ER: estrogen receptor, PR: progesterone receptor, HER-2: human epidermal growth factor receptor 2.
Keywords P53, tumor suppressor gene, C-erbB2 oncogene, VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor,
ER, PR: ER and PR exist in normal mammary epithelial cells. When cells become cancerous, ER and PR are partially or completely lost. If cells still retain ER and/or PR, the growth and proliferation of breast cancer cells are still regulated by endocrine, which is called hormone-dependent breast cancer. If ER and/or PR are absent, the growth and proliferation of breast cancer cells are no longer regulated by endocrine, which is called hormone-independent breast cancer.
P53 gene: Breast cancer cells with high p53 mutation rate have strong proliferative activity, poor differentiation, high malignancy, strong invasion and high lymph node metastasis rate.
C -erbB2 oncogene: low expression in normal breast tissue, but high expression rate in breast cancer tissue. Its expression is positively correlated with breast cancer grade, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage. The higher the expression rate, the worse the prognosis may be.
COX-2 (cyclooxygenase -2): COX-2 is expressed in breast cancer tissues. COX-2 may be a useful index to evaluate the prognosis of patients and identify patients with high risk of postoperative recurrence.
Ki-67: It is related to the prognosis of breast cancer patients, especially those with negative lymph node metastasis, and helps to determine whether to use adjuvant chemotherapy.
E- cadherin: adhesion molecule, which can be used as a prognostic indicator of breast cancer.
PS2: In predicting the response to endocrine therapy, PS2 may be more useful than estrogen receptor, and the expression of PS2 is the best indicator of the response to endocrine therapy for breast cancer.
P63: P63 gene itself is a tumor suppressor gene, and P63 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of breast cancer. Detection can provide necessary theoretical basis for early diagnosis, timely treatment and prognosis judgment of breast cancer.
Calponin: In normal breast group, hyperplasia group and atypical hyperplasia group, almost all myoepithelial cells expressed p63, α-SMA and Calponin, while all glandular epithelial cells were negative for three antibodies. It is helpful to judge invasive carcinoma, carcinoma in situ and atypical hyperplasia.
SMA (smooth muscle actin): Smooth muscle actin is a reliable labeled antibody. From normal breast tissues and benign lesions to carcinoma in situ, early invasive carcinoma and invasive carcinoma, the disappearance of ME is a gradual development process.
The high expression of cyclin D 1: cyclin D 1 may play an important role in the occurrence and development of human breast cancer. The clinical significance of high expression in breast cancer is that the expression of Cyclin D 1 is related to tumor size, TNM stage and axillary lymph node metastasis.
Almost every breast cancer patient enters the rehabilitation stage after treatment and faces the threat of recurrence. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization Cancer Rehabilitation Center, even if breast cancer is completely gone after standardized surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the recurrence rate of breast cancer is as high as 5 1% within six months to three years. Some tumors, such as small cell lung cancer, brain tumor, soft tissue sarcoma, liver cancer, bladder cancer and ovarian cancer, have a high recurrence rate.
With the development of molecular biomedicine, the answer has been revealed. The main reasons for breast cancer recurrence are:
1. Residual cancer cells and tiny lesions. Surgery and radiotherapy and chemotherapy have eliminated most of the cancer cells in the body, but there are still about 1 10,000 cancer cells in breast cancer patients, especially in GO stage, which cannot be solved by surgery and radiotherapy and chemotherapy at present. What is even more frightening is that some cancer cells have accumulated and settled in patients, forming tiny lesions invisible to the naked eye and imaging, waiting for opportunities. These residual cancer cells and tiny lesions are the chief culprit of future recurrence.
Another reason for the recurrence of breast cancer is that the occurrence and development of breast cancer are closely related to the disorder of body regulation. Breast cancer has always maintained a close abnormal reaction relationship with the host (human body), which enhanced and diffused the energy produced by cancer cells. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy can not correct and change the regulatory relationship of this disorder to make it return to normal, and the abnormal molecular conduction signals of cancer cells can not be effectively suppressed, so the recurrence of breast cancer is inevitable.
Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are only the first step for breast cancer patients, and they are far from real recovery and radical cure. Professor Gong Pu, a well-known oncologist in China, said: For breast cancer patients who leave the hospital after surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, it is definitely not the end of treatment, but the beginning of continuing treatment. However, this concept of continuous treatment has not attracted enough attention. According to social surveys, most patients, especially those whose tumors have completely disappeared, think this is normal. The doctor said it was cured and no treatment was needed. Regular review has become their only choice. I have no idea that this unscientific concept is likely to make his treatment results go to waste.
Cancer treatment and protection medicine focuses on the treatment and protection of breast cancer patients in convalescence, and puts forward that the treatment and protection of breast cancer patients in this period is not dispensable, but more complicated and important. It is required to be more systematic and scientific, and insist on long-term tumor treatment and protection for more than three years. Psychotherapy, diet therapy and drug therapy should be carried out at the same time to protect the existing treatment results and prevent recurrence.
Principles of treatment and protection for breast cancer in convalescence;
1. Establish the scientific concept of continuing treatment in rehabilitation period and seek individualized treatment plan for yourself.
2. Solve the residual cancer cells and control and eliminate minor lesions.
3. Reconstruct the immune monitoring function of the body and repair the regulatory function of the body.
Specific treatment and protection measures for breast cancer;
1. Use tumor treatment and protection preparations: high molecular protein oral liquid and Cordyceps spore capsules as soon as possible, so that patients can recover as soon as possible.
2. Dr. Gong Pu's music therapy+psychotherapy should maintain a positive and optimistic mood psychologically and believe that he has defeated cancer. Often participate in social activities, especially communicate with cancer friends, and combine "physical training" with "psychological training". Appropriate participation in physical exercise, free participation in Dr. Kung Fu's anti-cancer qigong or Dr. Kung Fu's anti-cancer movement or Dr. Kung Fu's anti-cancer dance.
Dietotherapy is indispensable in the recovery period, especially it is very important to replenish the spleen and stomach through diet. Spleen and stomach are the acquired foundation and the source of qi and blood biochemistry, what's more, they are often injured in tumor treatment. Scientific and reasonable dietary collocation is very important for the recovery of spleen and stomach and the physical fitness of patients.
I sincerely wish breast cancer patients a speedy recovery!