The mystery of the Yangge asks where it came from and why it is called "Yangge". Many people have answered this question. Over the centuries, it has been written in at least ten ways: yangge, yangge, yangge, yangge, yangge, yangge, yangge, yingge, yingge, yingge, yingge. It is said that Yangge was originally the song of rice planting in the southern rice area; it is said that it originated from the ancient sacrifice to the god of agriculture to pray for a good harvest; it is said that this kind of song and dance started in Fengyang and was called Yangge; it is said that Yangge originated from the sun worship of the ancient human beings; it is said that Yangge was created by Su Dongpo and came out of the Song Dynasty; it is even said that it was created in the Song Dynasty; and it is even said that it was created by Su Dongpo in the Song Dynasty. It is even said that during the Song Dynasty, the songs and dances of the Western regions, in which the "Sango" was the main character, were combined with the Han Lantern Festival to form the "Yangge". A variety of sayings, some quite have to rely on, some quite creative. In fact, the bottom of the riddle lies in the countryside in northern Shaanxi, pronounced as "yáng" "Yang", in the end, which word should be? Find the word, the mystery will be solved.
Cultural anthropologists have a basic **** knowledge: human culture comes from early witch culture. A Cheng's account made me suddenly realize that the rice-planting songs should be no exception. Shaanbei rice-planting songs today have a witchcraft origin in the 10 or so ways of visiting temples, colorful gates, and nine curves, including the songs and dances in the plazas. Zhouli - Chunguan" records: "Secretary witch in charge of the group of witch's order. If the country is in a drought, he will lead the wizards in a summer dance." The "yú" (雩) is a ritual for seeking rain, and it is a ritual in which the big wizards lead the small wizards to perform a dance to the sky. This should be one of the origins of Yangge. To this day, in Anse Bay, northern Shaanxi, on the night of the fifteenth day of the first month of the lunar calendar, after the Jiuqu Rice-planting Song, which is a ritual of eliminating calamities, everyone kneels on the ground in groups with the head of the umbrella and begs to the heavens for a favorable wind and rainy weather for the year. In the northern Shaanxi Province, farmers rely on the sky to eat, save for a rainy day, from the Zhou Dynasty inherited this rite of passage to the sky, has never been lost. So, where does the tradition of the "along the door" - also known as "row of doors" and "transfer" - come from in the rice-planting songs of northern Shaanxi?
Yujiagou didn't have any "along the door" rice-planting songs at the time of its insertion into the army. But the tradition of the rice-planting song is to go to the village, the transfer of the New Year's Day, to whose home, even if for whose family drove away the evil disease, to ensure that his four seasons of safe production, no disease and no disaster. In addition to this, the Yangge team also has to worship the livestock circle, worship temples and so on. After the political command and people's communalization, the exclusion of exorcism and elimination of the concept of ghosts and gods, personal disasters and illnesses are far less important than the collective situation, the rice-planting songs will be light to do with the big picture of the alarm. However, the Shaanbeier's haunted rice-planting songs, although already a large entertainment nature, but along the door to drive away evil spirits and diseases of the tradition has never disappeared.
Many people believe that the ancient Nuo instrument is the source of Yangge. Nuo, is an ancient ritual to drive out the epidemic ghosts. "Zhouli" left us a record of the time along the door to drive away evil spirits and disease: "Fang Xiang's palm Meng bearskin, gold four eyes, Xuanyi Zhu clothes, holding a go Yang shield, handsome hundred subordinates and when Nuo, to Suo room to drive away the disease." Said Fang Xiang's leadership of more than a hundred people to carry out Nuo activities, door to door to drive out the epidemic ghosts. Epidemic ghosts in the house, there will be evil things happen, resulting in the size of the population sick or even dead. Along the door to drive out the epidemic is the purpose of exorcism by exorcism, completely eliminate the epidemic potential, to ensure that the tribal population peace and prosperity.
There is more than one record of this kind. Some say that the oracle bones have been recorded indoor "exorcise ghosts and epidemic sacrifice", and recorded exorcise ghosts and epidemics of exorcism dance; said Fang Xiang's exorcise room is the beginning of exorcism; there are also said that five thousand years ago, Zhuanxu's son became a ghost, the age of the room exorcise the epidemic, which will be along the door of the time of the emergence of the 2,000 years earlier, although it seems to be attached to the, but also reflect the ancient Although it seems to be an incident, it reflects the reality of life in ancient society. Shanbei rice-planting "along the door" form has no exorcising masks, and do not have to enter the house, as long as the door to the song and dance, even if the disease, but the purpose of exorcism, the same as three thousand years ago. The Analects of Confucius - the countryside party chapter "recorded:" countryman Nuo, and standing on the steps of the door." Said Confucius meet the township people engaged in exorcising ghosts, they put on a court dress, standing on the east step of the family temple. Nuo is a ritualized, institutionalized witchcraft activities, it inherits the power and methods of witchcraft, relying on the strong rhythm of sound and dispersal of the dance form of aggregation of energy, to achieve supernatural realm, to achieve the purpose of communicating with people and gods, and stabilize the earth.
Importantly, Nuo, also called "禓". The same is the matter of Confucius, "Li Ji - Suburb Special Adoption" records: "countryman Nuo, Confucius in uniform standing in the eastern door, storage room God also." During the Warring States period, Zhao's history book, the Shiben, reads, "Wei made the five sacrifices." Said the eighth generation of Shang leaders on A micro created "禓五祀" ritual - that time there was no Shang dynasty. Accordingly, some scholars speculate that the Shang time called "Xiangren 禓", the Zhou era said "Xiangren Nuo". "禓" meaning, the Han "Shuowen" interpretation is "Road on the sacrifice." In this regard, the later said that the road sacrifice. Guì is also the name of a ritual to pray for the elimination of calamities. Zheng Xuan note "townspeople 禓" said: "禓, strong ghosts also. Nuo, so that the room to drive away the epidemic by strong ghosts. 禓, or for dedication, or for Nuo." Means, "禓" is an unnatural death into the ghost, the name of the ghost used as the name of the sacrifice, refers to the exorcism along the door to drive away the disease. 禓, also known as dedication, also known as Nuo. So, this "禓" is not the kind of walking around along the road sacrifice "road sacrifice"? This "禓" has always been pronounced in two ways. Now it is pronounced shāng, but in addition, it is also pronounced yáng, and the Shuowen says that "禓禓禓禓禓禓" is "? #91; sound", Xu Xian note "禓禓禓" and "??". #91;" sound, both "and chapter cut." #91;, Yang, Yang, Yang, Yang or whatever. The Kangxi Dictionary also has, "《韵会》余章切, 《正韵》移章切, and sound 'yang'."
"Ritual Justice" in the note "townspeople 禓" of the 禓 is "sound hurt", "Shuowen" said "Road on the sacrifice" of the 禓 is "? #91; (yáng) sound", indicating that this same thing, there are two sounds. And pondering "禓, or dedication, or Nuo", if read "Yang", it is better to understand. Because at that time, "dedication" of the vowel is quite like h?h?, to the present, Hakka, Minnan or this sound. As for the "or Nuo", we can only know that now there are often people "Yang" said with the "mother" like, it is difficult to say that the ancient times of Nuo, Nuo did not close to the vowel.
I'm afraid that before the Tang Dynasty, we have long stopped pronouncing "禓" as "hurt". Yan Shigu in the "Kuangmu Zheng customs" said reasons: "the townspeople ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? and Xu Xian sound ??????????????????????????? for Nuo. Now the reader then does not say ?????????????????????????????????, but also lost." Said the Jin Dynasty Xu Miao said "禓" read "Nuo", we read his book, we do not read "hurt", "禓" The "hurt" sound was lost.
Historically, the "townspeople 禓" of 禓, did read "Yang". He was mainly saying that the character 禓 was misspelled. However, we can see from this that at that time, the character 禓 (禓) in the Chinese character "乡人禓" was obviously pronounced as "阳". "Yáng" is still a witchcraft in northern Shaanxi Province. After a person dies in northern Shaanxi, there is a witchcraft ritual called "qiyang", which today is actually "yáng" (驱禓禓). This is a ritual before the coffin is carried to the cemetery. Mr. Yin-Yang uses witchcraft to drive away the ghosts and spirits in the vicinity so that the souls of the dead can move smoothly on their way. At this time, the crowd avoided, Mr. Yin Yang in the kiln where the deceased stayed at the end of the kiln, with a kitchen knife or even a guillotine blade dancing a big dance, his mouth gibberish. Just heard him ringing the bell in his hand as loud as the school bell, and "ping pong ping" a wrapped legs of the rooster to the ground, the chicken suffered a lot of abuse, cried out miserably. Finally, heard "when" a sound. Look again, he has stood in the kiln courtyard, will be a bowl full of firewood ash broken, gray face and bowl ballast in front of the coffin spread on the ground. That chicken was a symbol of the evil spirit, and abusing it was to make the evil spirit overwhelmed and leave, thus achieving the purpose of exorcism.
After a person's death, the family has to wrestle a chicken to death across the standing doorway. If the person is an unnatural death, he died in the place of the death of the chicken. Today, the countryside in northern Shaanxi Province said that this is to let the chicken "for the death". But people have died, how to replace? In fact, the killing of chickens to drive away ghosts - previously also killed dogs to drive away ghosts, is a long tradition of sorcery, was also incorporated into the ritual system. In the Southern Dynasty, Liang Zong懔《荆楚岁時記》, it says: "Killing chickens with portals to expel epidemics is also a rite of passage." The Old Tang Book - rituals," also recorded: "winter hui, often give Nuo Nuo livestock in the palace door and the four sides of the city gate, each with a male chicken." Visible killing chicken is Nuo Yi project, its purpose, must be with Zheng Xuan said "禓, strong ghosts also" has a deep relationship. Do not kill and change the abuse, really because the rooster can continue to step on the hen, Division morning dawn.
There is a saying in Beijing that "the disaster has hit the same", which means that the person is depressed and has no spirit. In the old days, Beijing said that after the death of a person, there is a gas, called "disaster", a few days after the death of a person out. If a living person was hit by the calamity, he would be very sick even if he did not die. However, "disaster" is not the name of a ghost.
From the nature and purpose of the witchcraft in northern Shaanxi, it is undoubtedly "drive 禓", or even "drive away Nuo". Because Nuo, Nuo once may be the same sound. Regardless of whether it is Nuo, we drive away, is the same type of ghosts. This "up"? When the Hakka people from the north of the long march south, now the "drive" pronunciation, and "up" since the Yuan since the modern sound, now the Min dialects sound, is consistent. In this case, the "drive 禓", is in the northern Shaanxi language deep hidden for years and years in the bottom of the vocabulary.
The Nuo dance way originated from the ancient witch. "Shuowen" explanation of the word "witch" is: "Witch also. Women can matter invisible, dance to the gods also. Like a man dancing with two sleeves." In northern Shaanxi Province, the "driving of the wizard" is a remnant of the wizard's dance. The collective approach of the sorcerer evolved into the later collective song and dance. In Shandong, there is a ritual dance called the "Shang Yang Dance," the name of which is reminiscent of the shāng and yáng sounds of the word "禓"-could it be Could it be "禓 (shāng) 禓 (yáng) dance"? In addition, the phenomenon of roles in songs and dances developed into Nuo opera and Yang (禓) opera. These retain the "禓" along the door to drive out the epidemic content, as well as the beginning of the "road on the festival", a blend of heaven and earth worship, fertility worship, worship of ghosts and gods content of the countryside songs and dances, collectively referred to as "禓(yáng)歌 The name "yáng" was given to the song.
Nobody knows when the word "yáng" came into being in the spoken language. Only know "禓" meaning early faded out of the literati memory, the relevant text expression, are to "Nuo" instead. However, the word precipitated in the oral transmission of folk language, precipitated in folklore, although thousands of years later was written as "Yang", but its cultural connotations and the performance of rice-planting field of rotating patterns, flow ceaselessly. Shaanbei rice-planting dance, a long history is said to have been in the Northern Song Dynasty, the original song for the Yang song, when the word is more Yang, spring song to music. Yan'an Fu Zhi" recorded in the spring haunted the community, commonly known as Yangge. It can be seen that the rice-planting song originated from the activities of the social day to worship the land master. Qing Li Tiao Yuan "Guangdong Notes" cloud: farmers, every spring, women and children to dozens of counting, to the field of rice seedlings, a Laos drums, drums a pass, the group competed for, Mi day unceasingly, is the day of the rice-planting song. Therefore, it has been pointed out that the rice-planting song from the south, is a foreign culture in northern Shaanxi. Writer Cao Guxi in the "Shaanxi rice-planting song," said: the northern Shaanxi people, rice-planting song, is to figure a red-hot. Every year, the first two or three days of the first month of the year, almost to the first day of the month. Until the second day of February, the pressure of the gongs and drums. Various forms, is a folk square collective song and dance art, performance, colorful, red hot and lively. Northern Shaanxi region urbane rice-planting custom has a long history. Such as Suide, northern Shaanxi, Mili, Wubao and other places, each year the Spring Festival village should be organized rice-planting team, performances before the temple to worship the gods to dedicate songs and dances, and then began in the village day by day to the performance of the family, commonly known as row of the door, in order to congratulate the new year to send a blessing to the home, which is a continuation of the ancient activities of the Society of Sacrifices, fifteen Lantern Festival day, the rice-planting team will also be around the fire tower around the nine songs. Around the fire tower, also known as the fire tower tower, the first boulder and brick base ventilated base, above the large pieces of coal and then built into a tower shape, there are gaps between the coal, filled with firewood, twigs in order to ignite. Due to the good quality of the local coal, and firewood to help burn, so in the night of the fifteenth day of the night after the ignition, the flame shines red in the night sky, the rice-planting team around the tower singing and dancing, very nice to see. This custom is the ancient ritual Taiyi accumulated salary and then seek fire to eliminate disasters and drive away evil spirits of the legacy. This custom in the Qing dynasty county records, such as "Suide County Records" and to coal block accumulation base such as tower, to the night, Ran (burning), light as day. Mizhi County Records" store households gathered stone charcoal base as a tower (commonly known as fire tower tower), as bright as day. This custom can be seen from a long time.