2,狼字拆开是犬良,可以推出,古人认为狼是良犬,而不是恶兽.
3, wolf species classification: animal kingdom - chordata - mammalia - carnivora - canidae - canine genus, the ancestor of the dog. Wolves are predators that belong to the upper levels of the biological chain and usually act in groups. Because wolves prey on domestic animals such as sheep, they were heavily hunted by humans until the late 20th century, and some species, such as the Japanese wolf, have become extinct. (Wikipedia)
4,Xinhua Dictionary Wolf: a wild beast shaped much like a dog, with erect ears, a pendulous tail, yellowish-gray fur, and white spots on the cheeks; it is cunning and ferocious, and comes out by day and by night, capable of harming humans and animals.
5, wolves are the most widely distributed pack hunting animals after humans. They are found throughout Europe, Asia and North America. Coyotes are smaller carnivores than wolves and are widely distributed in North America, while four varieties of jackals are found throughout Africa, the Middle East and India. These breeds are closely related and have an equal number of chromosomes, allowing them to mate and breed with each other. Golden jackals and coyotes hunt in similar ways. They hunt alone or in pairs. Wolves prefer packs far more than coyotes or jackals, and these characteristics remind us that they are the stuff of which all dog breeding is made today.
Coyotes are typically adept at seizing opportunities. When wolves were hunted in large numbers in the continental United States, coyotes migrated north and east from the Great Plains. Coyotes are now found from the high ground of Alaska, from the Pacific Coast to central Canada and New England, USA. Silverback, Simian and side-spotted jackals live throughout Africa. Golden jackals are found from Burma to the Balkans. Coyotes, jackals and wolves can all mate with domestic dogs, so they can interbreed with each other.
6,Major Wolf Species in the World:
The Simien Jackal
Until recently, this small, compact wolf weighing 15 to 30 kilograms was thought to be a distinct species, designated the Canis lupus. Anatomists now believe that this wolf is simply a variation in size and coloration of the canine genus Lupus. When this natural variation occurs, we call it a subspecies. When this change occurs due to human action, it is called "breeding". The purebred red wolf subspecies may now be lost in the wild. The wolf-like animals that are common in the southeastern United States are most likely either hybrids of the red wolf or coyotes that migrated eastward.
Coyotes
The coyote is portrayed as a solitary hunter, but when defending territory or prey, blood-related coyotes form packs. Once devastated by these well-adapted dog-like animals, the vast grazing lands of North America are now utilized by sheep ranch operators to protect their flocks with packs of European herding dogs.
The North American wolf
Millions of years ago, like other wolves, the North American wolf, which is the most numerous of the wolf family, evolved in Eurasia and then migrated to North America. It has a complex pack hierarchy.
Red wolf
Small, slender, and canine in appearance, the red wolf is a light and muscular pursuer.
Mexican Wolf
The small Mexican wolf is a distinct subspecies present in the mountains of central Mexico. Their presence suggests that ancient Mexicans, such as the Aztecs and Incas, had the genetic material to breed their dogs.
Mexican wolves were small but robust
Kenai wolves
They were the largest subspecies of gray wolves, with most of their individuals exceeding 45 kilograms, and lived on the Kennai Peninsula in the U.S. state of Alaska, where they became extinct in 1951.
Newfoundland White Wolf
In 1842, the local government of Newfoundland established a prize for those who hunted the animals, and in 1911 they became the first of many subspecies of gray wolves in North America to go extinct.
The long winter coat is easy to camouflage.
Japanese wolf
The Japanese wolf is perhaps the smallest of the wolf subspecies , and as a result, the animal survived into the 20th century. The Japanese wolf lived in Honshu, Hokkaido, and the Chishima Islands, one of the now disputed Japanese archipelagos. The last of these small gray wolves was killed in 1905.
The tail is long, stout and densely furred.
7,Distribution of wolves in the world
Arctic wolves
Arctic wolves live in the Canadian Arctic, as far north as Ellisberry Island. Due to the lack of food, each pack of wolves has a large territory. Food is more plentiful in southern Canada, so the wolves have smaller territories.
European Gray Wolf
The European gray wolf used to be the dominant subspecies all the time, but now the breed is extinct in much of Western Europe. A few European gray wolves live in central and eastern Europe, Scandinavia, and the Iberian Peninsula.
Asian/Arabian wolf
This small subspecies is probably the ancestor of many European and Asian domestic dogs. This pack-living and adaptable wolf inhabited vast areas of Asia where domestic dogs first appeared. As they are related in China, Europe and North America, thus adding to the domestic dog breeding genetics.
8,The Wolf Family
Anatomists and behaviorists have studied the origins of the domestic dog in detail for more than 100 years, and it is now generally accepted that the wolf is the direct ancestor of the domestic dog. Among all members of the canine family, wolves vary greatly in social organization, body size and coat color. Until human predation, wolves were the most widely distributed of all land mammals, but their numbers have declined dramatically as a result of human hunting. It is a safe assumption that wolves, which are opportunistic and carrion feeders, have inhabited humans for at least 40,000 years, and since the beginning of their existence they have eaten what humans have discarded or stolen food. Whenever populations migrated across the northern hemisphere, the wolves followed. When their parents were hunted, their pups may have adapted to living with humans. (Coyotes and jackals do not have the same flexible social behavior as wolves.) From there domestication began, and now we think: the process from wild to domesticated is faster than we used to think.
Wolf pups: Pups' dependent behavior is similar to that of dogs, but wolves are not suitable pets.
Life Habits of Wolves
One ● Preface
The reason why we chose the wolf as our topic is that we would like to know more about how the wolf survives and whether its
personality is really the same as that of the public who say that it is a cold-hearted killer. Wolves seem to be stereotypical in everyone's mind, such as the big bad wolf, wolf, wolf heart and lungs, and even the bad guys in fairy tales are not without wolves, but are wolves really as bad as they are said to be? We are going to find out what we need to know about wolves from the books and information on the Internet.
We will search for the answers we need from books and Internet sources, and uncover the mysteries of wolves from their legends and stories, as well as discussing their hunting, raising
children, living in groups, and the lives of various wolf clans. We hope that through this research, we can discover the wonders of wolves that other people don't know.
II ●The Text
I. Legend of the Wolf
01. The American Indian, who lived in close relationship with the wolf, has an old legend about the relationship between man and the wolf:
"One day, the first man realized that all the other animals had companions, but he was alone, and he asked the Creator, 'Why am I the only one left alone? Why am I alone?" The Creator replied, "Then let
you have creatures with whom you can walk, talk, and play!" So God gave wolves to the humans and
said to them: "You have become brothers and should support each other. Travel the world." After following
the instructions, the human and the wolf returned to the Creator, who said: "From this day on, you will go your separate ways, but what happens to you may be similar, and you may frighten or honor or be misunderstood by those who meet you." And so, man and wolf went their separate ways. Each lived in their own unique way, and each has lived to this day."
This ancient Indian legend tells of a close family relationship between humans and wolves before they went their separate ways. In fact, man's most loyal friend, the dog, is probably a descendant of the wolf. It seems that humans and wolves were destined to meet, with the first encounter occurring about 15,000 years ago; humans may have learned the meaning of social solidarity from wolves that hunted in packs.
However, as humans moved into farming and animal husbandry, the competition between humans and wolves began. As the amount of land needed by humans grew, the territory that had previously belonged to wolves became a target for human competition. From the human point of view,
wolves have become a major obstacle to human conquest of nature.
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Wolf Habits
Wolves are at a disadvantage because they have lost their hunting grounds to human livestock. As a result, people all over the world
hunted wolves, hunted them, trapped them, poisoned them,......, and tried to kill them in every way possible.
The wolf's bad luck began. In the United States, for example, the practice of offering bounties for the killing of wolves did not end until 1935.
Livestock ranchers trapped wolves with raw meat containing strychnine, a nerve stimulant, which
has led to the complete eradication of wolves except in northern Minnesota and Alaska, where they remain a natural part of the landscape.
The fact that wolves kill prey to survive is just part of ecological behavior. Moreover, wolves' hunting activity contributes to the ecology by eliminating undesirable individuals and passing on healthy genes to more offspring to produce better offspring.
Human attitudes toward wolves have changed dramatically since the days of conservation, and wolves still live in 28 countries. Biologists have tried to portray wolves in different ways in an attempt to explore their role in the ecosystem, rather than judging wolves based on human values of good and evil.
This is the first time a wolf has been seen in the world.
02. The Legend of the Wolf King
In the nineteenth century in the western United States, large, alert and fierce gray wolves ran in packs on the prairie, feeding on bison, and the local Indians called them "Buffalo -
Hunter", and held a deep reverence for their excellent hunting ability. But to the white settlers from Europe, the wolves were the devil incarnate, and every howl of the wolves sent shivers down the spine.
For the North American Indians, the relationship with wolves that was portrayed in the movie Dances with Wolves, where they were both enemies and friends, did exist. They have lived with wolves for thousands of years, fearing each other, living in peace and delicately maintaining the ecology of the land.
But after the invasion of the white settlers, the white man began to destroy the ecological balance of the original; the first to bear the brunt of the wolves, the settlers hated the wolves so much that they had to eradicate them, so the war between the settlers and the wolves
began, and the wolves' bad luck also began.
Clever settlers targeted wolves for food; between 1870 and 1880, settlers began to kill wolves by baiting them with bison carcasses mixed with
poison; even the most vigilant wolves were fooled, and countless wolves died in agony after ingesting the poison.
-
The wolf wars began with a war between the settlers and the wolves, and a war between the settlers and the wolves began.
--The Great King and Blanca--
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Wolf Habits
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There was a big gray wolf named the Great King who was so vigilant that not only did he never take advantage of hunters, but also led his wife, Blanca, and four other gray wolves in attacking about 2,000 head of cattle.
The wolves roamed the prairie like a menace, destroying traps and leaving feces in their wake.
The white settlers could do nothing about it, but in their anger, they devised trap after trap,
but they could not catch it or its companion; its intelligence and calmness were rewarded with a kill order of "$1,000 for the head of the king".
The story of the white settlers is told by the white settlers.
The tragedy of the story begins with Blanca, who one day is finally caught in a steel trap; to vent their hatred, the hunters put Blanca in a rope loop pulled in opposite directions by two horses; the fast horses pull and Blanca dies in agony with blood spewing out of her mouth; the king calmly watches the scene and recklessly
chases Blanca's body until she is killed.
The hunters were on edge, fearing that no one would be spared from the King's vengeful
fire.
The next day, the king stepped into a trap set around the ranch and was locked in place;
The next morning, the hunters found the king dead, no struggle, no injuries; the king had abandoned his four other partners to die alone by Blanca's side in order to follow his beloved
companion.
Moved by this more-than-human sentiment, the hunters brought the King's body into the hut and placed it next to Blanka's cold body, honoring the couple's reunion at last, in 1894.
The hunter's body was placed next to Blanka's cold body, honoring the couple's reunion.
The story of the Great King has since become an enduring legend on the American prairie.
Two. Wolf-worshipping nations
01. The Cherokee
Wolf-worshippers are the messengers of the Cherokee people. Because of the same patient and introverted will to live
The long, emotional howl of the wolf is the call of the Chalachians themselves!
The Cherokee are one of the most numerous of the North American Indian nations, first living in Virginia, Alabama, and south of the Tennessee River. The Cherokee lived in villages, divided into seven
clans, and members had to live in the villages in a matrilineal organization, with about 350 to
600 people in a village.
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Wolf Habits
Among the Indians, the Cherokee are one of the most well-organized. In the villages there were two groups of political institutions, the Red and White
groups, which governed the community in times of peace and war, respectively. The transition between the Red and White periods was distinguished by
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ceremonies and rituals. Soldiers were subjected to an all-night ritual dance before going into battle, and days of ritual purification on their return from the battlefield.
This was the first time that the Red and White Groups were allowed to go into battle.
The more important social ceremonies are the Fall Festival of the Green Grain (and the Harvest Festival), and the New Fire (New Year). During the three-star New Year's period, ritual bathing must be performed and the village's "eternal fire" must be rekindled;
The main purpose of this is to remove the animosity between the villagers and to rekindle the sense of unity!
The introduction of the Chalachic alphabet by Sequoya in 1821 led to the invention of Chalachic literature!
--Preserving the memory of the past--
Perhaps because of their superiority in every way, they were the greatest victims of the U.S. government's pioneering efforts. But the deep-voiced Cherokees have continued to survive, even after the Trail of Tears, which cost them most of their homeland, forced them to move to Oklahoma, and cost them the lives of more than 4,000 of their own people, and to this day, the people who live on the Reservation are as united as they were in those days.
It is because of this tragic past that the Chalachos have become more protective of their history and culture, and have
advocated for their traditions to be passed down from generation to generation!
02. Inner Mongolia
The wolf is the grassland nation's animal ancestor, master, god of war and model; the wolf's team spirit and family sense of responsibility; the wolf's wisdom
wisdom, tenacity and dignity; the domestication of the Mongolian iron horse and the protection of the grassland; the supremacy of nomadic herdsmen for thousands of years to the wolf
worship; the Mongolian nation's ancient and mysterious rituals of heavenly burials; as well as the wolf howl, wolf food, wolf food, and the wolf's death, and the wolf's death, and the wolf's death.
Mongolian people's ancient and mysterious rituals of sky burial, as well as wolf howl, wolf food, wolf smoke, wolf flag, etc. all
have a deep meaning to them.
Mongolian nomads' god is called Tengri, and it is said that it allows humans and wolves to manage the steppe, although humans and wolves
are in opposition to each other, but without one party the other cannot survive. When the herdsmen kill too many wolves, the wolves
will cause a massacre of the nomadic cattle, sheep and horses, but if the wolves kill too much, the herdsmen
will also start a wolf-slaying brigade to kill the wolves, but even so, they still respect the wolves and don't kill the wolves.
Ancient sky burial in Mongolia was mainly to place the dead bodies somewhere in the grassland for the wolves to eat. They believed that
wolves could fly and bring their souls to Tengri in the sky, and if they caught a coyote and had to be executed
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Wolf habits
were thrown up into the sky to let it fall down and die. They believe that their souls will be able to fly to Tengri's side at that moment. It is said that the famous army of Genghis Khan, the Mongolian
martial arts, and the strong Mongolian horse were all made possible by the wolves.
But in recent years, due to the economic relations, many Han Chinese migrated to Mongolia, destroying the nomadic and wolf
life
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state of affairs, so that the wolves were persecuted by the modern weaponry such as firearms, cars, etc., and even some Mongolians no longer believe in these
statistics, rules, and the beliefs of the herdsmen from the ancient times have been disintegrated, and the traditions of the wolves have been destroyed. The traditions have been dismantled and turned into rumors.
Three. The life of wolves
01. The wolf pack
A. Wolves live in packs of one or more families gathered into a large group. If the males and females are paired up, they are very affectionate and often live together for a long time, some even for life, taking care of each other in a very considerate way,
which is rarely seen in animals.
B. In winter, they tend to form large groups; in summer, they tend to live alone or in small family groups.
Reasons:
a. In winter, because small animals hide and hibernate, wolves tend to hunt large animals such as deer; however, wolves need to work together in packs in order to be successful in killing large animals.
b. In summer, because of the need to raise their young, wolves naturally live in pairs of males and females in small families, inhabiting dense forests
and deep mountains, where they are more difficult to be found.
c. Wolves that live in the south all year round are unlikely to form large groups; only wolves that live in the north will form
large groups. There are usually 4-8 wolves in a pack, but large groups of up to 36 have been found.
C. The "one wolf" that strays from the pack; these are mostly older males, which often stray a bit from the pack and follow it around, also picking up the leftovers of the pack's food.
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Wolf Habits
02. Hunting
A. The wolf has a prominent snout and face, slightly shorter ears, and eyes that can reflect light or fire in the dark. And the head and
mouth are so powerful that it can pick up a sheep from the ground and carry it away.
B. Wolves hunt as a pack. When searching for prey, they often form a column and move slowly at a speed of
26~40 kilometers per hour. They can chase prey for tens of kilometers at a time, driving it into difficult
travel; they can follow prey until it is exhausted and then kill it.
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C. When wolves encounter a pack, they pursue it first, and when the older, weaker, or sicker members of the pack
fall behind, they kill the laggards.
D. The wolf is a big eater and can eat as much as one-fifth of its body weight in one sitting. When they can't find prey,
they also eat snakes, birds, frogs, fish, insects, and livestock, and will eat almost any kind of meat.
03. Hunting grounds
A. Wolves usually have their own hunting grounds and have access roads for hunting, which are sometimes up to 100
kilometers long. These corridors are often near a variety of prey species.
B. The wolves patrol these passes and mark their territory with body-secreted odor or feces
.
C. These hunting grounds are often inherited from one generation to the next.
04. Den
A. Wolves use tree holes, caves, and bushes as hiding and sheltering places. During the breeding season in the spring, wolves build dens near hunting grounds
. In some cases, old badger or red fox dens are adapted for use, or tree root holes are used to build dens.
B. Female wolves are often responsible for nest building, with male wolves assisting them.