Yurt is a kind of house where Mongolian herders live. It is easy to build and relocate, and is suitable for pastoral production and nomadic life. Yurt ancient known as the dome, "felt bag" or "felt tent". According to the "black Tartar" records: "dome has two kinds: the system of Yanjing, with willow for the bone, just as the South Fu Si, can be rolled in front of the open door, such as umbrella bone, the top of the open a hole, known as the skylight, all felt for clothing, immediately can be loaded. The system of grassland, the willow group set into a hard circle, the path with felt tart fixed, can not be rolled, the car carries line." With the development of animal husbandry economy and the improvement of the herdsmen's life, yurt or felt tent was gradually replaced by yurt. The yurt is rounded with a pointed roof, and the top and the surrounding area are covered with one or two layers of thick felt. Ordinary yurts, the top height of 10-15 feet, the wall is about 5 feet high, the bag door towards the south or southeast open. The four main structures inside the ger are: hana (i.e. ger wall bracket), skylight (Mongolian "set of brain"), rafters and door. The size of the yurt is differentiated by the number of hanas, which are usually divided into 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hanas. 12 hanas of yurts in the grasslands are rare, with an area of more than 60 square meters. Now nomadic life is gradually replaced by settlement, the grassland rich herdsmen built brick houses, yurts are less and less.
Mongolian nomadic national traditional housing. Anciently known as the dome, also known as felt tents, in nomadic. Since the Xiongnu era has appeared, has been used until now. Yurt is round, around the side walls into several blocks, each block is about 13 meters high, with the wood weaving around the cover; nomadic areas are mostly mobile. Nomadic and is divided into detachable and non-detachable two kinds, the former to livestock transportation, the latter to ox carts grams and other ethnic herders nomadic yurts also live.
In the vast Mongolian plateau, the cold wind, the earth is dotted with many white tents. They are yurts, the Mongolian
Yurts became the daily routine of the Mongolians Most Mongolians are year-round herding their goats, sheep, yaks, horses and camels in search of new pastures. The yurt can be packed into a traveling outfit, transported by a few camels to the foot point, and then set up a tent.
Ancient traditional ethnic dwellings. Popular in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and other pastoral areas. A round sky, through the smoke. Package door is small, facing south or southeast. With easy to make, easy to carry, resistant to wind and cold, suitable for pastoralism and other characteristics. Mostly used in the ethnic "home", "house" meaning. In ancient times, yurts were called "dome", "felt tent" or "felt room" and so on.
The yurt is round, large and small, large, can accommodate more than 20 people; small individuals. The yurt is very simple to set up, usually in the water and grass suitable place, according to the size of the bag first draw a circle, and then you can start to build according to the size of the circle.
After the yurt is set up, people decorate the package. Laying thick furniture, hanging frames and posters around the flowers. Now some furniture and electrical appliances into the yurt, life is very comfortable and happy.
The biggest advantage of the yurt is easy to disassemble. Relocation is simple. Set up when the "Hana" pull open into a round fence, disassembly when the Hana folded back into the volume will be reduced, but also when the cattle, the board. A yurt only needs two camels or a two-wheeled oxcart can be transported, two or three hours to build up.
The yurt looks like a small shape, but the use of the package area is very large. And indoor air circulation, good lighting conditions, warm in winter and cool in summer, not afraid of the wind and rain, very suitable for frequent transhumance herding people live and use.
Bailikun's Mongolians because of the long-term mixed living with the Han Chinese, so its robes, waist tie silk belt, stirrups leather boots robe, with colorful silk belt, stirrups Mongolia-style leather boots, valiant, handsome and powerful.
In the past, the Mongolian people to nomadic herding, so live all Mongolia in addition to nomadic herding, a considerable number of Mongolians engaged in agricultural production or agriculture and animal husbandry, they have settled in villages and towns.
The traditional diet of the Mongolian people in Barkol is mainly pasta, milk, meat and summer to eat some wild leeks, scallions and mushrooms. After a long time because of the Han Chinese, engaged in semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral life, now generally eat vegetables. The Mongolian people are warm and generous, and treat their guests with sincerity. When entertaining guests, they must drink and sing "toasting songs" to create a warm atmosphere, thus expressing their welcome, blessings and respect for the guests. Mongolians especially advocate respect for elders, love and care for the younger generation, if the family came to the older elders, must be greeted to take over the horse to tie up, the elders want to go, but also to take the horse to help its saddle.
Mongolian festivals are mainly the Spring Festival and Ovoo Festival, in addition to this there is also a little light festival (Zulu Festival), Maier Festival and so on. Mongolians to send winter to welcome the first day of spring, that is, the Spring Festival called: "Chagansa Day". Mongolian festival has its own for column worship typical. Sacrifice hi land gathered in front of the Ovoo sacrifice, first by the lama incense chanting, people are offered offerings, from left to right around the song and dance and other recreational activities. Therefore, Ovoo is not only a religious activity, Mongolian young men and women to show their talents, skills, emotional exchange of an opportunity.
Horse racing, wrestling, "is the grassland horseback national skill. Mongolian men and women, since childhood to learn to ride a horse, to the age of ten years old on the horse like flying.
Beijing courtyard
Beijing courtyard is a brick and wooden structure, the purlins, pillars, beams (柁), thresholds, rafters, and doors, windows, dining room fans and so on are all wooden, wooden house around the frame is brick wall. Beams, doors, windows and eaves rafters should be painted colorful paintings, although not as brilliant as the Palace Court, but also colorful. Walls used to grind bricks, broken bricks wall, the so-called "Beijing City has three treasures ...... rotten bricks wall wall wall does not fall". Roof tiles mostly with green slate tiles, positive and negative interlocking, the eaves before the installation of drip, or do not store tile, all with green ash plastered roof, called "gray shed".
The main door of the courtyard generally accounts for the area of a room, and its spare parts are quite complex, only to create the name of the door, doorway, door (door), door frame, waist square, plug Yu board, horse board, door pillows, even threshold, threshold, threshold, door hairpin, big side, wipe the head, through the belt, the door heart plate, door cymbals, insertion of the shutters, the animal face, the door, the door nails, the door, and so on, the dining car of the courtyard is made up of these parts. The gate is generally oil black gate, can add red oil black characters of the couplet. Into the gate there are hanging flower door, moon door and so on. Draped flower door is the most gorgeous decorative door in the courtyard, said "Draped flower" is therefore the door with the eaves of the pagoda method, the role is to separate inside and outside of the courtyard, outside the door is the living room, concierge, garage, such as horse number "outside the house", the door is the main living room bedrooms "Inside the door is the main living room of the bedroom. There is no hanging flower door can be used to separate the moon gate inside and outside the house. Pendant door painted very beautiful, gable rafters rafters oiled blue-green, looking at the wood oiled red, round rafters oiled blue, white and black sets such as halo of the pearl pattern, square rafters is a blue background of the gold word stranded or diamond pattern. Front gable front center brocade pattern, flowers ping pong flowers, Bogu, etc., both sides of the inverted pendant lotus column head according to the carved pattern is painted colorful. Courtyard carving pattern to a variety of auspicious motifs, such as bats, longevity characters composed of "fortune and longevity," to insert the moon season of the dining vase means "four seasons of peace," as well as "progeny million generations!
The dining car vase with the moonflower in it symbolizes "peace in all seasons", and there are also "Ten Thousand Generations of Children and Grandchildren", "Three Friends of Years of Cold", "Yutang Fortune", "Fortune, Longevity, and Happiness" and so on, which demonstrated the old Beijing people's desire for the good life.
Windows and sill walls are embedded in the upper sill (no lower sill) and the left and right hold pillars in the middle of the large frame, the upper fan can be supported, the lower fan is generally fixed. In winter, the windows are made of paper or cellophane, which is bright from the inside and dark from the outside, preventing the cold from invading the interior and keeping the interior well lit. Summer window paste with yarn or cold cloth, which is the southern counties of Beijing with wood with the weaving of the window screen, like cloth and non-cloth, can be airy and breathable, lifting the indoor summer heat. Cold cloth outside with a paper, rolled up during the day, down at night, so it is also known as "roll window". Some people use the upper support under the window.
Beijing winter and spring sandy winds, more residential curtains. General family, winter to hang a plywood cotton curtains, spring and fall to hang a plywood folder curtains, summer to hang a plywood bamboo curtains. Poor people can use straw curtains or broken felt curtains. Door curtains can be lifted, the upper, middle and lower parts of the plywood installed for the purpose of increasing the weight, so as not to be lifted by the wind. Later, the curtain was replaced by the wind door, but still use bamboo curtains in summer, cool and bright and practical.
The roof of the courtyard is made of high-beam poles as a frame, and the outside is glued with paper. Beijing paste roof is a technology, courtyard, from the roof to the walls, curtains, windows, all framed with white paper, known as the "four white in the end". Ordinary people framed once a few years, rich people are "four easy a year".
Beijing is very cold in winter, the residents of the courtyard are sleeping on the kang, kang before a plunged into the underground coal stove, stove fire. The kang is empty, the fire enters the hole in the kang, the kang bed will be roasted hot, people sleep on the hot kang, suddenly feel warm and cozy. The coal used for kang-burning is mostly produced in the western mountains of Beijing, and there is a difference between raw coal and coal powder, which is shaken with yellow earth and briquettes for kang-burning or cooking.
Indoor heating with a stove, stove to the texture can be divided into mud, iron, copper three kinds of mud stove to Beijing produced pots of helmet wood manufacturing, heat penetration is very strong, light and easy to move, the rich and noble families often have a few stoves. Generally speaking, people often use the fire in front of the dining hall to cook and cook vegetables, and do not burn another stove, the so-called "pots and pans with the stove", and it is difficult to live and live separately. The stove can seal the fire, so it is often left on for years in case of emergencies. If it goes out, then dry wood, charcoal burning, housewives get up every morning to the stove to the outside of the house (in order to prevent gas poisoning) to make a fire, become a scene in Beijing.
The drainage of domestic water in the courtyard is mostly in the form of seepage pits, commonly known as "seepage wells" and "seepage ditches". There are no toilets in the courtyard, and the toilets are mostly located in the hutongs, which are called "official thatched rooms".
The Beijing courtyard is concerned about greening, planting trees and flowers in the courtyard, which is really a flower and tree, elegant and pleasant. Old Beijing love to plant flowers lilacs, begonias, elms, peach blossoms and so on, trees are mostly jujube, acacia. In addition to planting, flowers and plants can also be potted, water. The most common potted flowers and trees are pomegranate tree, oleander, osmanthus, silver osmanthus, azalea, gardenia and so on, pomegranate to take pomegranate "more children" of the omen. As for the steps in front of the flower garden in the grass jasmine, anemone, petunia, lentil flowers, is more of the courtyard of the common beauty of the home. Qing Dynasty, there is a proverb describing the life in the courtyard: "canopy, fish tank, pomegranate tree, master, Miss, fat girl", can be said to be a more typical portrayal of the courtyard life.