On his birthday and anniversary, there were a sea of people inside and outside the temple, and the incense was flourishing. Mazu customs, such as Mazu lanterns, Mazu dances, boat sails and dragon boat lanterns, reflect the far-reaching influence of Mazu culture.
Meizhou Mazu Festival is located in Meizhou, Fujian Province, and it is held on April 25th and June 4th, 5438+10/October 4th every year. March 23rd and September 9th of the lunar calendar were named as the date of Mazu's birth and death respectively. Every two days, tens of thousands of people come to worship Mazu. During the festival, we will also carry out Mazu culture research, folk song and dance performances and handicraft exhibitions.
Edit this passage about Mazu beliefs around the world.
Japan
According to records, first of all, during the period of Lu Yong (1558- 1570), an ancestral temple was built in the wild mountain of Samak. Satsuma, located at the southern tip of the Japanese archipelago, has been at the forefront of Sino-Japanese exchanges since Wu Wen Temple established diplomatic relations with China. Therefore, from the vassals to the people, there is a close affection for China ships and China goods. Therefore, we do not reject China people's beliefs, but are self-sufficient.
Mazu Festival was naturally accepted. After Satsuma, three temples in Nagasaki were built in Yuanhe Kuanyong (16 15- 1644), namely Zhangzhou Temple (divided into Fuji Temple in Zi Shan), Nanjing Temple (Guangfu Temple in Dongming Mountain) and Fuzhou Temple (Chongfu Temple in Shengshou Mountain). These three temples all have the background of overseas Chinese businessmen, such as Zhangzhou Temple and Fujian Gang, Nanjing Temple and Sanjiang Gang, Fuzhou Temple and Fuzhou Gang. Therefore, in order to pray for safe navigation and prosperous business, Mazu belief is more prosperous. During the reign of Lu Yuan (1688- 1704), Mazu belief spread to East Japan. It mainly includes Mazu Tempel in Tiandu Temple, Mito in Changlu, Tian Fei Temple in Ibaraki, Tian Fei Mountain in Ibaraki and Tian Fei Temple in Dajian Village in Shimonoseki Peninsula [7]. In addition, the Kobe Chinese Association also has Tianfei Palace, and Kyushu also has five peace households. Further north is the Tian Fei Temple in Aomori Prefecture. According to Hiroyuki Araki's research, the number of Tianhou Temple in Japan has exceeded 300. It can be seen from the above facts that Mazu Tempel has been widely distributed in Japan for a long time, and Mazu belief is one of the more important folk beliefs.
It is entirely possible that the object of belief, which originated in China, will merge with local customs and folk customs and change accordingly in the process of being gradually accepted. Therefore, the above-mentioned Mazu Tempel was completely China's at the beginning of its creation, so it was full of exotic charm. However, with the passage of time, when believers were no longer confined to China, more and more Japanese joined in, and Mazu belief obviously took on a local flavor. For example, they believe that Mazu is the patron saint of Japanese navigation, or worship it as a water soul. For example, on September 23rd, Japan will hold a gathering of women-Autumn Festival, which is one of the village law meetings. Because the memorial day of Mazu is March 23rd, Mazu and the moon are collectively called Twenty-Three Nights, and Mazu is regarded as the God of Twenty-Three Nights. In autumn festivals, it is a custom to put the statue of Bodhisattva in a shrine, and everyone will sit in front of the statue and hold a dharma meeting. Therefore, people regard Mazu as an infinite potential to put Bodhisattva in a shrine.
The Japanese have their own belief in Poseidon, but the belief in Mazu is equally prosperous. Take Otsuka village in eastern Japan as an example. People believe that Poseidon is free of gold and the ship spirit is Yuji. However, before Meiji, people sacrificed to the gods of Millian, Debate, Jinlian, Water and Tian Fei in the village. Among them, I especially believe in Tian Fei. This is because Tian Fei is an effective new patron saint of navigation, and villagers' lives cannot be separated from navigation. Since the establishment of Tian Fei Temple, the acquired princess has always occupied a core position in the belief of Dajian Village. Li Xianzhang tried to ask the acting minister what they thought Tian Fei was. Surprisingly, everyone thinks she is a goddess in the sky. Although this is an extreme example, it also shows that Mazu will live forever in the hearts of Dajian Village.
Southeast Asia
Mazu belief also spread throughout Southeast Asia with overseas Chinese crossing south. In Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines, there are temples dedicated to Mazu. Among them, Malaysia and Singapore are typical. For example, Qingyun Pavilion and Baoshan Pavilion in Malacca, Malaysia, and Guanyin Pavilion (Guangfu Temple) in Penang, Malaysia are all dedicated to Mazu. Mazu is also enshrined in Tianfu Palace in Singapore, Amama Palace in Lincuo Port and Lam Kowloon Hall. Mazu is also enshrined in the halls of geographical associations in Malaysia, Singapore and other places.
Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province.
Most of the folk beliefs in Taiwan Province, Hongkong and Macau spread from the southeast coast of China, especially Quanzhou. Such as Guandi Sheng Jun, Guanyin Bodhisattva, Qingshui Zushi, Baosheng Emperor and Mazu Empress. Empress Mazu has always been regarded as the patron saint of the sea by fishermen and navigators from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, because it occupies an important position in the eyes of compatriots in Taiwan Province Province and has the most far-reaching influence. Over the past 1000 years, especially since Song Huizong, emperors of all dynasties have admired Mazu, and Mazu belief has spread more widely in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao, which complements the Yuan Dynasty's efforts to protect the country and love the people, protect Thailand through water transportation, the Ming Dynasty's Zheng He and Wang Jinghong's voyages to the West, and the Qing Dynasty's Shi Lang's pacification of Taiwan Province Province.
Mazu Tempel, Taiwan Province Province. According to statistics, by the end of 1930, there were 335 Mazu Tempel in Taiwan Province province; 1954 increased to 384; According to the book Origin of Gods in Taiwan Province Province, there are more than 900 temples dedicated to the Virgin Mary in Taiwan Province Province. Mazu temples have different names, including Tianfei Palace, Tianhou Palace, Mazu Tempel, Tianhou Palace, Tianhou Palace, Notre Dame altar, Wenyuantang, Chaotian Palace, Zhenlan Palace, An Lan Hall, Shuangcige and Zhongxing Palace. Mazu has different names because it comes from different places in Chinese mainland, such as Xinghua Ma of Xinghua Army, Wenling Mazu of Quanzhou, Qingxi Ma of Longxi and Yintong Ma of Tongan. In Taiwan Province Province, there are 64 Mazu Tempel in Tainan, followed by 60 in Kaohsiung, 49 in Pingtung Taichung, 48 in Yunlin County and 42 in Changhua County. It can be seen that the logistics department in Mazu Tempel, Taiwan Province has been increasing since the Qing Dynasty, and its scale has become increasingly spectacular after several constructions.
At present, the "Bid Pavilion" in Magong Town, Penghu is the earliest among all Mazu Tempel in Taiwan Province Province. Although there is no record of the founding date of Penghu Mazu Tempel, according to Japanese scholars' research, they were all founded during the Dade period of the Yuan Dynasty (1297 ~ 1307), when a market called "Mazu Miyagi" was opened in front of the temple.
Most of the earlier Mazu Tempel in Taiwan Province Province was separated from Meizhou ancestral temple to Taiwan Province. During the period from Jiaqing to Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1796 ~ 1908), the maritime trade in Taiwan Province Province was prosperous and the economy developed, and many large-scale Tianhou Palace in Tainan emerged. In recent years, an open-air Mazu statue has been built in Tianhou Temple in southern Zhunan. Up to now, there are 5 10 large Mazu Tempel in Taiwan Province province. In Mazu Tempel, there are four horses, namely, Zhendian Horse, Dianping Horse, Dianping Horse and Meizhou Horse. Except authentic horses, other Mazu statues can be used in the annual birthday parade in turn. Especially in the early days of Mazu Tempel, there was a ceremony of "worshipping from afar" on the birthday, that is, the ceremony of "kneeling three times and knocking nine times" at the Meizhou ancestral temple in Putian. This custom fully shows the profound significance of Taiwan Province compatriots' eternal nostalgia for the mainland.
The influence of editing this passage of Mazu culture
Over the past 1000 years, Mazu has changed from a human being to a god, standing out from the Taoist female immortals, and from a "lady" to a "Tian Fei" and a "queen of heaven". Its large number of followers, great influence and wide spread were rare in ancient times. How can it be simply explained by feudal superstition and religious belief?
After Mazu's death, people shaped her into a goddess of compassion and fraternity according to their own wishes and ideals, protecting the country and benefiting the people, with the aim of educating future generations and carrying forward the national spirit. "It is said that Li Ze is still alive, and after his death, he is still efficient and meritorious", which is the poem of Huang Gongdu, the champion of the Song Dynasty. "But you see me going back and forth, and I won't talk about it." This is a poem by Chen Mi, a scholar in the Song Dynasty. "Rain and dew are everywhere, the sea changes, and the waves are calm", which is a poem by Zhang Jian, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty. "Help the weak and help the poor, come at once, and go away." This is a poem inscribed by Emperor Yongle, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Politicians, thinkers and writers of past dynasties attached great importance to Mazu's educational function and the role of "national identity" belief, hoping to promote national prosperity, national unity and people's livelihood. Mazu spirit is undoubtedly the excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.
In the thirty-second year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1640), Dutch colonists attempted to occupy Penghu. Under the protection of Mazu, China navy general Shen Yourong led a fleet from Xiamen to drive the colonists out of the waters of Penghu. Up to now, there is a stone tablet in Mazu Tempel, Penghu, which says "Shen Yourong ordered the red hair to go to Wei Malang". Another example is "Miscellaneous Notes on Making Ryukyu" written by China in the 22nd year of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty (1683), in which it is recorded in detail that, with Mazu's blessing, the ship was named "trapeze", passed through Diaoyu Island, Huangwei Island and Chiyu Island, and quickly entered the waters of Mi Shan and Machishan in Ryukyu Kingdom, which surprised Zheng Yongan, the doctor who greeted him, as if "suddenly entered its territory". More importantly, through these original materials, some problems left over from history have been clarified. For example, Zheng He's inscription "Ling Ying Zhi of Tian Fei" recorded the process of seven voyages to the West in detail, which played a role in correcting and supplementing the mistakes and deficiencies in history books. It can be proved that Diaoyu Island has been the territory of China connected with Taiwan Province Province since ancient times.
In the history of maritime traffic trade and coastal port development, it is closely related to Mazu belief. From Northeast China to South China, the development history of many famous port cities in China is closely related to Mazu Tempel. The proverb "Niangniang Temple comes first, then Tianjinwei" is an image explanation of the origin of Tianjin Port. In the Song Dynasty, Huating (that is, Shanghai), Hangzhou, Quanzhou and Guangzhou were all built together with Mazu Tempel. Yingkou, Yantai, Qingdao and Lianyungang are all marked by the construction of Mazu Tempel, turning desolate fishing villages into prosperous port cities. The cliff stone carvings of the North Buddhist Temple in Hong Kong and the records of Mazu belief introduced from the Southern Song Dynasty in the Lin family tree of Wangcun, Peng Pu, Kowloon are the earliest historical documents in Hong Kong. The Portuguese name of Macao is Macao, which is a transliteration of "Marco" in Cantonese. Taiwan Province compatriots call Mazu, who was schizophrenic in the early stage, "Mazu who started Taiwan", which fully shows that Mazu's crossing Taiwan is directly related to the development of Bao Dao.
Mazu Tempel also has a unique position in the history of science and technology. In ancient times, there was a custom of sailing. When a new ship is launched, it is necessary to make a model to be enshrined in Mazu Tempel, so that Mazu will always be concerned about the safety of the ship. Many Mazu Tempel have left a large number of ancient ship models. There are more than 350 ancient ship models in Mazu Temple, Miaodao Island, Changdao, Shandong Province, including the Weiyuan model enshrined by Deng Shichang, a national hero, which has become an important material for studying the history of ancient shipbuilding in China. There are a number of ancient buildings in Mazu Tempel, such as Tianhou Palace in Quanzhou, Fujian, Jingdezhen in Shandong, Chenghai in Jiangxi, Zhenyuan in Guangdong, Zhenyuan in Guizhou, Qing 'an Hall in Ningbo, etc., which are extremely precious works of ancient architecture art from temple structural modeling to various carving components. In addition, Mazu Tempel has preserved some special scientific and technological relics. For example, there is a star map of Ming Dynasty in Tianhou Palace, Hanjiang, Putian, which is a rare material for studying ancient directional navigation in China by using the star map. The fire fighting "water machine" stored in Tianhou Palace in Tianjin is one of the earliest mechanical fire fighting equipment discovered so far.
The formation of Mazu culture itself has also left considerable spiritual wealth to mankind. At present, only the historical documents of Mazu belief are directly recorded, and the most conservative estimate is more than one million words, involving topics in many fields such as economy, politics, military affairs, diplomacy, literature, art, education, science and technology, religion, folk customs, overseas Chinese, immigration and so on. The content is quite rich and the historical materials are of high value. Famous historians in China, such as Gu Jiegang and Ke Zhao, have published many papers about ancestors and the day after tomorrow, which have aroused repercussions in academic circles. After 20 years' research, Li Xianzhang, a scholar from Taiwan Province, finally wrote The Study of Mazu Belief, which became the first highly academic monograph on Mazu in China. Since 1980s, Taiwan Province Province, Macau, Xiamen and other places have set off a research upsurge, held many academic seminars on Mazu culture, and published academic monographs 100, such as Scholars at Home and Abroad Studying Mazu, Essays on Mazu Research, Compilation of Mazu Research Materials, Compilation of Mazu Literature Materials, Mazu Belief and Ancestral Temple, Meizhou Mazu and so on.