"Jingpo" is the name of the Jingpo branch of the ethnic group, and other branches call themselves "Zaiwa", "Lang'e", "Lazhi "and so on. Now they are collectively known as the Jingpo people.
As of 2000, the population of the Jingpo people was 132,143, living mainly in the five counties of Longchuan, Yingjiang, Luxi, Ruixi, and Lianghe in the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province. These areas are characterized by long mountain ranges and border with Myanmar, with a national border of 5,003 kilometers. In addition, there are a few scattered Jingpo people in Katama, Gangfang and Gulang in Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Gengma Dai Wa Autonomous County in Lincang area, and Lancang County in Simao area.
Jingpo LanguageThe Jingpo language belongs to the Tibetan-Burmese language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family, and the Jingpo language was created in 1957 on the basis of the original romanization of the Latin alphabet. On the hillside with lush green trees and bamboo forests, the villages of the Jingpo people are beautiful and clean, with a unique flavor. A bamboo building, a family, composed of a walled village, some large, hundreds of families; some small, only two or three families.
Jingpo architectureJingpo people live in the counties of Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan and Nujiang Lushui, Gugang and other mountainous and hilly areas. Housing is mostly bamboo structure straw house, divided into two layers, the upper layer of people, the lower layer of poultry and livestock. The house is a long corridor shape, one end of the door, there is an aisle after entering the door. There is a wooden post in the room, varying in size and thickness, and the wooden post symbolizes the sign of property and power in the Jingpo tribe. There are three to ten rooms, each with a door and no windows. Inside the house has a fire pit, used for cooking and tea, the ground covered with gabion mats for sleeping collapse.
Jingpo clothingJingpo women wearing black flat velvet made of lapel or left lapel short blouse, chest decorated with decorative silver bubbles, wearing wool woven red skirt, tie ~ a red belt, calves wrapped with the same texture and color of the skirt wrapped legs, head wearing wool woven red head, like to wear silver ornaments. Men generally wear black lapel short clothes, short and wide pants legs, the old man stay braids wrapped around the top of the head to black cloth head, young people like to wrap the white head wraps. When men go out, they must hang a long knife or carry a long gun on their shoulders, and carry a delicate and beautiful bag on their backs to hold betel nut, straw tobacco and other things.
Jingpo food customs
Jingpo people have their own unique set of food customs, and on this basis formed their own food culture.
Most of the people of Jingpo to rice as the main food, there are places to eat corn-based. In the past, the eating method is relatively simple, with banana leaves wrapped in rice, evenly distributed, each person a share, with the hand to eat. The side dishes were beans, potatoes, and wild vegetables and fruits collected. Meat is seldom eaten on weekdays, except on festivals. Vegetables and meat are only boiled with salt and chili.
Jingpo people like to drink, almost every family has a brewing equipment, everyone will brew. The brewed water wine has both wine flavor and sweetness, which is cool and delicious to drink and quenches their thirst. Water wine has a special role in the daily life of Jingpo people, marriage, congratulations on the new house, festivals, making friends, are indispensable water wine. Jingpo men and women love to chew grass tobacco, reed and betel nut, in order to clear the summer heat.
Jingpo marriage customsJingpo marriage customs with strong national characteristics, such as leaves love letters, soup fall, lost indeed and lost test, etc., is an important part of China's rich and colorful marriage culture, monogamous family of Jingpo is the basic unit of Jingpo society, in many aspects is also with the characteristics of the nation.
Jingpo beliefsJingpo people believe in the spirit of all things, that the natural world of all things of the ghosts and spirits can play a role in people, to give people the trouble and blessing. Enshrined ghosts are divided into three categories, namely: heavenly ghosts, earthly ghosts, home ghosts. The sun ghost in the sky is the biggest; the earth ghost on the earth is the biggest; the family ghost to "wood generation" ghost is the biggest. All cases of insertion of seeds, harvest, marriage and mourning, fighting, etc. are invited sorcerers slaughter sacrifice ghosts, the largest festival "eye brain", is for the sacrifice of "wood generation" ghosts and held. Catholicism has also been passed on, but did not spread.
Jingpo funeral customsJingpo funeral customs belong to the normal death, all earth burial. A few months or a year after the burial, the family will hold a ceremony to send the soul of the deceased back to their home in the north along the southward route of the ancestors of the Jingpo people. When the grave is built, one of the most important items is to build a three-meter-high conical thatched hut over the grave, with a wooden statue of a man inserted at the top, and colorful paintings drawn with charcoal, red earth and pig's blood on top. Pictures of the sun, moon, mountains, water, wild animals, livestock, swords and guns, agricultural tools, crops, etc., to indicate the gender and age of the deceased and their main activities during their lifetime. Bamboo poles are inserted around the grave, with a few indicating several sons and daughters. The head of the grave is made of stones. After the grave is built, there are no more ceremonies.
Jingpo festivals Traditional festivals, reflecting the unique and outstanding ethnic culture of the Jingpo people. In general, the traditional festivals of the Jingpo people mainly include the Spring Festival, the "Menaosong Festival", the Flower Picking Festival, the Nongsang Festival, the New Rice Festival, and so on. Spring Festival of Jingpo PeopleThe Spring Festival is an ancient and traditional festival of the Chinese nation, during which there are rich activities. The Jingpo people are no different. Before the Spring Festival, they prepare the festive items. The difference is that on the first day of the New Year, when the rooster crows for the first time, the young men will have to fight to pick the first water of the New Year, and after picking it back, they will scoop out a bowl of water and compare it with the bowl of water that was prepared on the first day, and if the new water is heavy, it means that this year's rainfall is more than last year's, and the opposite is true, but it's less. Experienced production of the old man also stood in the doorway to look at the rising sun irradiated places, if the sun's light to the trees, grass, mountains, etc. was white, the year should be more white grains, if it is red, then more red grains. The third day, Jingpo young men and women divided into two groups, competition target shooting, the girls will be valuable things with the horse tail hanging in the tree fork or bamboo pole for the young man with a gun to shoot, hit the object is not considered a skill, only to interrupt the horse tail so that the object falls down to be considered a good marksmanship, the young man, once the object is hit down, the girls will be from the home to bring things to entertain them. After the third day of the Lunar New Year, people will start to visit friends and relatives. After the first five years after the festival is over.
Jingpo Enxian FreshJingpo language, that is, flower picking festival, is a traditional festival of the Jingpo people. Generally held a few days after the Spring Festival.
At that time, young men and women from Jingpo villages meet together, bring food and drinks, and come to the pre-selected flower mountain with gongs and drums. The boys fired guns and firecrackers, while the girls were busy collecting flowers to set up the recreation ground, and then they sang and danced to their heart's content. The Jingpo girls also hang pre-prepared cooked chickens and meat tied up with threads on the trees for the young men to shoot at, and if the threads are broken, the girls make a toast to the young men with wine and betel nut. In the evening, give each other gifts.
Jingpo Meibao FestivalAlso known as the "General Ge", Jingpo voice translation, meaning "dance". Dehong, Yunnan Province, around the Jingpo festival, held every year during the first month of the lunar calendar, the festival period ranging from one to three days.
Legend has it that the parents of Ning Guanwa, the founding hero of the Jingpo people, once said to him: "After we die, you have to hold a ceremony to send the souls to the eye, so that we can become the earth, and you can become a human being and reproduce the human race." Ning Guanwa obeyed the wishes of his parents, went to learn the eye brain dance, taught others, and held once a year, after generations, it has become today's Jingpo annual festival.
On the day of the festival, people dressed in festive attire, gathered in the square, the square set up a wooden brain column, twenty meters high, with two chestnut templates made. The right side of the board painted on the shelter, a symbol of unity and courage; the left side of the board painted a four-square and divided into three triangles, each triangle with a color. In the middle of the two columns are crossed two big knives, symbolizing the valiant and unyielding character of the Jingpo people. Pillar also erected next to two pieces of wood about eight meters high, painted on a variety of patterns, symbolizing the development of children and grandchildren.
The upper and lower horizontal plaques are painted with the Himalayan Mountains and various crops and livestock, symbolizing the birthplace of the Jingpo people and the desire for a better life.
Early in the morning, the festival ceremony began, and the square was filled with joy. The ceremonial music is played, people dressed in costumes into the square. A group of women dressed in costume walked into the square, and they formed a line with bamboo baskets full of eggs, glutinous rice, and rice wine on their heads. At this time, in the midst of the joyful sound, the salute cannon rang out. Jingpo compatriots from all over the world, giving each other gifts and toast, dancing in the sound of joy, from early in the morning to the evening, the whole to jump two all-night, the scene is spectacular and warm.
Jingpo Torch FestivalThe traditional festival of Jingpo people around Dehong, Yunnan Province. There is no fixed date, usually in the melon and fruit ripening season to choose a day to hold, the festival period of one day.
During the festival, every family has to go up to the mountains to cut the Penny branches, bundled into torches, and at the same time pick fresh fruits from the garden to taste fresh. When night falls, people light the torches and walk from their homes through the gardens and back to their homes, extinguish the torches, and then, while eating the festival food, sing songs. What is sung is mostly praising how sweet the melons and fruits of the year are, and it goes on until late at night.
Jingpo New Rice FestivalAlso known as "eat new grain", Jingpo folk traditional festival. There is no fixed date, whose family's grain is ripe first, whose family will be the first to celebrate the festival.
At that time, the master should first carry a bamboo basket to the field to collect a bundle of ripe glutinous grain in the basket, and then go home and place it in the "ghost door".
Then they will notify their friends and relatives to come to visit them the next day. On the day of the festival, the first thing to do is to pray, set up with new rice spring handle handle and water wine, dry fish, etc., to the ghosts and spirits, wishing to bless the whole cottage people and animals, wind and rain, to avoid disasters, and in the future will certainly kill the cow sacrifice.
Next, everyone took their seats and began the festive meal. Rice is made of new rice put put, vegetables are fresh wild vegetables, because the Jingpo people are not allowed to slaughter livestock during the festival, so the table only eat fish and shrimp.
The Jingpo people called the soul of the valleyalso known as "dedication of the valley pile". Yunnan Province, Jingpo traditional religious festivals. Specific date is not certain, usually held after the fall harvest each year.
Legend has it that a long time ago, the Jingpo people planted the soul of the grain to the sky, the seeds on the ground no longer grow. The family dog howled at the sky day and night, and finally called the soul of the grain back to the ground, and the crops grew well. Therefore, every year after the fall harvest, the Jingpo people hold the activity of calling the soul of the grain to pray for the blessing of the soul of the grain for a good harvest every year. When celebrating the festival, people will not forget to give the dog a good meal to show their gratitude.
Masters of each other, in addition to congratulating the festival, drinking and eating, but also to exchange production experience with each other, discussing the next year's agricultural arrangements. Therefore, the "New Rice Festival" is not only a festival to celebrate the harvest, but also an important day to promote agricultural production.
Jingpo folk festival, held in September and October of the lunar calendar every year.
Legend has it that once upon a time, a girl named Jaan Tukong planted a piece of early valley, but the porcupine is always spoiled, and then she tried to find a way, that is, the porcupine set, but the result has been caused, there is no way to make up for the porcupine, so the porcupine asked the girl to pick the four kinds of grass, bitter, spicy, sweet and sour, and taught her to be able to do wine medicine. From then on, the Jingpo people learned to make wine. In order to commemorate the girl, the people held a grass-picking ceremony every fall. At that time, the village elders choose a pair of beautiful and virtuous young people, led by the shaman and the old man, carrying rice wine, chicken tandem and glutinous rice, and go to the mountain to choose a clearing, where the young man and the old man sit face to face. The young people and the old people will sit facing each other. Then, the shaman will chant the above legend, and after the chanting, everyone will start picking herbs. The Jingpo people believe that the more solemn the ceremony of picking herbs, the better the quality of the wine and medicine made.
Jingpo Ghost FestivalA traditional festival of the Jingpo people in Yunnan Province, it is a folk festival of agricultural rituals, which is held every year after the fall harvest before playing the field.