This is the moon photographed by a foreign astronomy enthusiast. He superimposed 133000 images with a total size of 147g, and finally synthesized this clear image of the moon surface.
The crater and the moon sea are clearly visible in the photo. Compared with the high brightness of the full moon, this bright and dark moon can obviously reveal more details, especially the craters and craters on the edge of the shadow, which is full of three-dimensional sense.
Why can't we go to the back of the moon?
In fact, you can go to the back of the moon, but because of the overall occlusion of the moon, the back has become a forbidden area for communication. If the probe is launched directly to the back of the moon, it will completely lose contact with the earth, and it will be unable to transmit signals, which is costly, difficult and less profitable.
The back of the moon has always been mysterious in people's minds. Because of the tidal locking effect, the back of the moon can't be seen on the earth. Therefore, human beings
In fact, humans have been to the back of the moon! In the past 60 years, humans have launched more than 100 lunar probes, including 65 lunar landers, but only a few spacecraft have seen the back of the moon, and none of them can land on the back of the moon. Why is this?
Due to the overall occlusion of the moon, the back has become a restricted area for ground communication. If a probe is to be launched to the back of the moon, it will not be able to receive the signal from the earth, and there will be no way to transmit the signal to the earth, so researchers on the ground will not be able to control the probe.
So how did China successfully land on the back of the moon?
2019 65438+1early morning of October 3 10: 26, Chang 'e IV successfully landed on the back of the moon. Carmen hit the crater and realized the first soft landing of the human probe on the back of the moon, and sent back the world's first close-up image of the back of the moon through the "Queqiao" relay star, which unveiled the mystery of the ancient back of the moon.
What is a signal relay satellite?
When a manned spacecraft orbits the earth, it can orbit the earth once in about 90 minutes. How to contact the back of the earth?
There are three main schemes:
1, the global network monitoring station was deployed, but due to factors such as the inability to build a station in the ocean;
2. Establishing mobile monitoring stations, such as using survey ships, but it is unrealistic to sail to the other side of the earth every time;
3. Establish a signal relay satellite network in space to synchronize with the earth's rotation. As long as 3-4 satellites are enough to cover the whole world, the technology is very difficult.
The third type is signal relay satellite, whose function is to receive, process and forward information from other satellites, in other words, "satellite of satellite".
Countries/regions with this technology include the United States, the Russian Federation, Europe, China and Japan, but only the United States and China can achieve global coverage in the relay satellite communication system in full operation.
For example. In 2003, China's first astronaut, Yang Liwei, went into space. At that time, he could only fly to a satellite monitoring station near China to contact the Earth, and a call would end in about 5 minutes. By 20 13, on Shenzhou-10, Wang Yaping was able to teach in space for 5 1 minute, during which the spacecraft circled the earth more than half a circle. When Shenzhou XI arrived, Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong were able to watch live terrestrial TV.
They rely on China's four global signal relay satellites-Tianlian-1.
As a result, Chang 'e IV arrived at the back of the moon as planned, and performed functions such as command sending, signal relay and data download, becoming a "magpie bridge" connecting the earth and the moon.
Landing on the moon is expensive and difficult. Why did China go?
Chang 'e IV replied: "I chose to land behind the moon, not because it is simple, but because it is more difficult." .
A. The back of the moon is almost full of craters/craters, much more than the front. The reason and present situation are only explained in theory, but lack of field verification;
B the Antarctic-aitken basin on the back of the moon is the second largest super crater in the solar system. As early as 1998, NASA's lunar probe found that there was water ice here, which was closer to the most primitive situation of the moon;
C. The actual landing site of Chang 'e IV is located in the Von Kamen Crater in the middle of this area, which is named after Qian Xuesen's mentor. After a strong collision, it is likely to be submerged by lava, rich in various substances, perhaps leaving the most primitive components of the lunar mantle and retaining the deepest secrets of the moon;
D. I believe everyone has seen a lot of the statement that "developing helium -3 energy on the moon can meet the energy demand of human beings for XX million/1 billion years", but in theory, the environment behind the moon is more likely to produce helium-3;
E. There is a natural "barrier" on the back of the moon, and there is no radiation interference from the earth, which means that it has a perfect and quiet astronomical observation environment;
F. the lunar soil on the back of the moon is also very likely to be very different from the front.
The above basically means that the first probe landing on the back of the moon will reap many unique scientific research achievements and make great contributions to the world aerospace and astronomy circles.
What is the back of the moon like?
When the moon rotates under the influence of the earth's gravity, its rotation is the same as that of period of revolution. In other words, people on earth always seem to see only half a sphere of the moon. Because the back of the moon always faces the earth, people can't see it. For thousands of years, it has shrouded people's hearts like an inscrutable mystery. People also have different views on its interpretation, and there is no definite theory. Some people say that the gravity on the back of the moon may be greater than that on the front, and there may be air and water. It is predicted that there is a crater on the back of the moon, which is both broad and bright. It is also said that there are many oceans in the southern hemisphere and many continents in the northern hemisphere. The situation on the moon may be similar to that on the earth, that is, the central part of the front of the moon is the highest ground, and the central part of the back of the moon is a "sea", which is actually a dark plain. The back of the moon is also a hemisphere. The mountains cover most of the earth's surface, and there is no "sea" in the middle. Even some sea areas in other places are relatively small. The back is slightly redder than the front. Now, scientists have drawn a more detailed map of the back, and scientists have named the mountains and "oceans" on the back according to international regulations. 1959 65438+1On 2 October, the former Soviet Union launched "Moon-1", which flew to a place more than 2,000 kilometers away from the moon on 4 October, 65438, and took some photos and sent them to Earth. 1959, 10 year 10. On October 4th, the former Soviet Union launched the "Moon 3" automatic planetary interplanetary station. 10 year 10, and started to orbit the moon on October 6. At 6: 30 on the 7 th, it turned to a height of about 7 kilometers from the back of the moon. At that time, people saw a "new moon" on the earth. The back of the moon is just a sunny day, which is just suitable for taking pictures. When the interplanetary station runs between the moon and the sun, many photos of the back of the moon with different scales are taken in 40 minutes, then they are automatically developed and fixed, and the data are sent back to the earth by TV fax. These pictures of the back of the moon were taken for the first time in human history. Since then, the scientific community has finally uncovered the mystery of this Millennium. The craters named after the late famous scientists include Chiokovsky, Bruno, Edison and Madame Curie. "Sea" is named the Ideal Sea and the Moscow Sea. The five craters were named after five ancient scientists in China: Zhang Heng, Shi Shen, Guo Shoujing, Zu Chongzhi and Wan Hu. Among them, Wan Hu crater is the largest, with an area of over 600 square kilometers. It is located in the southern hemisphere, sandwiched between Pana and Hertz. Between the two craters in Pulong, hertzsprung and Pana craters are named after two British physicists. 1966, from the photos taken by the American "Lunar Spacecraft II", people can clearly see the round hills with different shapes on the surface of the moon, which are similar to those in the northwest of the United States. Scientists believe that the lava inside the moon expands to the surface of the moon, forming these domes. Through the observation results of modern scientific instruments and the analysis of lunar rocks brought back by astronauts, scientists have come to the hypothesis that the formation of lunar landforms is related to volcanic activity and meteorite impact. Many domes and smaller craters were formed during volcanic activity, while those big craters were formed when meteorites hit the moon. Of course, these assumptions need to be proved by more evidence.
Why can't I go to the back of the moon?
It is not impossible to go to the back of the moon, because at present, all human lunar probes have never landed on the back of the moon, and because the moon always faces the earth with a straight face, if the probe is placed on the back of the moon, electromagnetic waves cannot penetrate the moon with a diameter of more than 3400 kilometers, and we can't get any.
What are the mysteries on the back of the moon?
Under the influence of gravity, the rotation of the moon is consistent with that of period of revolution. Therefore, the moon always has only half a sphere facing the earth. There is an angle between the orbital plane of the moon and the orbital plane of the earth, which makes the south and north ends of the moon's rotation axis face the earth in turn every month. On the earth, you can sometimes see the parts of the moon outside the South Pole and the North Pole. In fact, the surface of the moon seen on the earth is not just a half sphere, but 59% of the surface of the moon. What about the remaining 4 1% of the lunar surface? People can't see it because it always carries the earth behind it. It has been a mystery for thousands of years. Some people say that the gravity on the back of the moon may be greater than that on the front, and there may be air and water. It is predicted that there is a crater there, which is both vast and bright. It is also said that there are many continents in the northern hemisphere and many oceans in the southern hemisphere. The same may be true on the moon; The front center of the moon is a highland, and the back center is a "sea"-a dark plain. 1 959 65438+1On 2 October, the "Moon1"launched by the former Soviet Union flew over the moon for more than 6,000 kilometers on 4 October, 65438, and some photos were taken and spread to the earth. 1959, 10 year 10. On October 4th, the former Soviet Union launched the "Moon 3" automatic interstellar station. It began to fly around the moon on 10/0/6/0, and turned to the height of about 7 kilometers behind the moon at 6: 30 on the 7 th. What I saw on the earth at that time was the "new moon". The back of the moon is a sunny day and a good time to take pictures. When the interplanetary station runs between the moon and the sun, many photos of the back of the moon with different scales are taken in 40 minutes, then they are automatically developed and fixed, and the data are sent back to the earth by TV fax. This is the first batch of photos of the back of the moon ever taken. Since then, this Millennium mystery has finally been uncovered. The back of the moon is the same hemisphere as the front, mostly mountainous, and there is no "sea" in the central part. Although there are some seas in other places, they are all relatively small. The back is slightly redder than the front. Now, scientists have drawn a more detailed map of the back and named the mountains and "seas" on the back according to international regulations. The crater is named after the late famous scientists: Chiokovsky, Bruno, Madame Curie, Edison and so on. "Sea" includes the Ideal Sea and the Moscow Sea. There are five craters named after five ancient scientists in China: Shi Shen, Zhang Heng, Zu Chongzhi, Guo Shoujing and Wan Hu. The largest crater is Wan Hu, covering an area of about 60,000 square kilometers. It is located in the southern hemisphere, sandwiched between two craters hertzsprung and Pana. How did the mysterious and striking crater form? 1966, the photos taken by American lunar orbiter 2 enabled people to carefully see a large number of scattered domes with different shapes on the surface of the moon, similar to those in the northwest of the United States. Scientists believe that they are formed by the expansion of lava inside the moon to the surface of the moon. The observation results of modern scientific instruments and the analysis of lunar rocks brought back by astronauts make scientists think that volcanic activity and meteorite impact have played a role in the formation of the lunar appearance. Many domes and smaller craters were formed during volcanic activity, and those big craters were caused when meteorites hit the moon.