1, Northern Europe: Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Faroe Islands;
2. Eastern Europe: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova;
3. Central Europe: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein;
4. Western Europe: Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Monaco;
5. Southern Europe: Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia, Albania, Greece, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina? ; Italy, Vatican, San Marino, Malta, Spain, Portugal, Andorra.
Famous cities include London, Berlin, Paris, Brussels, Vienna, Amsterdam and Geneva.
I. Countries
1, UK
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, referred to as "Britain" or "United Kingdom".
The British Isles, which originated in the northwest of continental Europe, are surrounded by the North Sea, the English Channel, the celtic sea, the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
Britain is an island country in western Europe, consisting of England, Wales and Scotland on the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland in the northeast of Ireland and a series of affiliated islands.
In addition to the mainland, there are 14 overseas territories with a total population of more than 65 million, among which the English (Anglo-Saxons) are the main ethnic group, accounting for 83.9% of the total population of the country.
2. France
French Republic (French: republicue Fran? Aise (English: French Republic), referred to as "France" for short, is a semi-presidential republic country in Western Europe, and its overseas territory includes parts of South America and the South Pacific.
France is the third largest country in Europe and the largest country in Western Europe. It borders Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland and Italy in the east and Spain, Andorra and Monaco in the south.
The local terrain is high in the southeast and low in the northwest, which is roughly hexagonal. It is surrounded by water on three sides, the Mediterranean Sea in the south, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and Britain across the English Channel in the northwest. Corsica is the largest island in France.
3. Germany
Germany * * * Republic (German: die Bundesrepublik Deutschland), referred to as Germany (referred to as West Germany or the Federal Republic of Germany before German reunification), is a federal parliamentary republic in central Europe, bordering Denmark in the north and the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France in the west.
It borders Switzerland and Austria in the south and the Czech Republic and Poland in the east. The whole country consists of 16 federal states, with Berlin as the capital, with a territory of 357 167 square kilometers, a mild climate and a population of about 82.67 million. It is the most populous country in the European Union, with Germans as the main ethnic group.
4. Spain
Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de Espa? a； English: The Kingdom of Spain, for short, is located in the Iberian Peninsula in southwest Europe, at the junction of Europe and Africa, bordering Portugal in the west, the Bay of Biscay in the north, France and Andorra in the northeast, and Morocco in Africa across the Strait of Gibraltar in the south.
The territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic and Ceuta and Melilla in Africa. The country is a mountainous country with a total area of 505,925 square kilometers and a coastline of about 7,800 kilometers. The number of countries that use Spanish as the official language is the second in the world, second only to English.
In the Middle Ages, many countries coexisted in this territory. 1492 After the victory of the recovery movement in Spain, a unified Spanish dynasty was established. And played an important role in the era of great navigation, and established a large number of colonies in Europe, America, Asia and Africa.
1494, signed the treaty of tolde silas with Portuguese * * *, with the intention of dividing the world into two parts. From the middle of15th century to the end of16th century, it became the most powerful country in Europe during the Renaissance, and an empire that never fell.
1588 The Armada was defeated by Britain and began to decline. After two republics and a monarchy, 1978 declared a constitutional monarchy.
Spain is a highly developed capitalist country, a member of the European Union and NATO, and the fifth largest economy in the euro zone. Its gross domestic product (GDP) ranks sixth in European countries and 13 in the world.
5. Poland
Poland * * * Republic (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska, English: The Republic Of Poland), referred to as Poland, is a democratic * * * Republic country, located in Central Europe, and consists of 16 provinces.
It borders Ukraine and Belarus in the east, Lithuania and Kaliningrad in Russia in the northeast, Germany in the west, Czechoslovakia in the south and the Baltic Sea in the north.
Poland established the Kingdom of Poland at the end of 10, and merged with Lithuania in 1569 to form the Polish-Lithuanian Federation, which became one of the European powers. After that, its national strength declined, and Poland was divided into three countries by Russia and Austria. During the Napoleonic Wars, with the support of the French, the country was temporarily restored and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw was established. After the defeat of Napoléon Bonaparte, it was divided up by Opus.
After World War I, it regained its independence and established a bourgeois republic, but it was quickly divided between the Soviet Union and Germany in World War II. After the war, the People's Republic of Poland was founded, 1980 saw the strike of solidarity trade unions, and 1989 adopted the presidential system and parliamentary system. In the same year, it was renamed the Republic of Poland, and later joined the European Union and NATO.
In recent years, Poland's position in the EU and the international arena is increasing day by day. Since19165438+10 in June 1 1 regained its independence, Poland has become a western camp after 90 years of rapid development, especially at the beginning of the 20th century.
Second, famous European cities.
Brussels, 1
Brussels is the capital and largest city of Belgium. It is also the main administrative organ of the European Union (EU) and the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It is known as the European capital. In addition, it is the host city of more than 200 international administrative centers and daily meetings of more than 65,438+0,000 official organizations.
Brussels is located on the Seine River, with the flat Flanders Plain in the north and the slightly undulating brabant terrace in the south, with an average elevation of 58 meters.
The residential area is built on a slope and is an administrative area. The main attractions are the Royal Palace, the Royal Plaza, the Egmont Palace, the National Palace, the Royal Library and the Louis XVI-style Museum of Modern and Ancient Art.. The city center is a bustling commercial center. There are many medieval Gothic buildings around the "Grand Square" in the city center, among which the city hall is more spectacular.
Brussels has the most exquisite buildings, museums, skyscrapers and medieval buildings in Europe. The whole city is built along the "small ring" centered on the palace, and walking is the best way to visit.
Brussels is a bilingual city, French and Dutch are commonly used, and French users account for the majority. In addition, languages such as Turkish and Arabic are also widely used among Muslims in Brussels.
2. Geneva
Geneva, located in the southwest corner of Lake Geneva, is the second largest city in Switzerland and a world-famous United Nations city. The big fountain on the lake is the symbol of Geneva, which is attractive all year round, and it is also an international city where international institutions gather.
Geneva is famous for its profound humanitarian tradition, colorful cultural activities, large-scale conferences and exhibitions, mouth-watering food, fresh suburban scenery and numerous sightseeing projects and sports facilities. Geneva is also the clock capital of the world, and the clock industry and banking industry have become the two economic pillars of Geneva.
As a world-famous international city, Geneva was the headquarters of the League of Nations between the two world wars.
Geneva's high reputation in the world mainly benefits from these international organizations or offices, including the headquarters of the Red Cross, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Office at Geneva. In 20 16, Geneva ranked second in the world in the selection of the best city to live in.
3. Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, with a population of about 165438+ million. Located in the west of North Holland Province, it is a world-famous international metropolis. Its name comes from the Amstel Dam, which shows the origin of the city: a dam on the Amstel River, which is now the site of the Dam Square.
According to the 20 17 urban safety survey report, Amsterdam was rated as the safest city in Europe.
/kloc-A small fishing village was built here in the late 20th century. Due to the development of trade, Amsterdam became an important port in the world in the golden age of the Netherlands. At that time, the city was the center of finance and diamonds.
19 and the 20th century, the city expanded, forming many new blocks and suburban residential areas. It is now the fourth largest airport in Europe (the top three are London, Paris and Frankfurt).
Amsterdam has many tourist attractions, including the canal system with a long history, the National Museum of the Netherlands, the Van Gogh Museum, Anne's House, the red light district and many marijuana cafes. About 4.2 million tourists come here for sightseeing every year.
As the largest city in the Netherlands at present, Amsterdam has experienced the development process from fishing village to metropolis, glory and destruction, and the baptism of world war. To some extent, its history is also a microcosm of Dutch history.
4. London
London is the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and one of the largest financial centers in the world. It is also known as "Port Newland" with new york and Hongkong. ?
London is located on the plain in the southeast of England, where the Thames River passes. The coordinates of the city center are 5130' north latitude and 0.15' east longitude. As of 20 16, the greater London metropolitan area has an area of 1577 square kilometers and a population of about 8.28 million. In 20 16, the GDP of London has reached 553.5 billion dollars.
London is the political, economic, cultural and financial center of Britain. It is also a world-famous tourist destination with a large number of scenic spots and museums.
London is a diversified metropolis with residents from all over the world. It is a melting pot of race, religion and culture, with more than 300 languages spoken. This is a model of globalization.
5. Berlin
Berlin, located in the northeast of Germany, is the capital and largest city of Germany and the political, cultural, transportation and economic center of Germany, with a population of about 3.5 million (20 16).
Berlin is surrounded by Brandenburg, and the spree river and Ha Weier rivers pass through the city. The coordinates of the city center are 52 3 1' and east longitude 13 2'. Berlin is one of the sixteen federal states in Germany, and together with Hamburg and Bremen, it is the only three city states in Germany. In 20 16, the GDP of Berlin reached 268.9 billion dollars.
After World War II, the city was divided into two regions. East Berlin became the capital of East Germany, while West Berlin actually became an enclave of West Germany in East Germany, surrounded by the Berlin Wall. It was not until the reunification of Germany in 1990 that the city regained its status as the capital of Germany and had 147 foreign embassies.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Europe