Sumo
It is a sport close to wrestling, anciently known as Somachi, originating in China during the Han Dynasty, and popularized in the Tang and Song dynasties until it disappeared during the Qing Dynasty. It was introduced to Japan roughly in the Tang Dynasty and became the national sport of Japan. As a professional athletic sport, it is called Dai Sumo in Japan.
Sumo wrestlers must not only have strength, but also skill, and skill is the key to winning or losing a match. Techniques are broadly categorized as pushing, wrestling, catching, pulling, flashing, pressing, tripping and so on. Athletes mainly use neck, shoulder, hand, arm, chest, abdomen, waist, knee, leg, foot and other parts of the flexible use of various techniques to attack each other. In the game can grab each other's belt, embrace the head and neck, torso and limbs, can use the legs under the trip, you can slap each other's chest, but not allowed to kick each other's chest and abdomen, not allowed to grab crotch and genitals, not allowed to grab the hair, hit the ears, card throat, not allowed to hurt each other's eyes, the stomach door and other vital places, not allowed to use the fists to hit or the use of anti-joint action. During the match, any part of the opponent's body can land on the ground (except for the palms of the feet) is considered a victory. There is no time limit for the match, if both sides after a long fight, exhaustion and the winner is not yet divided, the referee can announce a pause in the game, rest and then restart the game, until the winner is determined.
Wrestling
Sumo wrestling evolved into wrestling in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Two forms of wrestling were prevalent at the court and among the people in the Qing Dynasty, one of which was "official wrestling", also known as "official leg", and the wrestler was called "buku". At that time, the court set up a special management organization called "good wrestling camp". Good wrestling battalion of the cloth library is divided into one, two, three, according to the level of the annual receipt of money and food. December 23rd every year, in front of the Palace of Yangxin held a wrestling show.
The young Kangxi Emperor captured Aobai, thanks to a group of Buku trained by him. In addition, wrestling was used as a way of practicing in the army at that time. One of the four things depicted in a painting titled "Four Things at the Feast of Sai", which is now in the Palace Museum, is wrestling. Although the picture strongly exaggerates the artistic colors, it is difficult to hide some of the competitive atmosphere. In addition to "official wrestling", there was also a kind of private wrestling or "private practice" in the private sector. At that time, there were "wrestling dens" in Beijing's Dongsi, Xisi, Dongdan, Xidan, Ritan, Yuetan, Di'anmen and other places, that is, wrestling venues for the common people. Whenever there are festivals, gatherings and leisure time, several pairs of big men will wrestle in the wrestling dens.
Wrestling is divided into classical wrestling and freestyle wrestling. Classical wrestling prohibits hugging the opponent below the waist, making tripping maneuvers, and taking the initiative to make moves with the legs. Freestyle wrestling allows hugging the opponent's legs, making tripping maneuvers, and actively using the legs to make moves. In women's wrestling double underarm neck holds are strictly prohibited.
Tug-of-war
Tug-of-war is a time-honored team sport, also known as "hook pulling," that originated in the state of Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period.
The tug-of-war was played with bamboo ropes, which were changed to ropes in the Sui and Tang dynasties. This activity can still be seen in various games nowadays. In addition to relying on arm strength, this game is also about the whole body muscles and the team's cooperation, and make sure that all the players **** with the collaboration of the force, is a typical wrestling team type game.
Plugging
Plugging is a popular folk game in the countryside. It is played during leisure time.
The game equipment is simple, only need a flat stick (or Penny) can be.
The rules of the game are: to find an empty and flat site, the site in the middle of a straight line, a straight line on the stretcher, but the stretcher must make the midpoint and the straight line flush, the game on both sides of the straight line side.
The blocking force is divided into single-handed blocking single-handed, single-handed blocking two-handed, single-handed blocking shoulder and two-handed blocking shoulder four. First of all, single-handed blocking single-handed. Both sides of the game with a single hand (whether left or right) to hold one side of the flat, bracing the flat, continue to make the flat center point and that straight line flush. Once the referee announces the start of the match, both players block the stretcher with all their strength to prevent the other player from pushing the center of the stretcher towards their side or the other player from crossing the center line and stepping into their side. If the middle point of the stretcher crosses the side of A, or B crosses the center line and steps into the side of A, it is not yet possible to judge the winner. Rather, it is only when side A is completely out of support, or has no way to retreat, or when side A's stretcher falls off that side can be judged to have won. The other three games are similar, except that they replace one hand with two, or with a shoulder.
Fighting grass
Old folk games. It originated in Han. The North and South Dynasties called "step on the grass", the Tang Dynasty called "fight grass" or "fight grass". Prevalent in the central plains and the southern region. Fighting with grass as the object of competition, divided into martial arts and cultural fights. Grass as the object of competition, or on the name of flowers and grasses, such as "dog ear grass" on the "cocklebur"; or fight grass varieties, more or less, more than the win, and plant knowledge, literary knowledge of the interesting; children are the petiole hooks, grabbing each other tugging, broken for the losers, and then change the leaf to fight.
Children play more martial arts. Play is: the competition between the two sides first each picked quite tough grass, preferably plantain grass, and then cross each other into a "10" shape, and each use their own strength to their side of the pull, the result is that the grass does not stop the party to win. This kind of human pull and grass toughness of the strength of the decision to win the fight grass, called "martial arts fight".
The so-called "cultural fight" is the name of the flowers and plants. The girls would pick up the grasses and report their names to each other in the form of a battle, and whoever picked up more grasses and had a high level of battle, and persisted until the end, would win the game. So playing this game is not possible without knowledge of plants and literary skills.
Tai
Tai, also known as "on the shed", "card play", "fight Taiwan". Han traditional folk entertainment. Prevalent in the northeast and parts of the south. Ancient rich and powerful people in the marriage, funeral, or temple fair, in order to attract the audience, show off their wealth, they hired two troupes or two groups of drums and music, at the same time performing the same content of the play or play the same song. In the south, generally in the temple fair or festival to hire two or even three troupes in the square performance, held a competition to see who won the audience, who will win.
Archery
Archery has a very early origin, and it became a means of hunting and war in primitive times. In ancient times it was used as a tool for hunting birds.
Modern archery is a sport. The sport of shooting arrows with the help of the elasticity of the bow in order to compete to shoot accurately or far. The modern international archery competitions include the shooting accuracy archery competition, shooting distance archery competition, indoor archery competition, field archery competition, ring target archery competition and many other competitions. The competition methods and rules are different, most of them are the number of rings in different distances to hit the archery target to calculate the score, the closer the arrows hit the target center, the more rings you get. When an archer is ready to fire, he or she holds the bow with the bow hand and straightens the bow arm, then pulls the bowstring back with the string puller until the bow is full, aims and then releases the bow.
Wooden Shooting
The art of shooting, also known as the "fifteen columns of the ball game", is a sport prevalent in the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty Lu Bing wrote a book "Wooden Shooting", which describes in detail the method of wooden shooting and the rules of the game. Wooden shooting is generally erected at one end of the field 15 wooden shoots, and then in each wooden shoot with red or black on a word, ten wooden shoots written in red, respectively, "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, trust, warmth, goodness, respect, thrift and letting"; five wooden shoots written in black, respectively, "do, slow, sycophancy, greed, indiscriminate "; red and black are arranged. Participants take turns rolling a wooden ball from the other end of the field toward these pillars, and the one who hits the red bamboo shoots wins, while the one who hits the black bamboo shoots loses. Because the wooden shoots represent "Hou" and the balls represent "arrows", it is called "Wooden Shooting".
Shooting group
Shooting group, also known as "shooting powder group", is an ancient archery sport. Popular in the Tang Dynasty court. The Tang Dynasty, Tianbao year asked, every Dragon Boat Festival, the court will be held in this game. Before the game, the first in the gold plate put a lot of powder, corn and other food, and then the game with a small cute little bow shot plate powder, shot can be eaten. Because the powder is slippery and difficult to shoot, but also eat the delicious, making the game very interesting. To the Qing Dynasty is still very popular, after the gradual extinction.
Shooting willow
Shooting willow is an ancient riding sport, in the Liao and Jin dynasties are most popular. Willow shooting is usually held after the fifth, the first and ninth days of worship. The Jurchen see it as an important ceremony, and the Khitan and Han Chinese also have this custom. Before the game, the first in the field of insert two lines of willow branches, participants in order of seniority, respectively, in the shooting willow branches with different silk cloth Pa as a sign, and in the willow branches a few inches away from the ground, cut off the willow skin and white spots as a target. Competition, first by a person in front of the horse guide, followed by all the people galloped with featherless arrows to shoot the target. The best results of the competition is to shoot off the willow branch and received by hand; followed by willow branch broken but can not be followed; the rest of the situation, such as only from the green skin at the broken willow, or shot and did not shoot off and did not shoot are negative. Competition also beat drums and play music. To the Song Dynasty, willow shooting activities become one of the main items of military training. To the Ming Dynasty, the palace often in the Qingming or Dragon Boat Festival willow shooting game, but with the ancient willow shooting is not the same, it is equipped with pidgeon gourd hanging in the willow tree, with arrows to shoot the gourd. If the gourd is hit, the pidgeon will fly out if it is frightened. The result of the race is determined by how high the pidgeon flies.
Horse Racing
Horse racing, which was called "expulsion" or "horse walking" in ancient times, is one of the traditional sports in China. Horse racing in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States princes and dukes have been prevalent, the "Records of the Grand Historian - Sun Zi Wu Qi biography" described Sun Bin to help the general Tian Ji and the king of Qi Wei horse racing and won a thousand gold to win the story. Yuan dynasty rulers are vigorously advocate horse racing, passed down the most outstanding when pushing the Mongolian Naadam Assembly horse racing.
Horse racing is usually held on festive occasions, and is divided into two types: running and walking. The main horse race is to race the horse's feet and speed; the main horse race is to walk fast and steady. After the victory or defeat, people will give the winning horse flowers, offer gifts, as well as song and dance performances.
Yak Race
Yak Race is an ancient Tibetan folk competition, prevalent in Tibet and other places. It is held on festive occasions, and can also be held separately in the fall. Participate in the race yak head wearing a cluster of red tassels, horns hanging various colors of colored silk, the body has a colorful stripes, tethered to the tail fan-shaped Tibetan painted to pray for good luck and win the championship in the near future. The race course ceremony is grand, first by the lama presided over a religious ceremony, followed by the host of the wine offering blessing. Ceremony is over, the riders take the yak into the field, neatly arranged, to stay in the starting line, until the horn sounded, the riders immediately turned over and jumped on the back of the bull, driving the bull running, the game is intense, the scene is spectacular. The race is generally 200 to 300 meters. At the end of the race, the winners will be offered a white khata, and awarded them a dragon bowl, red silk, brick tea and other prizes.
Dragon boat racing
Dragon boat racing has a long history. About the origin of the dragon boat race, history has always been different. One of the most influential claims is the insistence that dragon boat racing is in honor of Qu Yuan. Legend has it that the Chu doctor Qu Yuan was deposed, on the fifth day of the fifth month of the lunar calendar, Qu cast Miluo River, the people urged the boat to save and leave this custom. Therefore, the dragon boat race on the fifth day of the fifth month of the lunar calendar. Another theory is that the dragon boat race is in honor of Wu Zixu. Wu Zixu was a minister of the state of Wu during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was executed for his loyalty and his body was wrapped in leather and thrown into the river. The people of Wu appreciated Wu Zixu's loyalty to the state of Wu, so they worshipped him as the God of Waves, set up a shrine to commemorate him, and held a dragon boat race on the fifth day of the fifth month of the lunar calendar every year to welcome the God of Waves. There is also a theory that dragon boat racing started in the late Spring and Autumn Period with King Goujian of Yue. Goujian was defeated in the war with Wu, and was held as a hostage in Wu, and suffered a lot of humiliation. Therefore, after returning to his country, Goujian was determined to take revenge. Wu and Yue were both watery and swampy countries, so in order to take revenge, first of all, he had to have a strong water division. Therefore, Goujian invented the dragon boat race to train the navy.
Polo
Polo is known as "bow", "Chu ball", "hit" and so on, for Mongolia and other ethnic groups on the horse games and sports. Prevalent in present-day Inner Mongolia and other places. Said to originate in Tibet, said the beginning of the Tang dynasty from Persia (now Iran), then called "Polo ball". Polo is riding on a horse with a ball stick to hit the entrance to a form of competition, began to be used mainly for military training, and later became a folk and official sports and games. To the Song and step hitters, donkey and mule hitters.
The end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Zhi "Mingdu Fu", wrote Jingluo teenagers "even hit the bow soil, skillful only end of the ten thousand", should be the earliest record of polo.
The ancient Chinese Tubo people, the Khitan people, women and other people have this activity. Later passed on to Mongolia, heritage to this day.
Tang dynasty polo sport the ball is made of light and tough wood, the size of a fist and similar, hollowed out in the middle, the outside of the vermilion or painted colors. The top of the batting crescent-shaped. The pitch is rectangular, or in the middle of the pitch with a door, or on both sides with two doors. The door is made of wooden boards, the center is a 1-foot diameter hole, behind the net. The players are divided into two teams, and the winner is determined by the number of times the ball is hit into the goal.
Cuju
Cuju, is China's ancient leather soccer ball, but also the world's first soccer game. Cuju means kicking, jiu refers to the ball, cuju is the meaning of kicking the ball. It is said that as early as four or five thousand years ago in the period of the Yellow Emperor, China has been a cuju sport. Cuju is said to have existed in China since the time of the Yellow Emperor, four or five thousand years ago. At that time, the famous lobbyist Su Qin went to the State of Qi to lobby for Lian Heng against the Qin, and saw that the capital of Qi, Linzi, was very prosperous, and the people were playing music and chess, playing soccer. This shows the popularity of cuju at that time.
The Han Dynasty is the rapid development of cuju sports period. Liu Bang, emperor of the Han Dynasty, afraid of his father did not adapt to the palace life, east of Chang'an imitation of his hometown of Fengyi to build a new flat, and will be the hometown of the old neighbors as well as his father's ball friends to move here, his father was very happy to see the prevalence of the style of playing football at that time. At this time, the ball is still stuffed with hair. To the Tang Dynasty, it was changed to inflatable leather ball, inside the animal's urine bubbles when the ball gallbladder, blowing full of air closed mouth, and then wrapped in the outside with eight pieces of leather sewn together shell. This made out of the ball, not only more round shape, and more flexible.
BuDa
BuDa is a game close to polo, which also became popular in the Tang and Song dynasties. Unlike polo, step-strike is not played on a horse, but is a recreational activity of striking a ball on the ground with a stick on foot, in a form similar to modern golf.
During the Tang Dynasty, the game was played mainly by harem ladies. But in the Song Dynasty, the step hit has become a kind of large-scale game activities hosted by the emperor himself. Every year in March, Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty would personally preside over the ceremony and organize the court and artists to participate in the game. Step hit in the Jin and Yuan period is known as the pill, the beginning of the Yuan Ning Zhi old man compiled by the "pill scripture", has a detailed record of the step hit the game site, the specifications of the apparatus and the activities of the way, it can be seen that the step hit to the Jin and Yuan in the community is still very popular.
Bu hit the ball when playing in groups, with a stick to hit the ball into the opponent's goal for the win. Such as the Tang Dynasty Wang Jian "Palace Lyrics" said in the twelfth: "paved both sides of the building in front of the temple, the cold food officials step playing ball. Half of them came to pay homage to each other, and they went up to the shed to thank for the first prize."
Pelting balls
Pelting balls is an ancient Chinese ball game, similar to today's golf. Some people believe that whacking is the predecessor of golf. Punching balls originated in the Song Dynasty. The earliest written records in the Yuan Shizu to Yuan nineteen years (1282) the publication of the "Maru Jing", the book records "Song Huizong, Jin Zhangzong are love Punching pills". The Palace Museum's collection of Ming Xuanzong Xingle Tu, depicts scenes of pill-pounding games. In the picture, the emperor himself held a stick to participate in the game. This shows that pill-pounding was an elegant sports and entertainment activities at that time. After the development and prosperity of the Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, pill-pounding activities in the Qing Dynasty to decline.
Gripping sheep
Gripping sheep is a widely practiced sports and games among Uyghurs and other ethnic groups in the northwest region, and is known as the "Prairie Brave Sports".
Gripper competition, usually two or three-year-old robust goat, first cut off the head and hooves, firmly tied to the goat's esophagus, and then put into the water to soak or towards the goat's belly in the water. This is very tough, not easy to tear. Gripper competition is often a team with another team's collective competition. Each team of many riders, there must be strategic tactics, first of all, there should be a clear division of labor, each team has a group of grippers to take, cover the pack to escape and chase the block and other division of labor. A person has to fight alone in a dozen strong hands to capture the goat, but also to break out of the layers of the siege, so, to win is a great deal of difficulty. Once captured the goat, the same team partner to yank the reins forward, pumping the horse's back, pulling forward and pushing back, before it is possible to successfully break out of the layers of rivals set up to surround, the capture of the goat first to the provisions of the place to win.