Author: Shen Bojun
In the many characters portrayed in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang is undoubtedly the most successful and far-reaching one. It can be said that he is the real protagonist of the whole book, is the soul that sustains the whole book. We simply can't imagine, if there is no Zhuge Liang this glorious artistic image, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and what to see, how to become a classical literature masterpiece handed down from generation to generation!
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms" in Zhuge Liang, is the author of the most spent ink and ink artistic image. From "Mr. Water Mirror" Sima Hui first mentioned his Taoist name "Fulong" (i.e., "Wolong"), for his appearance to pave the way (Jiajing Yuannian this sixty-ninth "Liu Xuande encountered (Liu Xuan De meets Sima Hui, Mao book 35), to his death, he was buried in Dingjun Mountain, Hanzhong (Jiajing Yuan Nian Ben 299 times "Marquis Wu's plan to behead Wei Yan", Mao book 155 times), he has been in the center of the plot of the work, and deservedly became the first protagonist of the whole book. Luo Guanzhong full of love, devote all the effort, mobilize all kinds of artistic means, will be shaped into a glorious artistic typical.
I
Historical Zhuge Liang (181~234), was originally an outstanding statesman and militarist in the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty. Born in the chaotic times of the late Eastern Han Dynasty, he left his hometown of Langxie Yangdu (present-day Yinan, Shandong Province) at the age of fourteen with his uncle Zhuge Xuan and moved to Jingzhou, which was under the control of Liu Biao. At the age of seventeen, Zhuge Xuan fell ill and died. Although Zhuge Liang was not yet crowned, and was related to Liu Biao and his general Cai Mao, he had a great ambition and high-mindedness, and did not want to harbor in a powerful door, so he took his younger brother Zhuge Jun, and resolutely resided in Longzhong (Deng County, Nanyang County, Jing Prefecture in the Han Dynasty, and now belongs to Xiangfan City, Hubei Province), cultivating Longmu on one side, and paying attention to the world's major events on the other side, and researching ways of governing the country and using military force, for a long time for ten years. Jian'an twelve years (207), half a lifetime of struggle and repeated setbacks, when attached to the Liu table, the troops in Xinye, the power of the thin Liu Bei three, to the twenty-seven-year-old Zhuge Liang to ask for advice. Zhuge Liang put forward the famous "Longzhong Pairing", incisively analyzed the world's situation, for Liu Bei formulated the first occupation of Jing, Yi two states, the formation of a three-pointed situation, external ties Sun Quan, internal repair politics, when the time is ripe, and then divided into two Northern Expedition to attack the Central Plains, in order to become a hegemony of the strategic policy. In Liu Bei's earnest urging, Zhuge Liang came out to assist, from then on to become the pillar of the Liu Shu group, in the stage of history, to create extraordinary performance.
Jianan thirteen years (208) in the fall, Cao Cao personally led the army southward, Liu Biao died, the second son of Liu Qiong succeeded the throne, surrendered without a fight, Liu Bei defeated Jiangxia. In this time of crisis, Zhuge Liang took the initiative to request a mission to Jiangdong, to convince Sun Quan, to establish the Sun-Liu alliance, and to defeat Cao Cao's army in the Battle of Red Cliffs, so that Liu Bei took advantage of the situation to seize the four counties in the south of the Jingzhou River, and soon "borrowed" the southern counties occupied by Sun Quan. After that, he assisted Liu Bei in seizing Yizhou, successfully realizing the first step of the strategic goal of having Jing and Yizhou, and having one of the three parts of the world, which made Liu Shu Group reach its heyday. Jian'an twenty-four years (219), Guan Yu lost Jingzhou, so that the territory of Liu Shu group reduced by nearly half; Zhangwu two years (222), Liu Bei and in the Battle of Yiling suffered a crushing defeat, the next year, entrusted to Zhuge Liang, in anger and remorse in the death of the disease. In this critical fall, Zhuge Liang with great courage and superior wisdom, alone undertake to maintain the historical mission of the state of Shu Han. He is far-sighted, diligent and pragmatic government, and inspired, clean and honest, Shu Han governance in order; he adhered to the "and", "caress" policy and "attacking the heart for the principle of", and rapidly He insisted on the policy of "peace" and "comfort" and the principle of "attacking the heart is the most important", quickly pacified Nanzhong area, and better dealt with the ethnic relations; he defied difficulties and dangers, and repeatedly went on northern expeditions, and always maintained an offensive posture towards the powerful Cao Wei; he was good at governing the army, and was strict in rewards and punishments, and attached importance to the innovation of the equipment and improvement of the tactics, and created the amazing "Wooden Oxen Flowing Horses" and "Eight Formation"; he was loyal to his duties, and he was very good at his job. "He was loyal to his duties, dedicated to his own interests, and truly realized "to be devoted to one's duty and to one's life". Chen Shou, an outstanding historian of the Western Jin Dynasty, wrote in his book "The Book of Three Kingdoms? Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang biography" at the end of the highly evaluated:
Zhuge Liang's for the Xiangguo also, caressing the people, show the rituals, about the official position, from the system of power, open the sincere heart, cloth fairness; loyal to benefit from the time, although collation must be rewarded, although the law of negligence, although the pro must be punished, serving the crime of loss of love, although the heavy must be released, although the rhetoric of cleverness, although light must be killed; good and no micro-appreciation, no slim and no depreciation of the evil; the common people things are sophisticated, the physical nature of their own, the name of responsibility and the truth, the falsehoods not to be ashamed of; finally! Within the state, salty fear and love, although the penal government is harsh and no complaints, in order to its heart flat and exhortation Ming also. It can be said to recognize the good talent of governance, pipe, Xiao's subpar carry on.
Ge Liang's noble character, not only by the Shu Han people's respect, and even the enemy's respect. In his many excellent character, the most prominent two points: one is wisdom, centered on the "Longzhong Pair"; the second is loyalty, centered on "out of the division table". In short, he is indeed worthy of a generation of wise prime ministers, and his name will be remembered throughout the ages.
Two
After the death of Zhuge Liang for more than a thousand years, successive generations of ambitious, concerned about the affairs of the country of intellectuals fondly remember and praise him, the general public from generation to generation to praise his performance, a variety of popular literature and art also repeatedly sung and rendered his story. Luo Guanzhong inherited this respect Zhuge Liang's social psychology, on the basis of historical facts, absorbed the beneficial components of popular literature and art, coupled with their own genius, successfully shaped an elegant, wise, full of ideal color and artistic charm of Zhuge Liang's image, a household name of the glorious image. Such Zhuge Liang image, although the historical figure of Zhuge Liang as a prototype, but there has been a great mutation, than its historical prototype is taller, more beautiful, become a noble example of the ancient outstanding intellectuals, become the embodiment of the Chinese nation's loyal character and unparalleled wisdom, and become the immortal image of the people of China and foreign countries*** with the admiration of the immortal image.
In order to shape the artistic image of Zhu Geliang, Luo Guanzhong spent a lot of ink, mobilized a variety of artistic means, mainly from the following aspects of efforts.
(a) fully highlight the key position and role of Zhu Geliang in Liu Shu group
historical Zhu Geliang, although a mountain and Liu Bei "love good day close", by Liu Bei's full trust; but his position in Liu Shu group is gradually improved, according to the usual political mechanism, this is also very This is also natural according to the usual political mechanism. His status when he first came out of the mountain, "Three Kingdoms? Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang's biography" did not record, is estimated to be the curtain guest and so on. After the Battle of Red Cliff, Liu Bei captured Jingzhou Jiangnan four counties, Zhuge Liang began to serve as military division of the General; at this time, Guan Yu for the Xiangyang governor, swept away the generals, has long been sealed Hanshou Ting Marquis, Zhang Fei for the Yidu governor, levying generals, sealed the new Pavilion Marquis, Zhuge Liang's status is slightly lower than the Guan, Zhang. Jian'an nineteen years (214), Liu Bei set Yizhou, Zhuge Liang was promoted to military division general, Department of the left general affairs (in charge of the left general affairs, at this time Liu Bei's official title is "left generals lead jing, yi two states pastor"), its rank and guan yu, zhang fei with the same column, and in the actual status of the group of liu shu more than guan yu, zhang fei. It was not until Liu Bei claimed the title of Emperor (221) and Zhuge Liang became Prime Minister that he officially became the number one minister of Shu Han. Moreover, before Liu Bei became the emperor, Zhuge Liang was involved in planning and discussing, but most of the time is to stay in the rear, enough food, enough soldiers, never in charge of the military .
However, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Luo Guanzhong wrote Zhuge Liang as the commander-in-chief who was under one person and above ten thousand, and commanded everything, greatly improving his status and role in the Liu Shu group. Soon after his departure, Xiahou Chun led a 100,000-strong army to kill Xinye, the first test he faced. At this time -
Xuan De asked Kong Ming to discuss. Kong Ming said: "But I am afraid that Guan and Zhang will not listen to my orders. If the Lord wants Liang to march, beg for a fake sword seal." Xuan De then pay Kong Ming with the sword seal. Kong Ming then gathered all the generals to listen to the order. ...... "Your Lordship will lead an army as backup. Each of you must follow the plan and do not make any mistake." (39th)
In this first battle, Liu Bei handed over the command to Zhuge Liang at the very beginning; Zhuge Liang was so confident that he deployed all the generals one by one, and even Liu Bei had to accept his arrangement. The victory of burning Bowang set up Zhuge Liang's prestige, and also established his position of commanding everything. Since then, his command in the Liu Shu group was unbreakable and never questioned. Whenever there was a big event, Liu Bei always obeyed him, and the civil and military officials always carried out his orders with sincerity and obedience. During the Red Cliff War, he was on a mission to the Eastern Wu for several months, Liu Bei actively prepare for the war, all ready, still waiting for him to go back to the command and control:
And said Liu Xuande in Xiakou waiting for Kong Ming back ...... in a moment the ship to Kongming, ZiLong disembarked, XuanDe was very happy. Greetings after, Kong Ming said: "and no time to tell other things. The former about the army and horses warships, all have been done?" Xuan De said: "Packed up for a long time, just waiting for the military division call." Kong Ming then and Xuan De, Liu Qi ascending tent seated ...... (49th)
Guge Liang's orders, who can not be disobeyed. Even the special status of the number one general Guan Yu, because of the violation of military orders to release Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang also want to order him to be beheaded; only because Liu Bei interceded, hoping to allow Guan Yu to redeem the crime, "Kong Ming only then spared
." (50th ~ 51st) These descriptions, greatly exceeding the historical record, so that Zhuge Liang is always in the center of the Liu Shu group, the status is obviously higher than that of all the civil and military officials, but also make the reader feel credible. Liu Bei get Zhuge Liang before the repeated setbacks, and get Zhuge Liang auxiliary after the victory, the two opposite, the reader can not help but feel y: Liu Shu group of success or failure of the safety and security, is not tied to Liu Bei, but tied to Zhuge Liang.
(2) rendering Zhuge Liang's wisdom, especially the military strategy of the gods
Said above, one of the outstanding character of the historical figure Zhuge Liang is wisdom, but that is mainly good at grasping the world situation, good at the overall situation, the development of the correct strategic approach to the political wisdom of the Longzhong Pair is a concentrated embodiment of it. As for the military aspect, Chen Shou in the "Three Kingdoms? Shu Shu? Zhuge Liang biography", said he "in the military for the long, the short, the people of the dry, better than the general strategy", "strain will be strategic, not its long". Meaning that Zhuge Liang is good at managing the army, the army is strict, but in the use of wonders on the shortcomings; his ability to govern the people, better than when the commander-in-chief of the strategy; adaptability of the skills, not what he is good at. Some people think that Chen Shou has belittled Zhuge Liang; but the fact is that the historical Zhuge Liang was not particularly good at improvisation. However, in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Luo Guanzhong not only fully expressed Zhuge Liang's political wisdom, but also through a large number of fictionalized episodes, focusing on highlighting Zhuge Liang's brilliant calculations, portraying him as a master of strategy who used the army like a god, and becoming the embodiment of incomparable wisdom of the Chinese nation.
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the first victory of Zhuge Liang, the burning of Bowang, is highly fictionalized. Historically, Liu Bei had fought against Cao Cao's generals Xiahou? Yu Ban, etc. rejected each other in Bowang, "a long time, Mr. set up an ambush, once since the burning of Tun pseudo-recluse? etc. chased, for the ambush was broken." (The Three Kingdoms? Shu Shu? Lord biography ") that is before the three Gu Gu Cao, naturally has nothing to do with Zhu Geliang. Luo Guanzhong came to a flower to connect the wood, will be arranged in the Zhuge Liang after the mountain, so that he became a wise commander of the enemy victory. Works first write the Cao army's imposing, write 100,000 Cao army and Liu Bei thousands of people of the disparity between the contrast, brewing a tense atmosphere of Taishan pressure; and then write Zhu Geliang deployed, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei on his plan are skeptical, "all the generals are unknown to Kong Ming Tao strategy, this time, although listening to the order, but they are doubtful and uncertain." "Xuan De is also doubtful." As a result, the battle progressed exactly as Zhuge Liang expected, and Liu Bei's army won a great victory, which made Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, the two high-minded and proud generals, convinced, and praised: "Kong Ming is really a brilliant man!" (XXXIX) Thus, Zhuge Liang's image of a master of war who anticipates things as if they were God is initially manifested.
The subsequent burning of Xinye is a purely fictionalized plot. In this battle, Zhuge Liang water and fire, layers of ambush, so that Cao Ren, Cao Hong led 100,000 troops were first burned by fire, and then flooded, heavy losses (40th). From then on, Zhuge Liang's endless brilliant plans not only won a high degree of trust from the entire Liu Shu group, but also made Cao's army very afraid, and moved to suspect: "Again, I was hit by Kong Ming's plan!"
In the decision of the fate of the Liu Shu group and the situation of the Red Cliff War, Zhuge Liang's ingenuity is even more brilliant. Originally, in the history of the Red Cliff War, the main hero should be Zhou Yu; Zhuge Liang in addition to the mission to Jiangdong, the wisdom to stimulate Sun Quan Liu anti-cao, in fact, what else as, history does not have a clear record. However, in Luo Guanzhong's writing, Zhuge Liang became the most crucial figure in deciding the victory of the war. Although he was a guest in the Wu army, he was the real protagonist of the plot unit "Red Cliff War". The establishment of the alliance between Sun and Liu was facilitated by him; Sun Quan's determination to fight against Cao was strengthened by him; Zhou Yu's "meeting of heroes" and "Jiang Gan's theft of the book", as well as Huang Gai's bitter trick and fraudulent surrender, were all seen through by him at a glance; and the key decision of the battle, the fire attack, was made by him. --The key decision of the battle, the fire attack plan, was agreed upon by him and Zhou Yu; and the decisive condition for the implementation of the fire attack, the east wind, was skillfully "borrowed" by him. It can be said that his wisdom was indispensable to every step Sun-Liu alliance took on the road to victory; without him, it would have been almost impossible for Zhou Yu to defeat Cao Cao. In the whirlwind of conflicts between the Sun-Liu Alliance and Cao Cao's army and internal conflicts within the Sun-Liu Alliance, and in the battle of wits with Zhou Yu and Cao Cao, two outstanding figures, his foresight, elegance and ingenuity burst out in dazzling sparks again and again. Zhou Yu was both respectful and cynical about him, and attempted to get rid of him many times, but he resolved them one by one as if they were Mount Taishan, which not only made Zhou Yu helpless, but also preserved the alliance between Sun and Liu, and ensured the victory of the battle. The result of the battle of wits tells people: Cao Cao's wisdom is not as good as Zhou Yu's, Zhou Yu's wisdom is not as good as Zhuge Liang's, therefore, Zhuge Liang is the number one hero of great wisdom and courage.
In the "three gas Zhou Yu", "Liu Bei captured the battle of Hanzhong", "seven captured Meng", "six out of Qishan "and other plot units, Luo Guanzhong also arranged a lot of fictional plot, from a variety of perspectives, Zhuge Liang's wisdom and tactics show exquisite. In the political struggle with opponents, he is always good at grasping the overall situation, adapt to the situation, and firmly grasp the initiative to win. In the military competition, he always know yourself and know your enemy, attach importance to mastering intelligence, good at mobilizing the other side, good at psychological warfare, good at "with odd", or ambush, or sneak, or camouflage, or attack, false and real, a lot of variations, time and time again to win the victory. Sun Tzu's "Art of War" says: "Those who are good at using surprise are as infinite as heaven and earth, and as inexhaustible as a river." ("The Military Potential") "Soldiers are not constant, water is not constant, and those who can win because of the enemy's changes are called gods." ("the reality of the chapter") Zhuge Liang is proficient in these military principles, really use the military as God. In order to highlight Zhuge Liang's strategy, works often use contrast, set off and other artistic techniques. The high-minded and proud Zhou Yu has repeatedly exclaimed, "Kong Ming is a brilliant strategist, I'm not as good as him!" Until his death, he also made the lamentation of "both born Yu, why born Liang", which strongly expresses his feelings of trying to overwhelm Zhuge Liang but being unable to do anything about it. Cao Cao was always suspicious when fighting Zhuge Liang and lost again and again. The sophisticated Sima Yi even repeatedly admitted: "I am not as good as Kong Ming!" Even after the death of Zhuge Liang, Shu army retreat, Sima Yi led troops to catch up, but also by Zhuge Liang's effigy was scared and fled in a mess, fell into a "dead Zhuge can go away from the birth of zhongda" words handle. Through these first-class talent and Zhuge Liang's comparison, Zhuge Liang that "infinite as heaven and earth" strategy is shown to the extreme.
(C) multi-dimensional portrayal of Zhuge Liang's loyal character
In the second half of Zhuge Liang's life, that is, from the "White Emperor to the orphan" to the "Autumn winds of the five zhangyuan" (223 ~ 234), this aspect has been increasingly strengthened. In these twelve years, Zhuge Liang supported the political situation of Shu Han alone, taking care of everything, doing his best to realize the goal of restoring the Han Dynasty. After the pacification of the south, he personally led the army to the north, and presented the famous "Table of Exit", which is a sincere warning to the latter, and said:
The late emperor knew that I was prudent, and so I was sent to the great things. Since I was appointed, I have been worried all the time, fearing that the entrustment will not be effective, in order to hurt the late emperor's Ming; therefore, I crossed the Lulu in May, and went deep into the hairless. Now the south has been settled, armor and soldiers have been enough, when the award command three armies, the north to determine the Central Plains, and the exhaustion of the incompetent, the sacrifice to eliminate the treacherous, the restoration of the Han Dynasty, back to the old capital: this is why I report to the late emperor and loyal to His Majesty's duty. (Ninety-one)
On the long journey of "six out of Qishan", Zhuge Liang achieved one victory after another, but also suffered an unexpected defeat. The first Northern Expedition, although the momentum has been as strong as a bamboo, captured three counties, but because of Ma Su's own initiative, lost Jie Ting, the Shu army had to retreat quickly, the results achieved in ruins. Afterwards, Zhuge Liang not only adhere to the principle, tearful chop Ma Su; and courageous to take responsibility, on the table of the self depreciation of three; and sincere advice to the ministry: "From now on, all of you have a far-reaching concern in the country, but diligently attacking my queue, the blame for my shortcomings, then the matter can be determined, the thief can be extinguished, the work can be warped to wait for carry on." (Ninety-sixth) outside a strong enemy, inside a mediocre master of the difficult situation, he with great wisdom and perseverance, made a remarkable performance. Until the last Northern Expedition, he was sick from fatigue, vomiting blood, knowing that his life is in danger, the first thought is still the safety of the Shu army and the survival of the Shu Han, carefully arranged to withdraw from the deployment of the army, recommend their successors, but also "strong support for the sick body, so that the left and right to help on the cart, out of the fortress all over the camps". In this last tour of the barracks, he sighed with infinite regret: "can no longer be on the battlefield to suppress thieves carry on! The heavens are long, where there is a pole!" In the imminent death, to the king, down to the subordinates, near to the immediate retreat section, far to the future approach to the plan, he has considered, but rarely thought of his wife and children. The author to dip full of feelings of the strokes, the depiction of the spirit of the depiction, extremely distinctive performance of the Zhuge Liang loyal, selfless noble character and bow and exhaustion, the spirit of struggle until death. After writing to Zhuge Liang swiftly died, works illustrated by Zhuge Liang deposed Liao Li, Li Yan after learning the sad news of the grief scene, in order to set off Zhuge Liang's body of rigor, dealing with the justice, the inspiration of the strong. Not only that, the author also strongly rendered the sad atmosphere at this time: "is the night, the sky is sad, the moon is not light, kong ming is dying to return to heaven." (Hundred and forty-fourth) is really word with blood, sound with tears, mourning feelings, overflowing in words, people read to the heart. At this point, Zhuge Liang's glorious image will stand firmly in the reader's heart.
Three
Over the centuries, the image of Zhuge Liang in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms has been loved by the majority of readers and has a strong artistic appeal. However, there are some people who have criticized this image. One of the most influential is Mr. Lu Xun's quote, "As for writing about people, there is also quite a loss ...... of Zhuge's multi-intelligence and nearly demonic."
How should this be understood?
I think, Mr. Lu Xun in accordance with strict realism standards, pointed out that "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" performance Zhuge Liang's "much wisdom" is over the top, which is right, the so-called "near demon", that is, there are places on Zhuge Liang's strategy exaggerated, showing a tendency to deification; but this is not the case, but it is not the case, it is not the case. Show the tendency of deification; but this by no means means that the works of Zhuge Liang image shaping the fundamental failure. From a general point of view, the work of Zhuge Liang's image is still very successful.
First, a comprehensive grasp of the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" of the creative method. I once emphasized:
In terms of creative method, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" belongs neither to today's realism nor to today's romanticism, but is a combination of the spirit of classical realism and romantic mood, legendary color.
Overall view of the book, Luo Guanzhong closely grasp the basic trajectory of the historical movement, roughly reflecting the face of the historical period from the reign of Emperor Lingdi of the Eastern Han Dynasty (168 years) to the Western Jin Dynasty unification of the whole country (280 years), a series of major events of the historical period ...... Luo Guanzhong have paid attention to, are generally in accordance with the basic framework and development trend of historical facts, to varying degrees. Luo Guanzhong paid attention to a series of major events in this historical period, and made narratives and depictions of different degrees in accordance with the basic framework and development trend of historical facts. A series of important characters in this historical period, Luo Guanzhong in grasping the tone of their character, are striving to realize the artistic image and its historical archetype of the essence of the same. In this way, the work has a heavy sense of history and shows a strong spirit of realism. This is the fundamental reason why it is generally recognized that Romance of the Three Kingdoms "artistically reproduces the history of the Three Kingdoms at the end of the Han Dynasty". However, in the specific weaving of the plot, shaping the characters, Luo Guanzhong mainly inherited the tradition of folk literature, boldly give play to the romantic imagination, a lot of artistic fiction, the use of hyperbole, showing a strong romantic mood and legendary color.
The image of Zhu Geliang in the work is precisely the realization of "the essential consistency with its historical archetype", but also fully idealized, "showing a strong romantic mood and legendary color". This romantic mood and legendary color not only reflects Luo Guanzhong's own aesthetic tendency of "curiosity", but also inherits and carries forward the artistic tradition of "still strange" in Chinese classical novels. From this point of view, "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is understandable to Zhuge Liang's wisdom and strategy of the best rendering.
Secondly, the exaggerations and exaggerations of Zhuge Liang's wisdom and tactics in Romance of the Three Kingdoms can be said to come from a long time ago. As early as the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Zhennan General Liu Hong to Longzhong, Zhuge Liang's former residence Jiejie table Lu, ordered the Puisne Li Xing writing, which wrote:
Ying is my son, the only spirit of heaven. Is not the god and goddess, is not the essence of man? What is the depth of thought, what is the virtue of the clear!
Ying is my son, who contains the spirit of heaven.
Ying is the son who contains the spirit of heaven. The work of the divine crossbow, a what subtle! Thousands of wells Qi? , and what secret ?
Here has been for Zhuge Liang's talent and strategy smeared with mysterious colors. Moreover, Pei Songzhi also cited a number of materials, Zhuge Liang's strategy to render. By the Tang Dynasty, Zhuge Liang had already been called a "wise general". To the Song Dynasty, the great writer Su Shi made "Zhuge Wuhou portrait praise", but also on Zhuge Liang's strategy praised:
Dense as God's ghosts, as fast as the wind and thunder; into the inability to be, retreat can not be chased; day can not be attacked, the night can not be attacked; more than can not be enemy, less can not be deceived. Before and after the meeting, left and right command; move the nature of the five elements, change the order of the four seasons. Human? God? Immortal? I don't know, the real Crouching Dragon!
"Human? God? Immortal also" exclamation, more prominent Zhuge Liang's "magic". Along this line of thought, the Yuan dynasty "Three Kingdoms" and further wrote:
Zhuge Liang is a fairy, since small studies, when to middle age, no book not read, up to heaven and earth of the machine, the gods and ghosts difficult to will; call the wind to the rain, beans into troops, waving the sword into the river. Sima Zhongda once said: "come can not be □, □ can not be guarded, trapped can not be surrounded, unknown to be human, God, immortal?" (Volume "Three Visits to Zhuge")
This completely deifies Zhuge Liang.
Luo Guanzhong writing "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Three Kingdoms Zhi Pingtan" in the image of Zhuge Liang made a substantial transformation, deleted "call the wind and rain, beans into troops, waving the sword into a river" and other divine description, so that the image of Zhuge Liang returned to the "man "This position - of course, is an extraordinary ability, with the legend of the outstanding character. The book of Zhuge Liang's description of wisdom, most of the traces can be traced, strange and not against reason. In terms of political strategy, the work wrote Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong pair", wisdom to stimulate Sun Quan, basically based on the "Three Kingdoms"? Shu book? Zhuge Liang's biography" account to be recounted, and not much exaggeration. In the military strategy, works written Zhuge Liang burning Bowang, burning Xinye, straw boat lending arrows, Anju Ping five roads, seven capture Meng Wu, the Empty City Scheme, etc., although quite a lot of fictional, but either early rumors of wild history or the "Three Kingdoms Zhi Pingtan" of the relevant episodes as the basis, or is the transplantation of historical facts and reconstruction, even if purely fictional, but also arranged in degrees, generally in line with the rationale of such a wisdom, although there is a legendary color, but it is not a god or a monster! This kind of wisdom, though legendary, is not a miraculous story; though very human, but in line with people's expectations of legendary heroes. This is consistent with the romantic mood and legendary color of the book.
Thirdly, it should be recognized that "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" does have a few failures in showing Zhuge Liang's wisdom. First, the second half of the work, individual plot against the logic of history and life, barely pinch, exaggerated too much. Such as the one hundred and eleven "out of Longzhuge pretend God" in the Wei army "but see the wind, cold fog diffuse", but can not catch up with Zhuge Liang, and borrowed Sima Yi's mouth that Zhuge Liang "can drive six six armor of God", will "shrink the earth! "The law, it is obvious with the color of God. Secondly, Luo Guanzhong out of love for Zhu Geliang, sometimes on its mistakes, also painstakingly back, resulting in individual plots do not make sense. Such as the one hundred and fifteenth "plan to behead Wei Yan", would like to show that Zhuge Liang expects things like God, early foresight, but can not completely cover Zhuge Liang Wei Yan treatment of inappropriate, the results of the desire to benefit from the anti-loss, instead of making the reader find it difficult to believe. This kind of plot is not much, but it is possible to let people produce "near demon" feeling.
Fourth, attention should be paid to differentiate the Romance of the Three Kingdoms from its derivative works. Over the centuries, in the course of the widespread dissemination of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, people have constantly adapted and re-created it, resulting in a large number of derivative works of various categories. These derivative works, on the one hand, have greatly increased the dissemination channels of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and expanded its influence; on the other hand, they have strengthened, developed and mutated the characters and storylines of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. In the first northern expedition against Wang Lang, he was "wearing a spandex scarf and feather fan, with a plain coat and soap sash" (93rd time). These descriptions come from the account of Zhuge Liang's dress style in "The Forest of Words" compiled by Pei Qi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: "Riding on a plain mikoshi, wearing a kudzu scarf, and holding a white feather fan, he directed the three armies, and the armies all followed him in and out of the battlefield." "Crane cloak" is also a common dress for the scholars of the Wei and Jin dynasties, and it is often seen in books such as "Shishu Xinyao" (New Words on the World). And in the Ming and Qing dynasties since some of the "Three Kingdoms play" and works of art, Zhu Geliang often put on gossip clothing, calling himself "poor Taoist", speech and demeanor of the Taoist color more and more heavy, the mysterious meaning of its scheme has also been strengthened. If someone from this type of work Zhuge Liang image "near demon" impression, that can not be credited in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" account.
All in all, although "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" on the portrayal of Zhuge Liang there are a few inappropriate, but can only be regarded as flawed. On the whole, the image of Zhu Geliang is still the most successful book, the most favorite immortal art typical, always inspire and inspire the future generations.
Zhuge Liang loyal to Shu Han said re-recognition
Author: Zhu Ziyan
A
Liu Bei Baidi entrusted to the orphans, Zhuge Liang, said, if his son Liu Chan "is not talented, you can take" [1] ("Shu Shu - Zhuge Liang biography"), the ancients on this, more praise for its ruler and his subjects, and take the metaphor of fish and water to corroborate. The metaphor of fish and water is corroborated. But some people think this is Liu Bei "false words" [1] ("Shu Shu - Zhuge Liang biography" note cited Sun Sheng said), Zhuge Liang heart of suspicion, so to "self-take" test. Mr. Tian Yuqing on these two opposite views are not satisfied, in its "Shu history four questions - Liu Bei to orphaned language" article made a new interpretation. Mr. Tian's insights are justified, I do not comment for the time being, I think Liu Bei to the words of the orphans, is sincere, or false intention, or is another plan, now there is no way to prove that it is really a mystery of the ages. Now to review the problem, not Liu Bei want Zhuge Liang when the emperor, but Zhuge Liang himself want to go up another step, by the prime minister on the dragon chair. This problem has never been thinking about. As Mr. Tian Yuqing said: "Zhu Geliang's loyalty to Shu Han, no one has ever doubted." [2] (P226) the reason why no one suspected, is only after successive generations of writers and novelists rendering, Zhu Geliang has been derivation of "saint", become a bow and scrape, loyalty and chastity of the world's model. Historians by its influence, probably will also feel that this is ancient history in a large forbidden area, easily dare not touch. To Zhuge Liang from the altar down, I think it is necessary to explore this most difficult issue.
In fact, Zhu Geliang's reign was not regarded as the people of the time to serve the king with courtesy, the country to the loyalty of the guideline. On the contrary, Shu Han regime, Li Yan, Liao Li, to Min, Wei Yan and other people on Zhuge Liang's dictatorship of power quite a lot of criticism, Zhuge Liang in the world, forcing its authority, people do not dare to speak out to rebuke. However, Zhuge Liang just died, Prime Minister Counselor, An Han General Li Miao that wrote to Liu Zen, said:
Lv Lu, Huo Yu may not be with the heart of the rebellion, Xiaoxuan not good for the killing of ministers of the king, straight to the ministers are afraid of its forced, the Lord fear of their power, so the treacherous sprouting. Liang body staff strong soldiers, wolves and tigers, five big not in the border, I often dangerous. Now Liang perished, cover the clan to be complete, the West Rong quiet, the size of the celebration. [1] ("Shu Shu - Yang play biography" note cited "Huayang Guo Zhi")
The so-called "Wolf Gu", "Jin Shu - Xuan Di Ji" cloud: "Wei Wu Zha emperor has the ambition, heard the Wolf Gu phase, want to test. Was summoned to make the front line, to look back, the face is to the back and the body does not move ...... because of Prince Pi said: 'Sima Yi is not a human subject, will be in advance of your family affairs.'" Visible, the so-called "Wolf Gu" phase, that is, with "non-human subjects" phase. Li Miao directly pointed out that Zhu Geliang and Sima Yi also have the same "wolf-guard" phase, meaning that he will usurp Liu's world after a long time, and become the emperor himself. As for the "tiger's eye", "after han shu - ban gu biography" collected by the "xidu fugu" within the "week to dragon rise, qin to tiger's eye" sentence, li xian note said: "dragon rise tiger's eye, a metaphor for shengqiang also." Ban Gu's actual meaning is: although Zhou, Qin are very "strong", but, Zhou to "Dragon Xing", to take the world to "virtue"; Qin is "Tiger Vision", to take the world to "virtue". However, Zhou took the world by "virtue" with "dragon rising", while Qin took the world by "virtue" with "tiger's eye", and took the world by "martial arts". Li Miao used this allusion to imply that Zhu Geliang's "strong army with a staff" is the same as Qin's "tiger's eye". Zuo Zhuan - Zhaogong eleven years" said: "five big not in the border, five fine not in the court." Kong Yingda, "Shuo" quoted Jia Kui said: "five big, that is, the Prince, mother and brother, the noble favorite son of the Duke, the Duke of the Sun, and the repeated Secretary." These five kinds of people have the right and power, living in the border is easy to rebel, so the cloud: "five big not in the border." Li Miao believed that Zhuge Liang belonged to one of the five kinds of people, let him lead the troops on the border, will jeopardize the Shu Han court. Li Miao also compared Zhuge Liang to Lu Lu and Huo Yu, who wanted to jeopardize the Han Dynasty.
What do you think of Li Miao's petition? If you want to maintain the lofty image of Zhu Geliang, as much as possible to Li Miao's on the oversight as a slander, attacking Zhu Geliang's defamatory words; but if calm and objective careful analysis, you can find Li Miao's words are not nothing, empty cave. I think the real "wolf" phase of the person does not exist, Sima Yi, Zhu Geliang is the reason why people see as a "wolf" phase, is only to suspect that they have usurped the throne of ambition. Shu-Han regime not only Li Miao has this view, even the Shangshu order Li Yan also suspect Zhuge Liang has the heart of the unsubordinate. The three kingdoms - Shu Shu - Li Yan biography " note quoted " Zhu Ge Liang set " cloud: " ( Li ) Yan and ( Zhu Ge ) Liang book, advised Liang appropriate to receive ' nine tin ', into the title of king." What is Nine Siks? "According to the" Hou Han Shu "Zhang Huai note, said nine tin this out of the wei shu li han wenjia: one is said to carriage, two is said to clothes, three is said to musical instruments, four is said to Zhu household, five is said to the ah, six is said to hu ben, seven is said to axe and battle-axe, eight is said to bow and arrow, nine is said to black millet apparition." "Each dynasty before the Zen dynasty, must first have nine tin text, general recounting the achievements of its people, into the title of the state, given to the special gift." [3] (Volume 7 "Nine tin text") study in history, nine tin gift specifications are very high, not ordinary ministers can enjoy. Such as nine tin in the Huben is the son of the guards, "the son of heaven