Jin Yingzhi's New Drunkard's Record, Volume 4, describes the custom of moon-viewing and moon-worshipping at the time: "The capital city's moon-viewing party was different from those in other counties. People from all over the city, regardless of their wealth, could walk on their own up to twelve or thirteen, all dressed as adults. They all climbed up the stairs or burned incense in the courtyard to worship the moon, each with his own expectations. The men wished to walk to the Toad Palace early and climb up to the immortal laurel ....... The female wishes to look like Chang'e and be as round as the clean moon."
In addition to moon worship, there is also the custom of viewing lanterns. Zhou Mi (1232-1308) of the "Wulin old story" Volume 3 records Hangzhou Mid-Autumn Festival night: "lights and candles gorgeous, after the night is stopped. In Zhejiang, a kind of small water lanterns made of sheepskin were also released on the night of Mid-Autumn, and the river was covered with hundreds of thousands of lanterns, like stars in the sky, which was very eye-catching. It is said that the lanterns were set up to please the river gods and were not purely for ornamental purposes.
Another passage in The Old Story of Wulin describes the tidal wave's powerful force that shook heaven and earth in a more specific way: "The tide was as far away as the sea gate, like a silver thread, but as it came closer, it was a jade city and snowy mountains, coming from across the sky. The tidal wave was as loud as thunder, shocking and shooting, swallowing the sky and the sun, and the momentum was extremely majestic. Until today, Qiantang tide watching is still the most characteristic sightseeing spot in Zhejiang Province during the Mid-Autumn Festival.
Although the Yuan Dynasty was a foreign nation that dominated the Central Plains, it was y Sinicized. The festival customs were also largely inherited from the old Han Chinese system. In the Ming Dynasty, there was a great deal of moonlight viewing, moon rituals, and mooncakes.
Tian Rucheng (living around 1540), "West Lake Excursions", "Xichao Leiqi", recorded that the Ming people used mooncakes as gifts at Mid-Autumn Festival, taking the round shape of the "reunion" as its meaning. At night, they held moonlight feasts or brought wine and food to the lakeside. Liu Dong and Yu Yizheng's A Brief History of the Scenery of the Imperial Capital (1635), vol. 2, describes in detail the offerings for the Mid-Autumn Moon Festival: the mooncakes had to be round, and the fruits and melons offered had to be cut into lotus-like petals. Moonlight paper was sold in the market, with the moon shining in the direction of the Bodhisattva, and the moon wheel of the temple of Gui underneath, with a rabbit pounding medicine in it. The moonlight paper is burned after the moon festival, and the fruitcakes offered are distributed to each member of the family. The Mid-Autumn Festival is also a festival of reunion, so even if a woman has returned to her husband's family, she must return to her husband's family on this day.
As for the Moon Festival of the Ming people, Zhang Dai (1597-1671?), a famous poet, wrote about it. The first is that the moon is the most beautiful and the most beautiful of all, and the most beautiful of all is that the moon is the most beautiful of all.
The half of the eighth month in Huqiu, the natives, the fugitives, the scholars, the dependents, the female musicians, the vocalists, the famous prostitutes in the opera, the theater girls, the young women, the good women, the children, the child molesters, the young men and the young men of entertainment, the cleaners, the helpers, the boys, the empty men, they all gathered together in a single place. From Shenggongtai, Thousand People Stone, Crane Stream, Sword Pond, Shen Wending Ancestral Hall, down to the one or two gates of the Sword Trial Stone, all of them were seated on felt mats and looked at them from high up in the sky, like wild geese falling down on the Pingsha and Xiajiang River. The drums and cymbals gradually stopped, and the silk pipes were singing. All of them were "Jin Fan Kai Cheng Lake Ten Thousand Hectares" with the same big song, squatting and gongs, silk and bamboo sounds, and it was impossible to identify the beat. Deeper and deeper into the night, people gradually dispersed, and the gentlemen's families all got off the boat to play in the water, and they sang songs on the seats, and everyone offered their skills to the north and the south, and the strings and pipes were played repeatedly, so that the listeners were able to recognize the words and phrases, and the algaes and the instruments were played along with them. At the second drum, people were quiet, all the strings were screened, and a wisp of the cave Xiao, mournful and clear, was cited with the flesh and eyes, and there were still three or four of them, and they were repeatedly replaced. At the third drum, the moon was alone and the air was clean, and there were no mosquitoes or gadflies. Yifu appeared on the stage, sitting high on the stone, no xiao not shoot, sound out like silk, cracking the clouds, string degrees Yang, a word a moment, the listener to find into the mustard, heart blood for the withered, do not dare to hit the festival, but nodded. However, at this time, those who are seated in Yanbi, there are still a hundred or ten people do not. I'm not sure if I'm a good person, but I'm not a good person, and I'm not a good person.
The late Ming literati's interest in life, from this "Tiger House in the autumn night" or can be a glimpse of one or two.
Ming people worship the moon with the "moonlight paper", to the Qing Dynasty, changed the name to "moonlight horse". Fucha Dun Chong's "Yanjing Yearly Records" (1906). According to Fuqa Dun Chong's Records of the Years and Seasons of Yanjing (1906), "The Moonlight Horse is made of paper and depicted with the star of the Taiyin Star on top, like a Bodhisattva, and the Moon Palace and a rabbit pounding medicine underneath. A man stands and holds a pestle, and it is exquisitely colored in gold and blue, and is sold in many marketplaces. The long one is seven or eight feet long, the short one is two or three feet long, and there are two flags on the top, which are made of red and green, or yellow, and they are offered to the moon. Burning incense to perform rituals, after the sacrifice and a thousand sheets, Yuanbao, etc., and burned.
Qing also circulated a saying: "men do not worship the moon, women do not run away. So moon worship became a women's monopoly, the housewife was busy with moon worship, and the children did not worry about having nothing to do. A few days before the Mid-Autumn Festival, a kind of "rabbit" is sold in the market, which is specially designed for children's moon-worshipping. The origin of the "Rabbit" was around the end of the Ming Dynasty. In the Remainder of the Flower King's Pavilion by the Ming scholar Ji Kun (died around 1636), he wrote, "During the Mid-Autumn Festival in Beijing, rabbits were often rolled up in clay and made to look like human beings, and were worshipped by the children. During the Qing Dynasty, the rabbit's function changed from a moon ritual to a mid-autumn toy for children. The production is also becoming more sophisticated, there are dressed up as a military general wearing armor, wearing a ji robe, there are also back inserted paper flags or umbrellas, or sitting or standing. Sitting there are unicorns, tigers and leopards and so on. There are also dressed as a rabbit head and body of the vendors, or shaving master, or sewing shoes, selling blunt, tea soup, to name a few.
Ancient appellation
There are three kinds of names: (1) name or name. Such as "within five steps, Xiangru please be able to neck blood splash the king carry on", "Luling Wen Tianxiang preface their poems". (2) Used for introduction or biography. For example, "So and Lu Su went to Sun Quan", "Liu Jingting, Yang's Taizhou people". (3) It is used to refer to the person who is detested or despised. For example, "Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng is evil before, Jia Yuqing offer sycophancy after".
Weighing the word of the ancients named at a young age, adult (male 20 years old, female 15 years old) to take the word, the word and the name have a meaningful connection. The word is to facilitate others to call, to the generation or generation of equal or honorable word out of courtesy and respect. Such as Qu Ping for Qu Yuan, Sima Qian for Sima Zi Chang, Tao Yuanming for Tao Yuanliang, Li Bai for Li Taibai, Du Fu for Du Zimei, Han Yu for Han retreat, Liu Zongyuan for Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu for Ouyang Yongshu, Sima Guang for Sima Junshi, Su Shi for Su Zizhan, Su Zhe for Su Ziyu and so on.
The title number is also called alias, table number. The fundamental difference between name, word and number is that the former is taken by the father or honored elder, and the latter is taken by oneself. No., generally used only for self-proclaimed, in order to show some kind of interest or express some kind of emotion; to the person title is also a kind of honorific. For example: Tao Qian number Mr. Willow, Li Bai number Qinglianjuushi, Du Fu number Shaoling wild old man, Bai Juyi number Xiangshanjuushi, Li Shangyin number Yuxi Sheng, He Zhizhang in his later years since the number of the four Ming fanatic, Ouyang Xiu number drunken masters, in his later years, and the number of the six one Juushi, Wang Anshi in his later years, the half-mountain, Su Shi number of the East Slope Juushi, Lu You number put the old man, Wentianxiang number of the mountains, Xin Qiji number Jiaxuan, Li Qingzhao number of the Yi'anjuushi, Yang Wanli number of the sincerity of Zhai, Luo Guanzhong number of the lake and the sea! The scattered people, Guan Hanqing has been Zhaizao, Wu Chengen number Shiyangshanren, Fangbao number Wangxi, Wu Corns number I Foshan people, Yuan Mei number Suiyuan old man, Liu Osprey number of Hongdu Hundred Refinement Sheng.
Said posthumously ancient princes and generals, senior officials, famous scribes and other deaths were added to the title called posthumously. Such as Tao Yuanming for Jingjie Zhengshi, Ouyang Xiu for Ouyang Wenzhong Gong, Wang Anshi for Wang Wen Gong, Fan Zhongyan for Fan Wenzheng Gong, Wang Ao for Wang Zhongsu Gong, Zuo Guangdou for Zuo Zhongyi Gong, Shi Kefa for Shi Zhonglie Gong, Lin Zexu for Lin Wenzhong Gong. And called the traitor Qin Hui for mu ugly is a "bad posthumous".
Said the name of the fasting refers to the fasting number or room number to address. For example, the Southern Song poet Yang Wanli's lent is called Chengzhai, and people call it Yang Chengzhai; Yao Nai is called Yao Shihou and Mr. Shihou because of his lent is called Shihou Xuan. Another example is to call Pu Songling as Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Qichao as the master of the ice drinking room, Tan Sitong as Tan Zhuangfei (whose lent is called Zhuangfeilou).
Said the place of origin such as the Tang Dynasty poet Meng Haoran is Xiangyang people, so it is known as Meng Xiangyang; Zhang Jiuling is Qujiang people, so it is known as Zhang Qujiang; Liu Zongyuan is the Hedong (now Shanxi Yongji) people, so it is known as Liu Hedong; the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi is a Jiangxi Linchuan people, so it is known as the king of Linchuan; the Ming Dynasty playwright Tang Xianzu known as the soup Linchuan (Jiangxi Linchuan people); early Qing Dynasty scholars Gu Yanwu is the town of Tinglin in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, was called Gu Tinglin; Kang Youyou is known as Gu Tinglin. Gu Tinglin; Kang Youwei, a native of Nanhai, Guangdong, was known as Kang Nanhai; and Yuan Shikai, the leader of the Northern Warlords, was known as Yuan Xiangcheng (a native of Xiangcheng, Henan). At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was a famous couplet full of ridicule: "The prime minister Hefei is thin in the world, and the secretary peasant Changshu is barren in the world." The first line "Hefei" refers to Li Hongzhang (Anhui Hefei), the second line "Changshu" that is, born in Changshu, Jiangsu Weng Tongxie.
Said the county Han Yue although the Department of Hanoi Heyang (now Henan Meng County) people, but because of Changli (now Liaoning Yixian) Han for the Tang Dynasty, so Han Yue often "Changli Han Yue" self-proclaimed, the world then called it Han Changli. Another example is Su Shi was Sichuan Meizhou people, but he sometimes called himself "Zhao County Su Shi", "Su Zhao County", because Su is a prominent family in Zhao County.
Official names such as "Sun Zharu smart and benevolent", "Sun Zharu" that is, Sun Quan, because he had been awarded the official position of General Zharu, so called. Plum Blossom Ridge Records" has "Secretary from the north", "said Yan Taishi to soldiers to solve, Wen Shaobao also to realize the great light method of cicadas off" sentence, "Secretary" is Hong Chengchou's official position, "Secretary", "Secretary", "Secretary", "Secretary", "Secretary", "Secretary", "Secretary", "Secretary", "Secretary", "Secretary" and "Secretary". "Master" is the official position of Yan Zhenqing "Prince Master" of the provincial title, "Shaobao" is the official position of Wen Tianxiang. The book with his wife: "Sima Spring Shirt, I can not learn to forget the love of Taishang." "Sima" refers to Bai Juyi, who was the Secretary of Jiangzhou. The official name used as a person's title in ancient times is quite common, such as Jia Yi for Jia Tai Fu; "Bamboo Forest Seven Sages" one of the Ruan Ji had served as a foot soldier lieutenant, the world called Ruan foot soldier; Jikang had to worship in the San doctor, the world called Jik in the San; Eastern Jin Dynasty calligraphy Wang Xizhi official to the right army generals, and so far, people still say that the king's right army; Wang Wei had served as the right minister of the Shangshu, the world called the king's right minister; Du Fu had served as the left pickup, the world called the right minister; Du Fu had served as the left pickup, the world called the left pickup, the world called the right minister. Du Fu was the left pickup, so it is called Du pickup, and because of the inspection of the Ministry of Public Works, so it is also known as the Ministry of Public Works; Liu Yuxi was the Prince's guest, known as Liu guest; Liu Yong was the Tuntian Minister, known as Liu Tuntian; Su Shi was the Duanming Hall of the Hanlin School, known as the Su Bachelor.
The title of Kou Zhun is Duke of Laiguo, and Duke of Laiguo is a provincial title. Plum Blossom Ridge" "Heshuo Yu Prince to Mr. call", Duo Duo was named Prince Yu in the Qing Dynasty. Liu Jingting biography "" Ningnan south, Anhui marshal want to jiehuan Ningnan, Jingting in the Shogunate ", Ningnan is the end of the Ming dynasty Zuo Liangyu title Ningnan marquis of the provincial name. Such as Zhu Geliang was knighted Marquis Wuxiang, so the descendants of the Marquis of Wuxiang; North and South Dynasty poet Xie Ling Yun inherited his ancestor Xie Xuan's title Kangle Gong, so the world called Xie Kangle; early Tang Dynasty, Wei Zheng was knighted Duke of Zheng, so the world called Wei Zheng Gong; the famous Guo Ziyi in the pacification of the "Anshi Rebellion" in the Fenyang County King of Fenyang due to the merit of the title, the world called Guo Fenyang; the great calligrapher Chu Suilian The great calligrapher Chu Suiliang, Duke of Henan, known as Chu Henan; Wang Anshi of the Northern Song Dynasty, Duke of Jing, known as Duke of Wang Jing; Sima Guang, Duke of Wen, known as Duke of Sima Wen; Zhu Yuanzhang's minister, Liu Ji, Duke of Chengyi in the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, and the people were called by the title of "Chengyi Boh".
The term "official place" refers to the name of the place where the official is appointed. For example, "The Battle of Red Cliff": "Where does Yuzhou want to be today?" Because Liu Bei had been the assassin of Yuzhou, he was called by the name of the official place. For example, Jia Yi was once relegated to the post of Taifu of Changsha, and was called Jia Changsha; Kong Rong, one of the "Seven Sons of Jian'an", was once the minister of Beihai, and was called Kong Beihai; Tao Yuanming was once the magistrate of Pengze, and was called Tao Pengze; Luo Binwang was once the prime minister of Linhai County, and was called Luo Linhai; Cen Sen was once the assassin of Jiazhou, and was called Cen Jiazhou; and Wei Yingwu was once the assassin of Suzhou, and was called Wei Suzhou; Liu Zongyuan was the assassin of Liuzhou, and is known as Liu Liuzhou; Jia Dao was the chief official of Changjiang County, and is known as Jia Changjiang, and his collection of poems is called The Collection of Changjiang.
Both said, such as "tour of Mount Bergen" "four people, Luling Xiao Jungui Junyu, Changle Wang Hui deep father, the rest of the younger brother of Anguo Ping father, An on the pure father", the first two both said the place of origin, name and word, and the latter two first write the author's relationship with the author, and then called the name and word; "the five tombstones," "the wise scholar and the great man. The first two of them also referred to their official positions, words and surnames, and the second one referred to their words and surnames; the "Plum Blossom Ridge Record", "Governor Shi Zhonglie Gong knew that the situation was not feasible", referred to both the official position and the posthumous name, and "Horse deputy messenger (horse blusters), Ren Taishou Minyu, and the generals Liu Dudu Zhaoqi, etc.", referred to both the official position and the posthumous name, and "Horse deputy messenger (horse blusters), Ren Taishou Minyu, and the generals Liu Dudu Zhaoqi, etc.". The generals, such as Liu Dudu Zhaoji, all died", referring to both the surname, official position and first name; "Promoting Weaving", "I was in the Historical Museum, and I heard Mr. Tao of Tiantai, Hanlin, talking about Boji", referring to both the official position, the place of origin, and the honorific title.
Humility (1) expresses humility and is used to refer to oneself. The first is to say that you are not smart. I, humbly calling myself shallowly educated. I, humbly calling myself or my things bad. Humble, humbly calling oneself lowly in status. Stealing, with the meaning of privately, privately, using it often has the meaning of impudence and abruptness. Minister, to claim that one's status is not as high as the other's. Servant, humbly calling himself a servant of the other party, using it contains the meaning of serving the other party. (2) The ancient emperor's self-effacement words are lone (the king of a small country), oligarchy (less virtuous people), not valley (not good). (3) Ancient officials of the self-effacement words are lower official, the last official, minor officials. (4) The self-effacement words of the readers are 小生, 晚生, 晚学, etc., indicating that they are newly learned juniors; if self-effacement is not talented, not sycophantic, or unshawlike, it indicates that they have no talent or mediocre talent. (5) the ancients called their own side of the relatives and friends, commonly used "home", "house" and other words of modesty. "Home" is to others to call their own seniority or older relatives with the word of modesty, such as the family father, mother, brother, etc.. "She" is used to humbly call their own home or their own young relatives, the former, such as the cold house, my house, the latter, such as the house brother, sister, nephew and so on. (6) Other words of self-effacement are: because the ancients sat in the seat of the elders in the upper, so the younger generation or low status of the people humbly referred to as in the lower; Xiao Ke is the self-effacement of a certain status of the people, meaning that their own is very common, not worth mentioning; boy is the younger generation of the children of their fathers and brothers to the elders of the self-effacement; elderly self-effacement when the old man with the old rotten, old man, old man, old, awkward, etc.; women call themselves concubines; old monks call themselves cassock; the king of the other country called their own king of the widowed king.
The term "honorific" is used to express respect and politeness, and is also called "honorary title". (1) The emperor's honorifics include long live the emperor, the emperor, the emperor's chariot, the emperor's son, his majesty, etc. The emperor's chariot was originally the emperor's car. Driving, originally refers to the emperor's carriage. Ancient people believed that the emperor should travel the world by car, so they used "driving" to refer to the emperor. Ancient emperors believed that their power was established by the order of heaven, so they called the emperor the son of heaven. Ancient subjects did not dare to reach the emperor directly, so they told the people under the ah (palace steps) and asked them to convey the meaning up, so they used "Your Majesty" to refer to the emperor. (2) The honorific title for the crown prince and prince is Your Highness. (3) The honorific title for generals is under their command. (4) The honorific title for people of a certain status: for envoys it is under the section; for people of a certain social status such as the three dukes and county guards, it is Your Excellency, which is now mostly used in diplomatic occasions, such as His Excellency the Ambassador. (5) For each other or each other's relatives, there are honorifics such as Ling, Zun, Xian, and so on. Order, meaning good, used to address each other's relatives, such as your father (the other side), your mother (the other side), your wife (the other side of the wife), your brother (the other side of the brother), your son (the other side of the son), your love (the other side of the daughter). Zun, used to call people or things related to each other, such as Zunshang (call each other's parents), Zun Gong, Zun Jun, Zunfu (all call each other's father), Zundang (each other's mother), Zunjin (each other's relatives), Zunhao (call each other), Zun命 (each other's instructions), Zunyi (each other's meaning). Xian, used to call the peers or the younger generation, such as xianjia (call each other), xianlang (call each other's son), xiandi (call each other's brother). Ren, expressed love, a wider range of applications, such as friends of the same generation longer than their own as Ren brother, said the status of the high people as Ren Gong and so on. (6) Called the old man as Joe, Joe, such as "Zi Lu thus after, met Joe" ("Analects").
Ancient customs and etiquette
The Spring Festival is the grandest festival in our traditional customs. This festival is the first of the year. In ancient times, "Spring Festival" and "Spring" were synonymous. Spring Festival customs on the one hand is to celebrate the past year, on the one hand and pray for a happy new year, a good harvest, people and animals, mostly related to agriculture. Welcome the dragon dance to please the dragon god blessing, wind and rain; lion dance from the deterrence of crop spoilage, cruelty to animals and monsters of the legend. With the development of society, to receive the gods, respect for the sky and other activities have been gradually phased out, burning firecrackers, posting Spring Festival couplets, hanging New Year's paintings, playing dragon lanterns, lion dance, New Year's greetings and other customs are still widely prevalent.
The Lantern Festival in China's traditional folk festival. Also known as the first half of the month, on the Yuan Festival, Festival of Lights. Lantern customs are to appreciate the lanterns, dumplings, drums, welcome the toilet God, guess the riddles and so on. The custom of eating Lantern Festival began in Song Dynasty. Lanterns that is round, made of glutinous rice flour into a solid or filled round, can be eaten with soup, can also be fried, steamed.
Cold food traditional Chinese folk festival. Fireworks are strictly prohibited during the festival, and only cold food can be eaten. In the winter solstice after one hundred and five days or one hundred and six days, one or two days before the Qingming. According to legend, during the Spring and Autumn Period, when Jin Duke Chong Er was in exile, his minister, Jie Zi Pui, once cut his share. When Chong Er became the king of the country, he rewarded his ministers for their achievements, but not Jie Zi Pui. Zi Pui then hid in the mountains. When Chong Er heard about this, he was so ashamed that he set fire to the mountain to force him to come out to receive the reward. Zi Tui was burnt to death. Chong Er then forbade cooking on this day every year to commemorate Zi Tui and to express his condemnation of his own faults. Because of the close proximity between the cold food and Qingming, later generations regarded the custom of cold food as one of the Qingming customs.
Ching Ming traditional folk festival in China. According to the lunar calendar in the first half of March, according to the solar calendar on April 5 or 6 every year. At this time the weather is warm, windy and sunny, "everything is clean and clear", Qingming Festival thus named. Customs include sweeping graves, trekking, swinging, flying kites, and wearing flowers in willows. All generations of literati have used Qingming as a theme for their poems.
Duanwu traditional folk festival in China. Also known as Danyang, heavy afternoon, heavy five. Dragon Boat Festival was originally the beginning of the afternoon ceremony, because the "five" and "Wu" homophonic, the fifth day of the fifth month of the lunar calendar into the Dragon Boat Festival. It is generally believed that the festival is related to commemorate Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan loyal and was deposed, threw himself into the water, so people to eat zongzi, dragon boat race to commemorate him. Duanwu customs are to drink xionghuang wine, hanging bags, eat zongzi, flowers and calamus, fighting grass, drive "five poisons" and so on.
Begging the traditional folk festival in China. Also known as the Maiden Festival or Tanabata. According to legend, the weaving maiden on the east bank of the celestial river married to the west of the cowherd, the cloud brocade weaving a little slow, the emperor was furious, the weaving maiden back, only allowed two people every year on the seventh night of the seventh month of the lunar calendar in the magpie birds built into the bridge will meet. Or: the heavenly weaver married the earthly cowherd, the Queen Mother will be the weaver captured back to heaven, only allowed the two to meet once a year on the magpie bridge. On the evening of the seventh day of the seventh month every year, women take advantage of the reunion of the Weaving Maiden and the Cowherd to set up incense, thread needles and beg for her weaving and embroidery skills. Under the grape arbor, listening to the conversation of the Cowherd and the Weaving Maiden is also one of the most interesting things to do on the seventh day of the seventh month.
Mid-Autumn Festival in China's traditional folk festival. Also known as the reunion festival. Lunar August in the middle of the fall, August 15 and in the middle of August, so it is called Mid-Autumn Festival. Autumn high and clear, the moon in the sky, so there is the custom of enjoying the moon and moon festival. The association of reunion brought by the full moon makes the Mid-Autumn Festival more popular. In the Tang Dynasty, Chang'e ran to the moon and the Mid-Autumn Festival was linked to the moon, which made it even more romantic. Many poets have composed poems on the theme of Mid-Autumn Festival. The main customs of the Mid-Autumn Festival include enjoying the moon, sacrificing to the moon, watching the tide and eating moon cakes.
Chiyang is a traditional folk festival in China. The Book of Changes (I Ching) defines "nine" as the number of yang, and two nines overlap each other, so the first nine days of the ninth month of the lunar calendar are called "Chongyang". Chongyang Festival, high and cool in autumn, wind and moon clean, so there are climbing, chrysanthemum poetry, drink chrysanthemum wine, insert cornelian cherry and other customs. The Tang Dynasty has a poem "all the cornel dogwood less a person".
La Ri is a traditional folk festival in China. This is the ancient end of the year to worship ancestors, worship the gods, celebrate the harvest festival. Lunar day is usually held in the last - month of the year (Lunar month), the North and South Dynasties, Lunar day has been fixed in the eighth day of the twelfth month of the lunar calendar. There are customs such as eating adzuki bean porridge and worshipping ancestors. After the Buddhist Lapa congee also seeped into the Lapa custom.
New Year's Eve in China's traditional folk festival. Lunar December 30th night, families in the clean house, set up a sumptuous dishes, family reunion to eat "New Year's Eve". This night we stay up all night, or drinking and chatting, or riddles and chess, play and play, known as the "New Year's Eve". Zero o'clock, the crowd scrambled to run out in front of the court fire burning (the ancient name of the "court prairie", to take the meaning of its prosperity), and in this "year of yuan, the month of yuan, the time of yuan" of the "three yuan" time The first to release three "skyrockets", in order to first developed, great luck. At this time, the sound of firecrackers, the sound of cheering into a piece, a "firecrackers in the sound of the old year," the scene.
Bo (Meng) Zhongshu Ji brothers line of succession in the order of the eldest and youngest. The first is the eldest, the second is the second, the third is the third, and the fourth is the fourth. Ancient aristocratic men's words often added to the front of the Bur (Meng), Chung, uncle, season, said the ranking, the word after the addition of "father" or "Fu" word for male, constituting the full name of the man's word, such as the father of the Bur bird, the father of the Chung Nee, the father of the Shuxing, and so on.
The twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac are also known as the phases of the genus. Ancient mathematicians take twelve kinds of animals to match the twelve earthly branches, son for the rat, ugly for the cow, c for the tiger, d for the rabbit, c for the dragon, six for the snake, afternoon for the horse, not yet for the goat, shen for the monkey, you for the chicken, huxu for the dog, ohio for the pig. Later thought that a person born in a certain year on the Xiao something, such as son born in the year of the Xiao rat, Ohio born in the year of the Xiao pig, known as the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac. In ancient times, the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac are often painted with superstitious colors, a case of rest and wealth, often involved, especially in the marriage of men and women in the genus is very careful, there is the so-called "chicken and dogs break the marriage", "dragon and tiger incompatible" and so on.
The eight characters of the birth of a person born in the year, month, day, time, each with a heavenly stem, earthly branch matching, each two words, four **** eight words. According to these eight words, you can project a person's fate. In the event of a major event, all need to project the eight characters. The old custom of engagement, men and women exchanged geng post, on the eight characters of the birth date. The two sides each asked each other's birthdays and eight characters of the fate of the yin and yang, to determine whether they can be married, how good or bad luck.
Filial piety and fraternal duty refer to filial piety and obedience to parents; fraternal duty refers to honoring and obeying one's elder brother. Confucius attached great importance to filial piety and fraternal duty as the basis for the implementation of "benevolence", and put forward a series of filial piety and fraternal duty propositions, such as "three years without change in the father's way" and "parents are here, don't travel far". Mencius also regarded filial piety and fraternal duty as basic moral norms. In the Qin and Han dynasties, the Xiaojing further proposed that "filial piety is the first of all deeds." The purpose of Confucianism's advocacy of filial piety and fraternal duty was to maintain the patriarchal hierarchical order.
Sacrifice ancient sacrificial animals, color pure "???", body full for "livestock". Zuo Zhuan - Cao Yu war" in these words: "Sacrifice jade and silk, do not dare to add, will be to the letter."
Three animals a reference to the ancient sacrificial cattle, sheep, pigs, and later also called chicken, fish, pigs for the three animals. One refers to the general term for the sacrifices used in the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties.
Taijuan, less jail in ancient times, when the emperor sacrificed to the gods of earth and grain, cattle, sheep, boar (shi, pig) three animals all ready for "Taijuan". Ancient sacrifices used in sacrifices, line offerings need to be raised in the jail, so this type of sacrifice is called jail; and according to the different types of sacrifices with the different kinds of too much jail, less jail points. Less prison only sheep, boars, no cattle. Due to the different sacrifices and objects of sacrifice, the specifications of the sacrifices used are also different: the Son of Heaven sacrifices to the Gods of earth and grain with too much jail, the vassal sacrifices with less jail.
Family sacrifice ancient rituals in the family temple to sacrifice ancestors or family guardian god. In the Tang Dynasty, there were specialists to formulate the rituals of family sacrifices, and they were practiced accordingly. In the Song Dynasty, Lu You's poem "Showing the Children" contains these two lines: "On the day when the king's division settles in the center of the plains, the family sacrifices will not forget to tell Naiweng."
The ancient imperial examinations
Countryside exams in the Ming and Qing dynasties every three years in the provincial capitals (including the capital) held an examination, held in August in the fall, it is also known as the autumn exam (door exams, exam room). Examiner appointed by the emperor. After the examination, the release of the positive and negative list, the positive list taken by the called the lifter, the first named solution (jie) yuan.
The examination was held in the capital every three years in the Ming and Qing dynasties, because it was held in the spring, it is also known as the spring exam. The examination is hosted by the Ministry of Rites, the emperor appointed by the first, vice president, the provinces and the State Prison Supervisor students can be examined, the admission of three hundred for the Tribute, the first name will be yuan.
The temple examination is the highest level of examination system, the emperor in the temple court, on the test admitted to the tributary personally questioned, to determine the first. In fact, the emperor sometimes appointed ministers in charge of the temple examination, and not personally questioned. Acceptance is divided into three a: a three, give "scholar and the first" title, the first name of the first (Ding Yuan), the second name of the top, the third name of the flower; two a number of names, give "scholar birth" title; three a number of names, give A number of second-ranked candidates were given the title of "scholar"; a number of third-ranked candidates were given the title of "scholar". The first two or three a first place are called pass on, one, two, three a collectively known as jinshi.
And the first refers to the imperial examinations should be selected, should not be called in the test fell first, under the first. In ancient times, a successful candidate had to wear a palace robe, and here "wearing palace brocade" refers to winning the examination. In the "Sacrifice to My Sister", "I probably said that I would be enrolled in the imperial examination in Chang'an, and that I would be able to report to you sooner or later." The name "Dengke" is an alternative name for the first degree, that is to say, the first degree in the examination.
See the article on "The Imperial Examination" for the first degree. It is the highest rank in the imperial examinations. Gongshi to participate in the temple examination recorded as three a are called jinshi. According to statistics, in the history of China's imperial examination system for more than 1,300 years, the total number of successful candidates was at least 98,749. Many famous writers in the ancient times were born with the rank of jinshi, such as He Zhizhang, Wang Bo, Song Zhimian, Wang Changling, Wang Wei, Cen Sen, Han Yu, Liu Yuxi, Bai Juyi, Liu Zongyuan, Du Mu, etc. in the Tang Dynasty, and Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, Sima Guang, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, etc. in the Song Dynasty. Successful in the examination, one a that is awarded the official position, the remaining two a to participate in the examination of the Hanlin Academy, study for three years and then awarded the official position.
See the "Palace Examination" article. The first place in the imperial examination system, also known as the temple yuan, Ding yuan, the highest honor in the name of science. Historically, there are more than a thousand people who have been awarded the title of scholar, but about seven hundred and fifty of them were actually admitted to the Imperial Examination. The famous poets He Zhizhang and Wang Wei of the Tang Dynasty, and Wen Tianxiang of the Song Dynasty were all given the title of scholar by the Imperial Examination.
Huiyuan see the article "examination". The first candidate for the Imperial Examination was called Huiyuan, and the rest were called Gongshi.
See the article "countryside examination". When a student (Xiucai) took the countryside examination, the first name was Xieyuan, and the rest of the successful candidates were called Juren.
Three in a row in the imperial examinations to rank first for the yuan, where in the countryside, will be, the temple three consecutively in the first place, known as "three in a row". According to statistics, there are at least sixteen people who have won the three yuan in a row in history. Chen Yaozui and his brother Chen Yaoxuo, mentioned in Ouyang Xiu's "The Oil Seller", both won the first prize in the examination, while Chen Yaoxuo won the third prize in a row.
Dingjia refers to the three top three candidates in the Imperial Examination: the scholar, the scholar-appreciator and the scholar-visitor, as in the case of a tripod with three legs, hence the name "Dingjia". Scholar at the top of the tripod, so called tripod Yuan.
Gongshi see "test" article. The first time I took the test, I was admitted to the test, and I was called a scholar.
See the article "countryside examination". A person who took the township examination and was accepted was called a juren (举人). A man of honor may be appointed to the post of county magistrate. After Fan Jin was successful in the third round of the Confucian History, Squire Zhang immediately sent congratulations to the silver and houses, and Fan's father-in-law, Hu Buttu, immediately changed his face to brag about his son-in-law, "the stars in the sky," and Fan got the news, and he was so happy that he went crazy. This shows that in ancient times, after winning the examination, you can be promoted and become rich.