[1] Maxim Gorky, a famous writer, poet, critic, political commentator, and scholar, was apprenticed at the age of 11. He was a native of Nizhny Novgorod in the former Soviet Union, of Russian ethnicity.He was born on March 16, 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod to a family of carpenters. He was the founder of socialist realist literature, the greatest representative of proletarian art, a mentor of proletarian revolutionary literature, one of the founders of Soviet literature, and political life. He died on June 18, 1936 in Moscow. The world was saddened by his death.
Character story: Once, Gorky in the boiling water, reading read into the mind, did not realize that the water has long been boiled, the result of the tea pot burned. This can be a problem, the fierce hostess copied a pine stick, not to say on the body of Gorky hit, while playing also scolded, the Gorky beat all over the body, so that had to ask the doctor to see. Gorky body green piece, purple piece, some places are oozing blood, wooden thorns are stuck into the flesh. The doctor pulled out twelve wooden thorns from his back and encouraged Gorky to denounce them.
The hostess was afraid, she was afraid that Gorky would sue her for abuse. Immediately changed a pitiful face and said: "Children! As long as you do not go to denounce me, I will agree to whatever conditions you put forward."
"Do you mean what you say?"
"Yes." Mistress said hopelessly.
"I won't turn you in if you allow me to be able to read after my work."
The hostess agreed with great reluctance. In this way, Gorky was blessed with the right to read in extra time at the cost of skin and flesh suffering.
Ernest Miller Hemingway
Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 - July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist, considered one of the most famous novelists of the 20th century. Born in Oak Park, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois, he committed suicide at his home in Ketchum, Idaho, late in life. Hemingway, who had four marriages in his life, was a representative of the American "Lost Generation" (Lost Generation) of writers, and his works show confusion and uncertainty about life, the world, and society. [2]
Hemingway won many awards in his lifetime. He was awarded the Silver Medal of Valor during World War I;[3] in 1953, he won the Pulitzer Prize for his book The Old Man and the Sea;[4] and in 1954, The Old Man and the Sea won the Nobel Prize for Literature for Ernest Hemingway. [In 2001, Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises and Farewell to Arms were included in the "100 Best English Novels of the 20th Century" by the Modern Library of America. [6]
Hemingway has always been known as a literary tough guy, and he is a spiritual monument to the American nation. Hemingway's works marked the formation of his unique creative style, and occupy an important position in the history of American literature and even world literature. [4]
Character Story:
In 1918, after the outbreak of World War I, Hemingway, despite his father's objections, quit his job as a reporter and attempted to join the U.S. military in order to observe the battles of the First World War. Hemingway flunked his medical exam due to a vision defect and was only transferred to the Red Cross Ambulance Corps as an ambulance driver. En route to the Italian front, he stayed in Paris under German artillery bombardment. Instead of stopping at a safe hotel, he tried to get as close to the battlefield as possible. Hemingway witnessed the brutality of war on the Italian front: an ammunition depot near Milan exploded, and a makeshift morgue contained more women's bodies than men's, much to Hemingway's shock.On July 8, 1918, Hemingway was awarded a silver Medal of Valor by the Italian government for injuries he sustained while delivering supplies and dragging wounded Italian soldiers to safety. Hemingway later worked at an American Red Cross hospital in Milan. This was the inspiration for his early novel Farewell to Arms. Hemingway wrote vernacularly as if he were the main character in the novel. [8]
In 1920, Hemingway moved to Toronto, Ontario, and lived in an apartment. During his residency, Hemingway, who found work at the Toronto Star he became a freelance writer, reporter, and overseas correspondent, and befriended Star reporter Morley Callaghan, establishing a friendship. [9]
Between 1920 and 1921, Hemingway, who lived near the north side of Chicago, worked for a small newspaper.In 1921, Hemingway married his first wife, Hadley Richardson, and in September moved to a three-story north Chicago apartment to live in. By December, the Hemingway family moved out of the country and never returned to live there. Settling in Paris, Hemingway gave interviews about the Greek-Turkish War (1919-1922) to the Star. Upon his return to Paris, Anderson guided Hemingway's involvement in the "Parisian Modernist Movement." [10]
In 1923, Hemingway's debut novel, Three Stories and Ten Poems, was published in Paris. After the birth of his first son, Hemingway resigned from his job at the Toronto Star due to the need to support the expenses of the entire family. 1925 saw the publication of a series of short stories, In Our Time, which showed a concise writing style. 1926 saw the publication of Hemingway's novel The Sun Also Rises. 1927 saw Hemingway's divorce from Hadley Richardson, and his marriage to his second wife, Pauline Pfeiffer, who was born in the United States. (Pauline Pfeiffer). In 1927, Hemingway divorced Hadley Richardson and married his second wife, Pauline Pfeiffer, and published A Man Without a Woman. [11]
In 1928, Hemingway left Paris and lived in Florida and Cuba, living a quiet, idyllic life. He often went hunting, fishing, and watching bullfights. In successive years, Hemingway's second and third sons were born. [12]
Hemingway (Spain) (5 photos)
In 1931, Hemingway moved to Key West (the house where he lived is now a museum) and accumulated material for Death in the Afternoon and The Winner Takes Nothing. 1932 saw the publication of Death in the Afternoon. In 1932, Death in the Afternoon was published, honoring the American architect Rodwig's famous saying, "The less, the more," which made the work more concise and shortened the distance between the work and the reader, and put forward the "Iceberg Principle," which expresses only one-eighth of a thing, making the work full, subtle, and intriguing. [13]
In the fall of 1933, Hemingway went to Africa with a team of hunting trips, [13] and based on what he saw and heard in Africa and his impressions, he published The Green Hills of Africa, The Snows of Mount Kilimanjaro, and Francis McComber's Short, Happy Life in 1935. [14]
From 1937 to 1938 he traveled to the front lines of the Spanish Civil War as a war correspondent. During World War II, he operated with the army as a reporter and fought in the liberation of Paris. [15] During this period, Hemingway wrote the essay "The Denunciation" which was published in 1969 attached to Four Stories of the Fifth Column and the Spanish Civil War. [16] In 1940, Hemingway's marriage to Fyfe's ended, and during this period, health problems ensued, causing Hemingway much distress. [17] In the same year, Hemingway published the long, anti-fascist novel For Whom the Bell Tolls, set during the Spanish Civil War, [18] and in 1950, Crossing the River into the Woods, set in post-World War II Venice, was published, and Márquez stated, "Without Crossing the River into the Woods, there would be no The Old Man and the Sea." [19]
After the outbreak of the Pacific War at the end of 1941, Hemingway immediately converted his yacht into a cruiser to scout for German submarine action and provide intelligence to destroy the enemy. [20] In the mid-1990s, former KGB officer Alexander Vasiliev was granted access to the archives of Soviet intelligence agencies. As a result, he was surprised to find that Hemingway had been recruited as a KGB spy in 1941 under the code name: Argo. Unfortunately, there was no talent and no valuable information was obtained. [In 1944, Hemingway went to Europe with the U.S. Army and was seriously injured in a plane crash, but after he recovered, he still went behind enemy lines. He received a bronze medal at the end of World War II.In 1948, Hemingway divorced Martha and married Mary Welsh Hemingway, a wartime correspondent, returning to Cuba soon after.[22] In 1964, Hemingway was awarded a Bronze Medal for his work in the U.S. Army, and in 1964 he was awarded a Bronze Medal for his work in the U.S. Army. [22] On July 2, 1961, Hemingway ended his life at the age of 62 with a shotgun. [23]
Victor Hugo
Victor Hugo (维克多-雨果) was a French writer, a representative of the positive Romantic literary movement in the early 19th century, a representative of humanism, and an outstanding bourgeois-democratic writer in the history of French literature, and has been described as the "French Shakespeare Shakespeare of France". He wrote many poems, novels, plays, various essays, literary criticism and political essays, and was widely influential in France and the world.
Hugo's creative journey spanned more than 60 years, and his works included 26 volumes of poetry, 20 volumes of novels, 12 volumes of plays, and 21 volumes of philosophical treatises, totaling as many as 79 volumes. His masterpieces include Notre Dame de Paris and Les Miserables.
Character story: Hugo was born in 1802 in the city of Ouessant, in the south of France. His grandfather was a carpenter, and his father was an officer in the army of the **** and the country, and had been awarded the rank of general by Napoleon's brother, the King of Spain, Joseph Bonaparte, and was a close and valued servant of this king.
Hugo was gifted and began to write poetry at the age of 9. At 15, he wrote "The Joy of Reading", which was rewarded by the French Baccalaureate; and at the age of 20, for the publication of his collection of poems, "Ode and Miscellany", King Louis XVIII granted him an annuity.
In 1827, Hugo published the play Cromwell and its preface. Although the play was not performed, the preface was
considered to be the manifesto of French Romanticism and an epoch-making document in literary history. It played a great role in promoting the development of French Romantic literature.
In 1830, Hugo's play "Eunanes" was staged in the Grand Theater of the House of France, which had a great impact and established the dominant position of Romanticism in the French literary scene.
"Eunanes" is a story about a noble-born bandit Eunanes who rebelled against the king in 16th-century Spain. Hugo praised the bandit's chivalry and nobleness, and showed a strong anti-feudal tendency.
July 1830, France, the "July Revolution", the feudal restoration dynasty was overturned. Hugo enthusiastically praised the revolution, glorified those revolutionaries, and wrote poems to mourn those heroes who died in the street battles.
Notre Dame de Paris, published in 1831, is Hugo's most romantic novel. The plot of the novel has twists and turns,
is tense, vivid, unpredictable, dramatic and legendary.
The story takes place in the Middle Ages. "On April Fool's Day, wandering gypsies performed songs and dances in the square, and a gypsy girl named Esmeralda attracted passers-by with her beautiful and graceful dance.
At that moment, Claude Frollo, the deputy bishop of Notre Dame de Paris, was instantly enamored of the beautiful Melada, and, with the fire of lust burning within him, fell madly in love with her. So he ordered the church bell-ringer, the strangely ugly-looking Quasimodo, to snatch Esmeralda. As it turned out, Fabi, the captain of the French king's bow, saved Esmeralda and captured Quasimodo. He takes the bell-ringer to the square to be flogged, and the kind Gypsy girl brings water to Quasimodo to drink instead of forgetting her former grudge.
The bell-ringer, who was ugly on the outside but pure and noble on the inside, was very grateful to Esmeralda and fell in love with her. Naive Esmeralda falls in love with Fabi at first sight, and when the two go out on a date, Frollo quietly follows behind, and out of jealousy, he stabs Fabi with a knife and escapes. Instead, Esmeralda is sentenced to death for murder. Quasimodo snatched Esmeralda from under the gallows and hid her in Notre Dame de Paris. Frollo took the opportunity to threaten the Gypsy girl to fulfill his lust, and when he was refused, he handed her over to the king's army and the innocent girl was hanged. Quasimodo, enraged, pushes Frollo off the church and falls
to his death, and he embraces Esmeralda's body and dies as well.
The novel shows Hugo's strong hatred for the feudal government and the church, but also reflects his deep sympathy for the lower classes.
After the July Revolution, France established the "July
Dynasty," which was ruled by the big bourgeoisie led by the financier Louis Philippe. The July dynasty continued to woo Hugo, who was elected to the French House of Bachelor in 1841, and in 1845, Louis Philippe made him Secretary of the Nobility of France, and a member of the House of Peers. Hugo's passion for struggle in his writing waned, and in 1843 he wrote a mystical play, The Garrison Officer, which was a failure when staged and applauded by the audience. Hugo was silent about this and did not write for almost 10 years.
In June 1848, the people of Paris held a revolution, overthrew the July dynasty, and established the **** and state. At first Hugo did not understand the revolution, but when the big bourgeoisie plotted to destroy the **** and the State, Hugo became a staunch **** andist.In December 1851, Louis Bonaparte staged a coup d'état, and Hugo took part in the anti-coup uprising organized by the **** andists. Louis Bonaparte came to power and established the Second French Empire. He practiced a policy of terror and ruthlessly suppressed the rebels. Hugo was also persecuted and had to go into exile.
The period of exile?
Lev Tolstoy
Lev Tolstoy (1828-1910) was born on September 9, 1828 in Yasnaya Polyana, Krapivin County, Tula Province (now Xiaokin District, Tula Province). Tolstoy's family was a prestigious one, whose genealogy dates back to the 16th century, and the distant ancestor was knighted from the time of Peter I. His father, Nikolai Ilyich, was the son of a nobleman. The father, Count Nikolai Ilyich, fought in the Patriotic War of 1812 and retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel. The mother, Maria Nikolaevna, was the daughter of Duke N. Shevolkonsky. Tolstoy lost his mother at the age of one and a half and his father at the age of 9. After the death of his guardian aunt, A.I. Ostian Sakon, in 1841, he was placed under the guardianship of his aunt, P.I. Yushkova, who lived in Kazan. So his family moved to Kazan.
Tolstoy received a typical aristocratic family education since childhood, and in 1844 he was admitted to the Oriental Department of Kazan University, where he studied Turkish and Arabic in preparation for a career as a diplomat. He failed the end-of-term examination and was transferred to the Faculty of Law the following year. Instead of concentrating on his studies, he was obsessed with social life, but at the same time he became interested in philosophy, especially moral philosophy, loved Rousseau's teachings and his person, and read widely in literature. During his university years he had already noticed the superiority of his classmates of civilian origin, and in April 1847 he withdrew from his studies and returned to Jasnaya Polyana, the estate of his mother's dowry. This was his mother's dowry property, which came to him when his brothers decimated the estate, and it was here that he spent the vast majority of his long life.
Character story:
After returning to the estate, his attempts to improve the life of the peasants were aborted because he did not have their trust. he had gone to Petersburg to apply for the examination for the Bachelor of Laws in April, 1849, and returned home suddenly after taking only two courses. In the fall of 1849, he organized a school for the children of peasants, and from November he nominally served in the Tula Provincial Administration, and in December of the following year he was promoted to the rank of fourteenth-ranking official, but in reality, he was surrounded by friends and relatives and Moscow's high society. However, he grew tired of this life and environment, and at the end of April 1851, he accompanied his elder brother Nikolai, who was serving in the army, to the Caucasus, where he participated as a volunteer in the attack on the mountain people, and then served for two and a half years in the Caucasian army as a "corporal of artillery of the fourth class". Despite his excellent performance, he was promoted to warrant officer thanks to his relatives, and in March 1854 he joined the Danube troops. At the beginning of the Crimean War, voluntarily transferred to Sevastopol, where he was captain of an artillery battery in the most dangerous prism, No. 4, and took part in the final defense of this city. In the various battles, seeing the valor and excellence of officers and men of civilian origin strengthened his sympathy for the common people and his critical attitude toward serfdom.
Tolstoy began to write when he was in the Caucasus, and published novels such as Childhood, Boyhood, and Sevastopol Stories in the magazine Modern Man, etc. He came to Petersburg from Sevastopol in November, 1855, and as a well-known new writer was welcomed by Turgenev and Nekrasov, etc., and gradually became acquainted with Goncharov, Fet, Ostrovsky, Drew, Zhinin, Andenkov, and others. Zhining, Annenkov, Botkin, and other writers and critics. Here he was regarded as an eccentric for his unworldliness and debauchery, and his dislike of Homer and Shakespeare amazed everyone. He soon became acquainted with Chernyshevsky, but disagreed with the latter's literary opinions. At that time, Druzhinin and others advocated the so-called "beautiful art" for the sake of art, and opposed the so-called "didactic art", that is, the so-called revolutionary democrats advocated the exposure of literature. Tolstoy was inclined to the views of Druzhinin and others, but believed that no art could be separated from social life. By 1859, he had broken with the magazine Modern Man.
Retired from the army at the end of 1856 with the rank of lieutenant. At the beginning of the following year he traveled to France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. The "social liberty" of France won his admiration, while the sight of a guillotine execution in Paris disgusted him. In Switzerland, he saw the selfishness and callousness of the English bourgeois gentlemen, which also aroused his indignation. But this trip abroad broadened his horizons in literature and art and enhanced his sober realization of the backwardness of Russian society.
Tolstoy's thoughts on the reform of serfdom and the revolutionary situation at the turn of the 50s and 60s were extremely contradictory. As early as 1856, he had drafted a program to prepare for the emancipation of the peasants in lieu of rent and other methods, and tried in his own estate, because the peasants did not accept and did not realize. He sympathized with the peasants and detested serfdom, but believed that, according to "historical justice", land should be owned by the landlords, and was y worried by the question of whether the landlords wanted life or land. He disagreed with the ideas of the liberals, the Slavophiles and even the serf-owning hard-liners, and saw the hypocrisy of the top-down "reforms" carried out by the Czar, but was opposed to the elimination of serfdom by revolutionary means, and fantasized about finding his own way.
Because he could not solve the contradiction in his thoughts, he tried to escape from reality in philosophy and art, but soon felt disappointed again; in 1860, the death of his elder brother Nicholas deepened his pessimism, and he almost stopped his creative work from 1859 to 1862, and successively set up more than 20 schools for the children of peasants in the villages of Jasnaya Polyana and the neighboring villages, and he also researched the educational systems of Russia and Western Europe. He also studied the educational systems of Russia and Western Europe, and traveled to Germany, France, Italy, England, and Belgium from 1860 to 1861 to study schools. Later, he founded the educational magazine "Yasnaya Polyana". These activities attracted the attention of the tsarist government. In addition, in the serfdom reform, as the peace mediator of the county, he often sympathized with the peasants when mediating the disputes between the landlords and peasants, and incurred the hostility of the aristocratic serf-owners. in July 1862, when he went out, his home was searched by gendarmes for two consecutive days. Soon afterward he closed his school. The shock to his mind during this time, and his acceptance of some of the peasants' views on things as a result of his frequent contact with them, became the occasion and the beginning of a change in his worldview.
Hans Christian Andersen
Hans Christian Andersen, also known as Hans Christian Andersen, (1805-1875), was a famous Danish fairy tale writer in the 19th century, and also one of the representatives of the world literature fairy tale, and was known as "the sun of the world's children's literature". He was born in Odense into a poor shoemaker's family and had a poor childhood. In his early years, he studied in a charity school and worked as an apprentice. Influenced by his father and folk oral literature, he grew up loving literature, and at the age of 11, his father died of illness and his mother remarried. At the age of 14, he came to Copenhagen alone in pursuit of art. After 8 years of struggling, he finally showed his talent in the play "Alfs?r", a poetic drama. As a result, he was sent by the Royal Art Theater to the Slagelse Grammar School and the Helsing?e School for free. In 1828, he was admitted to the University of Copenhagen. After graduation, he was never employed, and lived mainly on manuscript fees. 1838, he received the Writers' Prize - a non-official allowance of $200 per year from the state.
Andersen's literary career began in 1822 with the writing of a play. After entering college, his writing became more sophisticated. He published travelogues and comedies of song and dance, collections of poems and verse dramas. 1833 saw the publication of his full-length novel, The Improbable Poet, which won him international fame as the masterpiece of his adult literature. His most famous fairy tales include The Little Tin Soldier, The Daughter of the Sea, Thumbelina, The Little Girl Who Sold Matches, The Ugly Duckling, and The Emperor's New Clothes. During his lifetime, Hans Christian Andersen received a royal tribute and was highly praised for: bringing joy to a generation of children all over Europe. His work, Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales, has been translated into more than 150 languages, and thousands of fairy tale books have been distributed and published worldwide. [1]
Character story: In 1874, a year before his death, Hans Christian Andersen received a letter from an American schoolgirl, accompanied by a one-dollar bill and a newspaper clipping about Andersen's physical ailments and supposed poverty. Before long, other children began to send small sums of money to pay off what a Philadelphia newspaper called a "children's debt" to the Danish author, and later, even the U.S. ambassador personally sent him 200 Danish silver dollars. Andersen, who was not yet too poor to pay, tried to stop it. He wrote to Gibson Peacock, publisher of the Philadelphia Evening News, who had initiated this charitable fund-raising campaign, saying that although he was delighted to see that "my stories in a small language find readers so far away from my native land" and was y touched by the fact that so many American children had "broken out of their piggy banks to help an old man like himself," he was also y moved by the fact that so many American children "broke out of their piggy banks to help an old man like himself. He was y moved by the fact that so many American children had "broken out of their piggy banks to help him, the old writer," but he really did not need and could not accept these gifts. Now, he writes, he feels shame rather than pride and gratitude, and a certain satisfaction has offset Andersen's embarrassment.