Abstract: By means of field investigation, the author studied the cultural and ecological environments, course of transformation and sports By means of field investigation, the author studied the cultural and ecological environments, course of transformation and sports value of ?Spring Cattle Dance? of Dong nationality, and reveled the following findings: ?Spring Cattle Dance? of Dong nationality is a folk custom activity conducted by people of Dong nationality at Dong nationality. The Spring Cattle Dance of Dong nationality is a folk custom activity conducted by people of Dong nationality at the spring festival, the historical precipitation of religious ideology, life style, farming culture and national characteristics of Dong nationality. culture and national characteristics of Dong nationality, a form of sub sports cultural activity; the cultural and ecological transformation of ? Spring Cattle Dance? of Dong nationality is the historical epitome of social development and time advancement of the Dong nationality region; ? Spring Cattle Dance? Cattle Dance? of Dong nationality is provided with fitness value, educational value, social value and cultural value, and its development is closely related to national policies, cultural policies and the development of the Dong nationality region. related to national policies, cultural policies and sports policies of the state.
Key words: traditional national sports;sport anthropology. Spring Cattle Dance;Dong nationality;culture and ecology
The Dong nationality is an ethnic group with a long history in the family of the Chinese nation, with a total population of 2.96 million, mainly distributed in the adjoining areas of Hunan, Guizhou, Gui, and E. The Dong Autonomous County of Passage, Hunan is the largest Dong autonomous county with the largest Dong population. Among them, Taoist Dong Autonomous County in Hunan Province is the one with the largest population of Dong people. Jingwuzhou Township is located in the center of Dong Autonomous County of Passage, surrounded by mountains and streams. In addition to the very beautiful natural environment, the town has a mysterious original cultural treasure trove. Sacrifice Sa? culture, pure and beautiful? Lusheng? culture, authentic? The culture of the local people is also very beautiful. culture, exquisite architectural culture, primitive rice cultivation culture and? The 100-mile Dong culture corridor is known as the "Dong Culture Corridor". The Dong culture corridor is known as the holy land of Dong culture. This study starts from the perspective of sports anthropology, and identifies Jingwuzhou Township, Dong Autonomous County, Passage, Hunan Province, as the core area of the field survey. The group spent nearly half a month from December 2009 to February 2010, and conducted two surveys on different villages in Jingwuzhou Township, Passage, Dong Autonomous County, Hunan Province, to find out the culture of the Dong ethnic group, and to find out the culture of the Dong people. Dancing Spring Bulls? A more detailed and in-depth field survey was conducted. The fieldwork mainly used semi-structured interviews and field observation notes, focusing on ShuiNan and Furong villages in JingWuZhou Township, and extending to Dilian, XiaoJiang, JiangJiBao and JiulongQiao villages. Research on the Dong ethnic group? Spring Bull Dance?
1 Cultural Interpretation of the Dong Spring Bull Dance Custom
In the Dong ethnic area, every lunar spring, popular? Dance Spring Bull? Dance spring bull custom in the Dong ethnic areas of the manifestation of certain differences, but basically have? Welcome the spring bull? The custom of dancing the spring bulls varies somewhat from region to region, but basically it has the following elements Hechuniu? and "Spring Cow Dance" ("春牛"). Spring Cow Dance and? Sacrificing the Spring Cow? and other ceremonial processes.
1.1 Ceremony of Welcoming the Spring Bull
Before the beginning of spring on the lunar calendar, the Dong people make the Spring Bull in advance. Spring bull? The props. The spring bull by the bamboo scotch tie into the skeleton, paste black paper into the bull's head, with the dark gray cloth painted with black etching volute hair pattern stitching into the bull's body, and the other cloth rolled into the upper end of the upper end of the slightly thick, the lower end of the slightly thin strips connected to the tail end, that is, into the bull's tail. The size and color of the spring ox are agreed upon, the spring ox is four feet tall, to correspond to the four times; body length of three feet six inches, to correspond to the 360 days of the year; head to tail total length of eight feet, to correspond to the eight sections; tail length of one foot two inches, to correspond to the 12 times. The color of the cow by the year's heavenly stem and earthly branches to determine the cow's head, horns, ears with the heavenly stem, the rest with the earthly branches. For example, in the year of the first son, the first belongs to wood, the head of the cow with green; son belongs to water, the cow body, tail, hooves with black. Huitong County Records 614-615 recorded: ? On the day of the first day of spring, the competition to watch the earth cow, the color of the year accounted for the water and drought, the sentence of the Mang Shenxian accounted for the cold, summer, rain and sunshine, in order to account for the mulberry and hemp, picking up the stripped soil in order to bust the cattle plague. On the day of spring, a Dong master chooses an auspicious time and selects a moderate place in the field for the statue of the god Sasao and the ancestral tablets, with Zhaolao and township officials standing on both sides, a flag master holding a green flag standing in the east, a drum master standing in the west, a Dong xiao, Dong flute, and muye players standing in the south, and a bell ringer standing in front of the flag and drums.765-766 When the master sets up the plough and harrow with a cattle prod and offerings in front of the statue of the god Sasao and the tablets, the ceremony of welcoming the spring bulls officially begins, with drums and music blaring. The ceremony of welcoming the spring ox officially begins with drums and music and singing. Two young Dong people get into the props of the spring ox made of bamboo sticks and are driven by a young man with a whip to plow the land. The villagers and township officials symbolically hold the green boxes with grain seeds. Green box? Then sowing, the rest of the people to the north and south direction to walk back and forth to salute, in order to pray for good weather. Spring cattle round-trip seeding round for a push, nine pushed the end of the ritual.
1.2 Ceremony of Hechuniu
After the ceremony of welcoming the Spring Bull, the ceremony of Hechuniu began. At the front of the procession is a drum band spontaneously formed by local Dong musicians. Behind the drum band, followed by the villagers carrying two round red lanterns, lanterns written above? Lichun? The word "Lichun" is written on the lanterns. After the lanterns, two young Dong people play the role of the plow ox, followed by a group of farming equipment, dressed as farmers and peasant women, singing and dancing, walking and singing, on behalf of the whole village to put? Spring Cow to each household. When the spring ox is about to enter the village, the whole village men, women and children lined up in front of the village to welcome, firecrackers, gongs and drums, reciting the "welcome ox words":? The spring ox, with black ears and head, plows the fields and harrows the land, crosses the mountains and ditches, works hard in all seasons, and has a good harvest. When the local Dong villagers see the spring ox entering their villages, they can also receive the spring ox to pray for blessings. The family that receives the spring bull sets off a firecracker at the entrance of the house. The spring bull? Hearing the firecrackers, it enters the family's house, circles around the hall, and then exits the house after three times of worship in front of the ancestral shrine. The singer of the procession enters the house and says to the host: "The plowing ox comes to the door, wishing the owner good luck and happiness. Plow ox to the door, wishing the master this year, good weather, abundant grain, prosperous people. and other auspicious words. Then, the singer improvised and sang the congratulatory words according to the situation of the master's house, such as the master's house has a longevity, then sing longevity song; if it is the completion of the new residence, then sing the Lu Ban song; want to let the children and grandchildren to study and become a talented person, then sing the song of becoming a talented person. If the main family has other wishes, you can also tell the team of spring bull dance, so that the spring bull to help pray. After singing, the host family and then set off a firecracker to send off the spring bull team. In addition, the host family usually also offer brown sugar, rice cakes and other things, and now more often changed to offer red packets and cigarettes.
1.3 Spring Bull Ceremony
He Chunxiu sent to the family, the dance of the spring bull team will flock to the village threshing floor, the threshing floor as a farm, the people surrounded by a circle, began to spring bull activities. Accompanied by erhu, lusheng, ox-legged zither, gongs, drums, bells and other musical instruments, the Spring Bull Dance team performs the actions of the bull walking, crossing bridges, drinking water, scratching, spreading joy, getting angry, hoof-planing, shaking horns, rolling mud, etc., in which the spring bull turns over, the spring bull looks at the spring, the spring bull shakes its tail and other actions are more difficult. In the spring bull ceremony, the most interesting or some men dressed as women farmers holding agricultural tools, around the dance spring bull team performance digging field corner, cultivate the field, ploughing, sowing, hoeing, fertilizing, harvesting, fishing, hunting and other agricultural performances, the content of the witty and interesting, quite a national characteristics. After a while of clamor, the Dong master asked the oldest Zhai Lao to lead the petting? Spring Bull. After the oldest man stroked it, Dong men, women and children all scrambled to touch the center of the spring bull's brow for a lucky start to the year. At this time, the ox suddenly became very smart, want to touch the center of the eyebrows is not an easy thing, without a lot of effort can not be done. After touching the bull, the surrounding audience also uses dialogues or pansongs to pay tribute to the "Dance of the Spring Bull". Spring Bull Dance The audience also asks the performers of the Spring Bull Dance a variety of questions about farming and asks them to answer them. The performers must use the mountain song to tell everyone when to do what farm work, do farm work should pay attention to, send reason in the song, to the song to enlighten people, distinctive 302-303. The custom of the Dong dance spring cattle, has been passed down for more than a thousand years, this customary activities for the promotion of agricultural production, teaching knowledge of farming has a positive significance.
1.4 Ceremony of Sending Spring Bull
After the ceremony of haunting the spring bulls, firecrackers are lit to send the bulls back to the pen, and the ceremony of sending the spring bulls is actually a carnival for the Dong people. In the ceremony of sending the spring cattle, the most common is the Dong Doye Dance and Lusheng Dance. The Doye Dance is a collective dance with an unlimited number of people, ranging from more than ten to dozens of people. During the performance, men and women are separated, each in a circle, after the male team, one person with his right hand on the shoulder of the previous one, according to the sound of doe, flinging his left hand as a beat, the pace of neat and rhythmic, singing while walking around the circle. The women's team holds each other's hands and walks around the field and sings on the ground. The Lusheng Dance, performed while playing the Lusheng, mostly simulates productive labor and animal movements. The Lusheng Dance imitates the Hunting Dance, the Tiger Dance, the Tiger Dance and the Tiger Dance. Tiger Catching Dance The dance imitates the activities of fish, such as the "Carp on the Beach Dance". Carp Dance? and the chicken dance that imitates chicken fights. Cockfighting Dance, etc. 452. The Dong people who dance the Lusheng Dance swing from side to side according to the tune played by the Lusheng, and make movements such as bending the knees, throwing the legs, striding, rotating and advancing, dancing and repeating the dance in a cycle. The Dong wiping activity is also the highlight of the Spring Bull Delivery Ceremony. The amusing women purposely smear the black pot ash onto the faces of the young men dressed as male companions, and the other side also nonchalantly smears the pot ash back onto their faces, both sides twisting into a ball, causing the onlookers to laugh heartily. The witty and funny performances, the festive sound of gongs and drums, the melodious song of the spring cow, the team to send the spring cow wherever they go, where there is the sound of singing and laughter.
Folklore festivals is the cultural carrier of the dance of the spring bull, without the Dong Spring custom, the dance of the spring bull activities in the form of inheritance and development to today. The dance of the spring bull activity is the content of the activities of folklore festivals, because of the activities of the dance of the spring bull form, folklore festivals have become colorful. Through the Spring Bull Dance, the Dong people fully enjoy the fun of the activity and internalize the regional, ethnic and cultural identities into their own rules of life. Therefore, in the long history of the Dong ethnic minority, the Dong Spring Bull Dance and Dong folklore are interdependent, closely related and synergistically developed, forming a unique ethnic traditional culture of the Dong ethnic minority.
2 Historical transmutation and sports value of the Dong Spring Bull Dance
2.1 The origin of the matriarchal clan period of Sasu worship and the Dong Spring Bull Dance
? Sasu? is the phonetic translation of the Dong language, arising from the primitive society matriarchal clan period, the original meaning is ? The original meaning is "the resting place of the grandmother". The villagers believe that the gods can bless the prosperity of the people, the village and the people's safety, but also to bring a good harvest, six storage prosperity; not only to prevent thieves and robbing the village, the tiger and beast injury, but also to make the family rich and wealthy, full of cereals. Therefore, the Dong people every year will be arranged to worship the age of the activities, praying for a good agricultural harvest and the blessing of the gods. In the ideology of the Dong ancestors, the head and horns of the cow belong to yang, and the body and tail of the cow belong to yin, and the cow is the only animal among domestic animals that is capable of communicating with the gods, and it is the messenger that conveys the instructions of the gods, so there also exists the cow worship or cow belief in the Dong region. In addition, since the Dong region is a farming society, the plow ox is the Dong family? life? , they love and care for the oxen especially y. Every year on the day of spring, every family repairs the pen for the oxen, steams five-color glutinous rice, and feeds the oxen wrapped in loquat leaves. In some places, they also set up offerings of wine, meat, fruits and melons in the hall, and the parents lead an old ox to walk around the offerings, singing as they go, in order to praise and reward the merits of the ox. Spring Bull Dance The custom is an outward manifestation of the farming culture of the Dong people, who worship their ancestors and emphasize farming and pray for a good harvest.
2.2 The introduction of Han culture and the development of the Dong Spring Bull Dance in the Ming and Qing Dynasties
After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming government gradually implemented the "Re-education of Land to Reunion" program in the Dong region. The government of the Ming Dynasty gradually implemented the policy of "Rehabilitation" and "Sinicization" in the Dong ethnic areas. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the annual Spring Festival was held. Spring Festival On this day, the county magistrates of the Dong ethnic area should lead their bureaucrats and gentry battalions to visit the "Sa Shen Temple". Sacred Temple Sacrifice? Sashen Temple. The day of the Spring Festival, the county magistrates of the Dong ethnic areas would lead their subordinates and the gentry to the Sa Shen Temple to offer sacrifices to the god of the year Sa, signaling that the spring plowing season had arrived, and that the officials and the people would prepare for the plowing together, praying for the peace of the nation and the people, and for a good harvest. Yuping County Records [60-65] of the Dong ethnic area recorded: ? Spring at the time of the year, county officials colorful battle to welcome the spring of the eastern suburbs. Farmers molded clay oxen, rows and rows to do pavilions, from the east gate, the north gate into the turn around the race, embellishing the peaceful scene, but also poor objective. Yuanling County Records [519 records:? the day before spring, the order to rate the city bureaucrats to welcome the spring of the eastern suburbs, the ritual Jumang, out of the earth cow, scattered spring flowers and spring branches, colorful pavilions, accompanied by the story, drums and blown Xuan Tep, welcome into the Office of the Government? Farmers have to pine needles as rice seedlings into the field, drums and songs to congratulate each other. The "Records of the Hall of the Shanzhou Prefecture" [416-419] also recorded: "The last time the county officials showed their plowing was in the county of Dong, when they were invited to the government office to show the plowing. The last county official to show farming was held in 1910 at the end of the Qing Dynasty. It can be seen that the exchanges between Han culture and Dong culture during the Ming and Qing Dynasties enriched the cultural connotation of the Dong Spring Bull Dance while? The policy of land reorganization also increased the popularity of the Spring Bull Dance.
2.3 Ethnic policy after the founding of new China and the growth of the Dong Spring Bull Dance
After the founding of new China, the party and the state have great respect for the customs of ethnic minorities. The Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy guarantees, in the form of national legislation, the right of ethnic minorities to maintain or reform their own customs and traditions, and the cultural practices of the Dong ethnic minorities have been inherited and developed to become an important part of the enrichment of the amateur cultural life of the people of the Dong ethnic areas. However, during the period of ""Dong Spring Bull Dance"", the dance was abolished because it was wrongly regarded as a cow, ghost, snake and god, and once disappeared from the Dong area. in the early 1980s, our government invested a lot of money, manpower and material resources in collecting and organizing the folk literature and art materials of ethnic groups, and the Dong area has successively compiled and published the "Collection of Dong Folk Instrumental Music", "Medicine of the Dong Ethnicity", "The Great View of Dong Village", "Dong Songs" and "The Great View of Dong Village". The Dong region has organized and published series of books such as "Dong Folk Instrumental Music Collection", "Dong Medicine", "Dong Village", "Dong Song", "Dong Beliefs", "Dong Theater", "Dong Sports", "Dong Diet", etc. In particular, the local governments of ethnic minority self-governments have all set up their own organizations to collect and organize ethnic folk literature and art materials. Especially, the local governments of ethnic minority self-governments have established sports organizations, taking folk sports activities as an important content of national fitness to improve the physical and mental health of the ethnic minority people, and the Dong Spring Bull Dance has gained a new impetus for its survival and development. 1985, the Dong Spring Bull Dance, which had been created, took part in the 10th Ethnic Minority Games in Guangxi and won the Second Prize of Ethnic Music and Dance Performance Program of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, which was awarded the second prize in the domestic competition. It won the second prize in the national music and dance program of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and aroused great social repercussions in the country. Although the Dong Spring Bull Dance has not formed a relatively independent sports form, the popular Spring Bull Dance still occupies a very important position in the national fitness and cultural life of ethnic minority areas.
2.4 Cultural Construction and the Prosperity of the Dong Spring Bull Dance during the Reform and Opening Up Period
After the Fourth Plenary Session of the 13th Central Committee of the CPC Central Committee, under the guidance of the Party and the government, the folk activities in the Dong ethnic minority areas have been gradually unveiled, and have been paid attention to by tourists at home and abroad and recognized by them. In recent years, in Hunan Passage Dong Lusheng Festival, Hunan Dong Folk Ecological Tourism Festival, the first Wu Nuo Cultural and Tourism Festival and other activities, the dance of the spring bull has become the Dong folk culture? Ambassadors? , borrowing a variety of media and communication methods to lead the Dong folk culture trend. In such a macro background, the Dong dance of spring oxen subtle changes have occurred, modernity gradually increased. Compared with the traditional Spring Bull Dance, the movements and contents of modern Spring Bull Dance not only simulate the movements of spring bulls and farming scenes, but also increase the number of two bulls flirting with each other, two bulls competing for food, and group of bulls performing, etc.; the characteristics of the movements are also changed from the process of movements and procedures to the emphasis on the difficulty of the movements in terms of aesthetics, witticism, and ornamental value; the movement style is transformed from simple and heavy to light and lively; the form of movements is developed from the group performances of the native villages of the Dong ethnic minority to emphasizing the active participation of outsiders. The cultural connotation is transformed from traditional praying for agricultural harvest to enjoyment and fulfillment in leisure activities. The process of cultural change in the Dong Spring Bull Dance is an adaptation to the modern environment.
From the development process of the Dong Spring Bull Dance custom, it can be seen that the Spring Bull Dance originated from the Dong? With the introduction of Han culture in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Dong Spring Bull Dance gradually changed to show the characteristics of farming culture, which promotes agricultural production and teaches farming knowledge. After the founding of New China, under the guidance of the Party and the State's ethnic and cultural policies, the Dong Spring Bull Dance has gradually manifested the characteristics of leisure culture to meet the growing fitness and cultural needs of ethnic minority areas. The transformation process of the Dong Spring Bull Dance is a result of the changes in productivity and production relations, as well as the progress of society and the times. From another side, it reflects that many traditional sports activities of ethnic minorities, which are at the cross edge of folklore and sports, will gain a broader space for development by adhering to the ethnic, cultural and sports policies of the Party and the State in the present process of social development in China. Multiple Values of the Dong Spring Bull Dance in the Vernacular Society
Among the traditional farming methods in the Dong region, the cattle have the closest relationship with the ethnic minority people. The Spring Bull Dance takes the spring bull as the theme and simulates the daily labor movement of the bull to carry out folk sports activities is the historical inheritance and the demand of the masses' life. At the same time, the folk system culture of the Dong ethnic area also provides the inheritance method and mass base for the development of the Spring Bull Dance, we can utilize the group characteristics of the Spring Bull Dance to make it play an important role in the national fitness activities of the ethnic minority areas. Compared with the Dragon Dance and Lion Dance, the Spring Bull Dance does not have any difficult movements such as jumping and dodging, and the whole set of movements is rarely thrilling and exciting, and is generally characterized by relaxation, liveliness and fun, which is more humanized and life-oriented, and is very popular with the masses. The anthropomorphization of the action forms of the Spring Bull Dance, such as the imitation of the spring bull plowing process of hand dance, knee bending, leg flinging, stride, rotate, turn over, forward and other actions, from the perspective of sports human sciences, the human body and mind have an important role in the development of health. It is conducive to the fitness and recreation of middle-aged and old-aged groups, and is also suitable for primary and secondary school students to carry out physical education classroom teaching and extracurricular sports activities, enriching the content resources of school sports activities. In addition, the Spring Bull Dance is usually held during folk festivals, and the moral code is emphasized in the process of the activity, which is a kind of education in ethnic areas, regulating and standardizing the social behavior of the Dong people. The Dong Spring Bull Dance is a popular form of entertainment for the masses, and its witty performances play the function of a social safety valve in alleviating social conflicts in the process of social transformation in ethnic minority areas. The Dong Spring Bull Dance also has economic value, political value and so on, which need to be further excavated, organized and protected to serve the national fitness and cultural life of the people in ethnic minority areas.
Dong Spring Bull Dance is a folklore activity of Dong people during the spring festival, which is a historical precipitation of Dong primitive religious thought, life style, farming culture and national identity, and a form of activity in the form of sub-sports culture. In the long history of Dong social development, the Dong Spring Bull Dance and Dong folk festivals are interdependent and closely related. Folk festivals are the carrier and inheritance of the Spring Bull Dance, and the Spring Bull Dance is the content and manifestation of folklore. Its cultural value consists of religious culture? Farming culture? The transformation of leisure culture is the change of productivity and production relations, and the result of the progress of society and the times. The Dong Spring Bull Dance has the fitness value, educational value, social value and cultural value of sports, which plays an important role in the construction of a harmonious society in ethnic minority areas, and also creates conditions for the construction of national fitness and school sports with ethnic characteristics in ethnic minority areas.