It is connected with the valley in the east, constant in the south, bounded by the Yellow River in the west and controlled by the desert in the north. The real screen of the capital is the guarantee of the Central Plains. "
In the third century BC, King Wuling of Zhao "broke the forests and lakes in the north, chiseled buildings, built the Great Wall, and set up clouds, Yanmen and Dai Jun." Qin Shihuang pursued Emperor Rong in the north and "built a fort in five States to prepare for Hu" in the west of Datong City.
At the end of the 4th century AD, Tuoba Xianbei, which controlled most of the Yellow River valley to the north, moved its capital to Pingcheng, and began to build palaces, ancestral temples, establish a country, build the Great Wall and dig grottoes. Seven emperors spent 96 years. Datong became the political, economic, military, cultural and Buddhist center of northern China at that time, and prospered for the first time in history.
/kloc-after 0/500: Datong was the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the capital of Liao and Jin Dynasties, and the western capital of Yuanfeng, and was the vassal king of the Ming Dynasty. Jiangshan changed its name several times, without losing the "north lock key"; After several battles on the Great Wall, there is even a "great man vest in the world".
1277: Italian traveler Kyle Poirot came to Datong, which coincided with Kublai Khan's unification of China, ending the confrontation between Liao, Jin and Song Dynasties for several years and the prosperity of Datong reappeared. He immediately praised "Datong is a magnificent and beautiful city".
1372: Zhu Gui, the 13th Prince of Zhu Yuanzhang, took Datong Town, and built a heavy industrial city in Yunzhong, south of the former site of Pingcheng in the Northern Wei Dynasty, which is now the ancient city of Datong. Its scale and strangeness are rare in northern China. In the northern suburb of the city, from Xinpingbao in Tianzhen County in the east to the 300-kilometer Great Wall at Shahukou in Youyu County in the west, after six large-scale renovations, hundreds of border fortresses, camps and beacon towers have been built between the Great Wall and the city, forming a unique layout of the northern city defense in China.
1438- 157 1 year: the Ming dynasty adopted a soft and friendly policy towards all ethnic groups in Mongolia, and set up three horse markets, several moon markets and a small market in Datong for a long time, promising Tatars to "pay tribute", which promoted the recovery and development of social productive forces inside and outside the Great Wall. Datong has become a distribution center and a commercial port outside the Great Wall for economic exchanges between Mongolian Hu people and the Central Plains, and once again there has been a rare prosperity.
Until modern times, Datong's barter trade and currency trade were still prevalent, attracting many friends and businessmen from all over the country. [Edit this paragraph] Datong City, Shanxi Province [Edit this paragraph] Overview Datong City is one of the first 24 historical and cultural cities announced by the state.
Datong belonged to Zhao in the Warring States Period, Pingcheng County in the Han Dynasty, and the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the eighteenth year of Tang Kaiyuan (AD 730), it belonged to Yunzhong County and Yunzhou. In 13th year (A.D. 1044), Liao Chongxi built Xijing in Datong today, and in 17th year (A.D. 1048), datong county was subordinate to Guo.
Since then, the name of datong county has remained unchanged. In the seventh year of Hongwu absorption (AD 1374), it was ruled by Datong government.
During War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's period, datong county was divided into two parts: East and West. 1949 After the liberation in May, Datong City was established as Datong City, which belongs to Chahar Province.
1952165438+10 returned to Shanxi province. 1July, 993, Yanbei Administrative Office was revoked and merged into Datong City, and some counties under Yanbei Administrative Office were placed under Datong City.
Now it has jurisdiction over five districts, namely development zone, urban area, mining area, southern suburb and Xinrong District, and seven counties, namely Yanggao County, Tianzhen County, Guangling County, Lingqiu County, Hunyuan City, Zuoyun County and Datong City. Datong City is located in the northernmost part of Shanxi Province, on the northeast edge of the Loess Plateau.
Geographical coordinates are112 34'-114 33' and 39 03'-40 44' north latitude. It is bounded by the Great Wall in the north, adjacent to Fengzhen and Liangcheng counties in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, connected to Shuozhou and Xinzhou areas in the west and south, and connected to Yangyuan, Laiyuan and Yuxian in Hebei Province in the east.
Datong has a long history and dangerous terrain. It is the gateway to northern Shanxi and the barrier to the capital Beijing. It is the only way for Shaanxi, Mongolia and Hebei to cut corners. It has a very important strategic position and is called the ancient battlefield. It was once a capital of one generation, two generations and four dynasties. Located at the junction of Shanxi, Hebei and Mongolia, this city is a famous "coal capital" in China.
Excellent location conditions, convenient transportation and communication, rich mineral resources, prestigious tourism resources at home and abroad, and relatively strong industrial base. The total land area of the city is 14 1 12.56 square kilometers, with an average elevation of 700- 1400 meters. The highest peak is 2420m at Huangyangjian, the main peak in Liu Ling, Yanggao County, and the lowest is 558m at Ranzhuang River in Lingqiu County, with an altitude of1000m in the urban area.
The landform types in the territory are complex and diverse, including mountains, hills, basins and Pingchuan. Rocky mountainous areas and hilly areas account for 79% of the total area.
The northwest mountains belong to the yinshan mountains and Luliang Mountains, mainly including Shuang Shan, Erlang Mountain, Yunmen Mountain and Cailiang Mountain. The mountains in the southeast belong to Taihang Mountain, mainly including Hengshan Mountain, Taibai Mountain and Liuling Mountain. The overall elevation of the city is between1000 ~1500m. The highest point is Huangyangjian in Liulingshan, Yanggao County (2420m above sea level), and the lowest point is the He Ran exit of Huata Village, Lingqiu County (558m above sea level).
Sanggan River runs through the city from southwest to northeast, forming a trough basin with high periphery, low middle and two mountains and one river. Besides Sanggan River, the main rivers in China are Yu He, Nanyang River, Liu Hu, Tanghe River and Cangtou River, which belong to Haihe River system.
The total population of the city is 2.848 million, and the agricultural population accounts for about 60%. There are Mongolian, Manchu, Hui, Tibetan, Miao, Korean and other ethnic minorities in this city, and the Han population accounts for 99.6%.
Most of them belong to continental monsoon climate, with long cold and dry winters, short warm and rainy summers, cool spring and autumn, and large temperature difference. The annual average temperature is 5.5℃, the extreme maximum temperature is 37.7℃, and the extreme minimum temperature is -29. 1℃. The average annual rainfall is 400 mm; The frost-free period is 100~ 156 days.
Datong has a vast land, and its main crops are corn, millet, naked oats, spring wheat, millet, potato, flax, day lily, astragalus root, beet, sunflower, vegetables, melons and fruits. Datong is rich in mineral resources and is a famous "hometown of coal" in China, with large coal reserves, good quality and high calorific value. The total proven reserves of coal reach 37.69 billion tons, making it an important production base of high-quality thermal coal in China.
There are also iron, copper, aluminum, zinc, phosphorus, limestone, mica, graphite, marble, granite and so on. Datong has more than 20,000 ancient buildings, tombs and sites, including more than 60 national and provincial cultural relics protection units.
The Yungang Grottoes, which are famous at home and abroad, were excavated in the early years of Heping in Wen Chengdi, Northern Wei Dynasty. The only existing wooden structure building in Liao Dynasty is Upper and Lower Huayan Temple; Jiulong wall; Yanggao "Xu Jiayao people" site; Mount Hengshan in Beiyue; hanging temple/monastery
The Historical Story of Datong Datong has always been the central city of northern China in history, and it is known as "the capital of three generations and the important town of two dynasties".
Datong has been a military town and strategic place since ancient times, and it is a battleground for military strategists: "Three sides are the most important. It is connected with the valley in the east, constant in the south, bounded by the Yellow River in the west and controlled by the desert in the north.
The real screen of the capital is the guarantee of the Central Plains. "There have been thousands of wars.
Mapushan in the east of Datong is the battlefield where Liu Bang and Xiongnu fought fiercely for seven days and nights in the Han Dynasty. Golden Beach (now Shuozhou boundary) is the former site of Yang Jiajiang bloody battlefield. Datong is a big platform for ethnic integration and has made outstanding achievements in promoting the great integration of the Chinese nation; It is a milestone in the construction of the capital, and the urban construction of Pingcheng in the Northern Wei Dynasty is unique. It is a big stage for reform and innovation. The major political and cultural reforms in the Pingcheng era of the Northern Wei Dynasty had a far-reaching impact and reached the peak of the Tang Dynasty. He is a pioneer of Buddhism in China, and the politicization and localization of Buddhism began in Heisei era. It is a new model of ancient capital art, whether it is Yungang Grottoes in the Northern Wei Dynasty or Huayan Temple and Shanhua Temple in Liao and Jin Dynasties. , an outstanding work, created the Datong model; Datong is also the frontier of military defense.
Datong is an ancient capital, a capital of art, a capital of Buddhism, a capital of military affairs, a capital of integration and a capital of reform, which occupies a prominent position in the history of China.
How long is the history of Datong? Datong is an ancient border city with a written history of over 2300 years. It was once a famous county in Han Dynasty, the capital of Northern Wei Dynasty, the capital of Liaojing, and an important town in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
As early as Xia and Shang Dynasties, residents settled here. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, it was occupied by ethnic minorities in China.
During the Warring States Period, King Wuling of Zhao advocated reform, "riding and shooting a khufu", forcibly expelling the Huns, expanding the territory, and establishing Yunzhong, Yanmen and Dai Jun. Datong County belongs to Dai Jun in the northeast and Yanmen County in the southwest.
Li Mu, a famous soldier of Zhao, was guarding here. At this time, Datong has become a border town of Zhao. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he set up 36 counties in China, all of which belonged to Yanmen County.
Han inherited the Qin system, Datong was ruled by Pingcheng County, and it still belongs to Yanmen County. In the fifth year of Jian 'an (200 years), Xiongnu invaded the south, and Emperor Gaozu led the army to the north. He was besieged by Huns in Dengbai Mountain in Pingcheng (now Mapu Mountain, five kilometers east of Datong) and held a stalemate for seven days. Chen Ping's double agent was used to escape. This is the famous "Battle of Deng Bai" in history.
Later, Liu Bang carried out the "pro-Xiongnu policy", which promoted the unity and harmony between the Han Dynasty and the northern ethnic minorities, among which the famous "showing the monarch to the frontier" was a brilliant page in the history of national harmony. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the nomadic tribe of Xianbei Tuoba in Nenjiang River Basin and Ergon River Basin took advantage of the melee in the Central Plains, and the Huns split, which was influenced by the advanced production mode and social civilization of the Han nationality and quickly became strong.
They conquered Jiu Nan and moved to Hulunbeier grassland. In 386, the Northern Wei Dynasty was established as Dai, with its capital in Lesheng (now Inner Mongolia and Linger). In the first year of Tianxing in the Northern Wei Dynasty (398), Pingcheng (now Datong) was established as its capital.
Pingcheng, as the political, military and cultural center of northern China, especially Buddhism, has a history of nearly 100 years. The world-famous Yungang Grottoes were dug in this period.
After that, the two nationalities, Qidan and Nuzhen, which rose in the Liaohe River Basin, successively established the Liao and Jin Dynasties. In the late Tang Dynasty, Shi Jingtang ceded sixteen states of Yanyun to Qidan, so Datong was ruled by ethnic minorities for more than 200 years.
Datong in Liao and Jin Dynasties was called Xijing. Because the royal family believed in Buddhism and built a large number of buildings, Datong area left a large number of Buddhist buildings. The famous Huayan Temple, Shanhua Temple, Jueshan Temple and Sakyamuni Tower in Yingxian County were all founded during this period.
* In the Yuan Dynasty, the famous Italian traveler Kyle? According to Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan's orders, polo was sent to Southeast Asian countries and once passed through Datong. Praise Datong as a magnificent and beautiful city, saying that the commerce here is quite developed, and all kinds of goods can be manufactured, especially weapons and other munitions.
In the Ming Dynasty, Datong was one of the "Nine Borders" towns of the Great Wall of Wan Li. In the fifth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1372), General Xu Da was appointed as the company commander of Datong, and the wall of Datong was built and troops were sent to guard it.
The total number of garrisons accounts for one-tenth of the country's total strength. At that time, it was called "Datong Men's Armored World". In the 24th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (139 1), Zhu Yuanzhang changed his thirteenth son, Yu Wang Zhu Gui, as the acting king, and made him a vassal of Datong, and Jiulongbi was the screen wall in front of the Times Palace.
In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1644), Li Zicheng led the peasant uprising army to conquer Datong, and after a rest, he went straight to the capital and overthrew the Ming Dynasty. Datong Prefecture was established in the Qing Dynasty. In the fifth year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1648), Jian Jiang, the general of Datong, surrendered and rebelled again. Datong suffered a "massacre", which made this once prosperous city almost an empty city.
In the next 200 years, Datong was rebuilt one after another, with pavilions, temples and streets. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance went to Beijing, and Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu fled to xi 'an via Datong. They once boarded the Taiping Building in Dadong Street and surveyed the ancient city, praising Datong as a "blessed land and treasure city".
1 949 may1day, Datong was peacefully liberated, and it is a provincial city of Chahar province. 1952, Datong is a city under the jurisdiction of Shanxi Province.
The last question in Lesson 22 of the Basic History Training of Grade One is that Shigang Yunku is located in today's Datong City, Shanxi Province, in the northern part of Shanxi Province and in the triangle of Shanxi, Hebei and Mongolia. It is one of the national 13 big cities approved by the State Council in 1984. City * * * has jurisdiction over four districts, namely, urban area, mining area, southern suburb and Xinrong District, and seven counties, namely, Datong County, Yanggao County, Tianzhen County, hun yuan County, Guangling County, Lingqiu County and Zuoyun County, with a total area of1.4000 square kilometers. Datong has a history of urban development of more than 2,300 years since Wuling, Zhao Haoqi, in the Warring States Period, "rode and shot in a hufu suit", opened up territory and set up Yunzhong, Yanmen and Dai Jun. Datong, as a fortress to defend the male frontier, is a battleground for military strategists in past dynasties. It was once a famous county in the Han Dynasty, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the capital of Liao and Jin Dynasties, and an important town in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Datong's long history has left a rich heritage, existing ancient buildings, ancient sites and. National cultural relics protection units 13, 23 provincial and 280 municipal. Yungang Grottoes, built in the Northern Wei Dynasty, is one of the largest grottoes in China. Like Longmen Grottoes and Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes are called the treasure house of human art.. Jiulong Wall is the earliest, largest and best preserved dragon wall in China. Hanging Temple is the only high-altitude cliff building in China. The majestic Upper and Lower Huayan Temple is known as the Liao and Jin Art Museum. Datong not only has many kinds of mineral resources, but also has large reserves. At present, 42 kinds of mineral resources have been discovered, of which 28 kinds have been proved, mainly including coal, copper, iron, manganese, aluminum, zinc, lead, gold, silver, graphite, zeolite, asbestos, granite and marble. Among them, coal is the most important. The production, export and export of coal rank first among coal cities in China. Relying on the advantages of coal, Datong Electric Power has a total installed capacity of 65.438+0.45 million kilowatts, an annual power generation capacity of 8.35 billion kWh, and an annual power transmission capacity of more than 7 billion kWh to Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan. It is an important power production base in North China.